Marine research in Israel

A note on the main projects and concerns of the Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research Institute at Haifa.     

Marine Sand Resources Offshore Israel

The continental margin of northern Sinai and Israel, up to Haifa Bay, is the northeastern limb of the submarine Nile Delta Cone. It is made up predominantly of clastics from the Nile and its predecessors. The continental shelf and coastal plain of Israel are built of a series of shore-parallel ridges composed of carbonate-cemented quartz sandstone (locally named kurkar), a lithification product of windblown sands that were piled up into dunes during the Pleistocene. The drop in global sea level and regression during the last glacial period exposed the continental shelf to subaerial erosion and created a widespread regional erosional unconformity which is expressed as a prominent seismic reflector at the top of the kurkar layers. The subsequent Holocene transgression abraded much of the westernmost kurkar ridges, drowned their cores, and covered the previous lowstand deposits with marine sands, which were in turn covered by a sequence of sub-Recent clayey silts. The Mediterranean coasts of Sinai and Israel are part of the Nile littoral cell. Since the building of the Aswan dams the sand supplied to Israel's coastal system is derived mainly from erosion of the Nile Delta and from sands offshore Egypt that are stirred up by storm waves. The sands are transported by longshore and offshore currents along the coasts of northern Sinai and Israel. Their volume gradually declines northward with distance from their Nile source. The longshore transport terminates in Haifa Bay where some sand is trapped, and the test escapes to deeper water by bottom currents and through submarine canyons, thus denying Nile-derived sand supply to the 40-km-long 'Akko-Rosh Haniqra shelf. The sand balance along Israel's coastal zone is a product of natural processes and human intervention. Losses due to the outgoing longshore transport, seaward escape, and landward wind transport exceed the natural gains from the incoming longshore transport and the abrasion of the coastal cliffs. The deficit is aggravated by the construction of (1) seaward-projecting structures that trap sands on the upstream side and (2) offshore detached breakwaters that trap sands between themselves and the coast. The negative sand balance is manifested by the removal of sand from the seabed and the consequent exposure of archaeological remains that were hitherto protected by it. The sediments that escape seaward from the longshore transport system form a 2.5- to 4-km-wide sandy apron adjacent to the shore that extends to where the water is 30 - 40 m deep. The apron's slope (0.5 - 0.8) is steeper than the theoretical equilibrium slope for the median grain-size diameter in this zone (0.1 - 0.3 mm). The beach sands and the apron's surficial sands are well sorted. Their grain size decreases with distance from shore, from 0.2 - 0.3 mm nearshore to 0.11 - 0.16 mm by the drowned ridge. The coarse-grained fraction consists of skeletal debris (commonly 5 - 12% carbonate matter) and wave-milled kurkar grains (locally named zifzif). In deeper water, the basal sands underlying the fine-grained sediment cover consist of 1- to 30-cm layers whose composition ranges from silty sands to various types of sands (fine, medium, coarse, and gravelly) to zifzif. For the most part, they contain large amounts of skeletal debris (20 - 60%) and small fragments of kurkar. Two types of kurkar rock were encountered offshore: a well-sorted, fine- to medium-grained (0.074 - 0.300 mm) lithified dune sand with variable amounts of carbonate cement, ranging from hard rock of low permeability to loose sand; and a porous sandstone made up predominantly of algal grains and skeletal debris (calcarenite).     

Marine Sand Resources Offshore Israel

Abstract

The continental margin of northern Sinai and Israel, up to Haifa Bay, is the northeastern limb of the submarine Nile Delta Cone. It is made up predominantly of clastics from the Nile and its predecessors. The continental shelf and coastal plain of Israel are built of a series of shore-parallel ridges composed of carbonate-cemented quartz sandstone (locally named kurkar), a lithification product of windblown sands that were piled up into dunes during the Pleistocene. The drop in global sea level and regression during the last glacial period exposed the continental shelf to subaerial erosion and created a widespread regional erosional unconformity which is expressed as a prominent seismic reflector at the top of the kurkar layers. The subsequent Holocene transgression abraded much of the westernmost kurkar ridges, drowned their cores, and covered the previous lowstand deposits with marine sands, which were in turn covered by a sequence of sub-Recent clayey silts.

The Mediterranean coasts of Sinai and Israel are part of the Nile littoral cell. Since the building of the Aswan dams the sand supplied to Israel's coastal system is derived mainly from erosion of the Nile Delta and from sands offshore Egypt that are stirred up by storm waves. The sands are transported by longshore and offshore currents along the coasts of northern Sinai and Israel. Their volume gradually declines northward with distance from their Nile source. The longshore transport terminates in Haifa Bay where some sand is trapped, and the test escapes to deeper water by bottom currents and through submarine canyons, thus denying Nile-derived sand supply to the 40-km-long Akko-Rosh Haniqra shelf.

The sand balance along Israel's coastal zone is a product of natural processes and human intervention. Losses due to the outgoing longshore transport, seaward escape, and landward wind transport exceed the natural gains from the incoming longshore transport and the abrasion of the coastal cliffs. The deficit is aggravated by the construction of (1) seaward-projecting structures that trap sands on the upstream side and (2) offshore detached breakwaters that trap sands between themselves and the coast. The negative sand balance is manifested by the removal of sand from the seabed and the consequent exposure of archaeological remains that were hitherto protected by it.

The sediments that escape seaward from the longshore transport system form a 2.5- to 4-km-wide sandy apron adjacent to the shore that extends to where the water is 30–40 m deep. The apron's slope (0.5–0.8°) is steeper than the theoretical equilibrium slope for the median grain-size diameter in this zone (0.1–0.3 mm).

The beach sands and the apron's surficial sands are well sorted. Their grain size decreases with distance from shore, from 0.2–0.3 mm nearshore to 0.11–0.16 mm by the drowned ridge. The coarse-grained fraction consists of skeletal debris (commonly 5–12% carbonate matter) and wave-milled kurkar grains (locally named zifzif). In deeper water, the basal sands underlying the fine-grained sediment cover consist of 1- to 30-cm layers whose composition ranges from silty sands to various types of sands (fine, medium, coarse, and gravelly) to zifzif. For the most part, they contain large amounts of skeletal debris (20–60%) and small fragments of kurkar.

Two types of kurkar rock were encountered offshore: a well-sorted, fine- to medium-grained (0.074–0.300 mm) lithified dune sand with variable amounts of carbonate cement, ranging from hard rock of low permeability to loose sand; and a porous sandstone made up predominantly of algal grains and skeletal debris (calcarenite).     

The institute of fisheries analysis

The Institute of Fisheries Analysis was established at Simon Fraser University in 1980 with the support of faculty members sharing an interest in fisheries research. The academic areas represented by them include biological sciences, business administration, economics, geography, natural resources management, sociology and anthropology.     

日本海洋卫星技术、海洋仪器新进展

由于海洋卫星技术在海洋科学研究、海洋资源开发、减灾防灾以及国防军事方面的广泛应用,它越来越受到世界各国的巨大关注。1980年至2002年美国、欧盟、法国、日本和中国等国家,相继发射与海洋有关的卫星达16颗。其中,日本的海洋卫星技术发展取得了世界瞩目的成就。本文还介绍了日本近年来开发研制的几种海洋观测仪器、它们的技术性能及用途。     

东部海洋经济圈的海洋科技发展水平和海洋经济

为科学合理评价区域海洋科技发展水平,进一步促进区域海洋经济增长,文章以东部海洋经济圈为例,采用主成分分析方法构建海洋科技发展水平综合指标,采用多元线性回归模型分析海洋科技发展等因素与海洋经济增长之间的关系,并提出建议。研究结果表明:海洋科技发展水平综合指标包括海洋科技支撑、海洋科技成果转化和海洋科技投入3个主要素及其11个指标,2006—2015年东部海洋经济圈各地海洋科技发展水平整体处于上升趋势,且差距较小;除政府支持力度外,海洋科技发展水平、海洋第三产业发展水平和工业污染程度等变量均与海洋生产总值存在显著相关关系,其中海洋科技发展水平为正相关;未来应促进海洋科技成果转化、减少区域壁垒制约以及加强海洋生态环境保护和治理。     

海洋磷块岩中的铼

第一次测定铼 ( Re)在底质中含量的是 O-laffson J和 JP Riley( 1 972 )。在 8个北大西洋钙质软泥样品中他们发现了 1 .7～ 6.8ng/ g铼 ,其中 1个样品中为 1 9.4ng/ g,而在 2个非钙质软泥样品中该元素的含量分别为 3 .7ng/ g和 1 1 .3 ng/ g。后来查明 ,这些结果被大大提高了。按现代的资料 ,除铁锰结核和结壳之外 ,氧化的海洋沉积物 (某些含矿沉积物除外 ) ,含铼 0 .0 2～ 0 .5ng/ g。而大陆边缘和一系列内陆海 ,包括黑海的还原沉积物含铼量要高出若干个数量级。此外 ,较高的铼含量还见于秘鲁陆架还原沉积物的磷块岩标本中。因此 ,查明…     

海洋发达国家海洋空间规划体系概述

海洋空间规划是重要的海洋空间管理工具,建构海洋空间规划体系是海洋生态文明建设的重要组成部分。文章对英国、比利时、荷兰、德国、挪威、美国、澳大利亚和智利等世界主要海洋发达国家的海洋空间规划体系发展状况进行概述,结果表明:各国已逐步形成基于各自国情、适应海洋行政管理体制的海洋空间规划体系,其中既存在"国家-区域-地方"的层级控制体系,也存在"战略-结构-使用"的内容控制体系,还存在"国家管辖与地方管辖并行"的独立自由型控制体系。可为我国生态文明建设下的海洋空间规划体系研究实践以及开展区域海洋管理工作提供参考。     

Sediment distribution in Akhziv Canyon off northern Israel

Akhziv Canyon is one of a series of submarine canyons incised into the continental margin of the northern Levant. The Canyon is steep and sinuous, bounded by precipitous walls. Located off northern Israel, the Canyon was recently surveyed by a series of submarine video observations that show that both the thalweg and the walls are covered by ubiquitous apron of silty clay. Evidence for downslope sediment mass movement was encountered only in places. Earlier studies show that the silty clay is of Nilotic origin. Since the northern Levant margin has not been a part of the Nile sedimentary cell since the Pleistocene, the widespread Nilotic sediments indicate that the Quaternary sedimentary processes in the area differ considerably from the Neogene depositional regime.     

The international institute of fisheries economics and trade

What are the effects of exchange rate fluctuations on international trade in seafoods? How do changes in tariff structures and non-tariff trade barriers affect the access of developing countries to seafood markets? What are the interdependencies between fishery management policies and seafood trade policies? These are among the questions being explored by researchers who have joined together to form the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET).     

发展海洋教育和海洋科技 推进浙江海洋经济建设

推进海洋经济建设是实现浙江社会经济可持续发展的迫切需要,是顺应世界经济发展趋势的必然选择.海洋经济建设必须依托并大力发展海洋教育和海洋科技.     

三大海洋经济区的海洋产业结构变动对海洋经济增长的贡献研究

20世纪90年代后期以来,我国海洋产业发展迅速,海洋产业结构变动巨大,各地区海洋经济差异显著。文章基于多部门经济模型,对1996—2015年我国三大海洋经济区的海洋产业结构变迁对海洋经济增长的贡献能力进行研究,运用回归分析对海洋三次产业结构变动的贡献度进行测算。结果表明:1996—2005年海洋产业结构变动剧烈,2006—2015年趋于平稳。三大海洋经济区中环渤海地区海洋产业结构总体变动较大,长三角次之,珠三角最小。海洋三次产业结构变动对海洋经济增长具有显著正向推动作用,1996—2005年海洋第一产业贡献能力明显,2006—2015年海洋第三产业贡献能力最大,第二产业次之。     

海洋竞争情报与国家海洋信息战略

通过“围海筑堤，使渤海为淡水湖”的话题引入了竞争情报，并介绍了竞争情报的定义、主要功能、特征及竞争情报研究的发展。在此基础上，结合国家海洋战略，进行了国家海洋信息战略及其构成要素的思考。从海洋竞争情报的属性出发，初步论述了海洋竞争情报对制定国家海洋信息战略的影响和相互间的主要关系，并认为研究制定国家海洋信息发展战略势在必行。研究海洋竞争情报系统、发展海洋竞争情报工作，并成为国家海洋信息战略框架中的一个重要组件，是国家海洋信息公益服务所面临的创新性课题。     

Buckling Propagation in Marine Pipelines

The buckling propagation in marine pipelines is studied by means of the cylindrical shell model in this paper. Several parameters including geometrical parameter D/ T, L/ D, physical parameter E and σy are discussed. The computed results are compared with the available experimental data and other computed results, it is found that the present results are closer to the experimental results than other computed results.     

加强海洋管理 谱写蓝色辉煌

我国是一个海洋大国,拥有18000多千米的大陆海岸线,6500多个岛屿,约300万平方千米的主张管辖海域。管好和用好这片蓝色国土是广大人民群众的殷切期盼,是全面建设小康社会的必然要求,是实现中华民族伟大复兴的重大战略任务。新中国成立60年来,特别是改革开放以来,我国的海洋事业不断适应国家经济社会发展需要,逐步发展壮大。海洋管理思路由侧重海洋科研调查向综合协调海洋事务跨越;     

车载海洋大气环境监测系统及其在海洋大气环境监测中的应用

滨海已成为人类生活、生产、居住和休闲等极富活力的经济发展带。海洋大气中的质量问题,自然成为了人们特别关心的热点。近岸海洋大气污染监测体系由岸基、浮标、船载、探空、卫星、机载和车载等系统组成。文中介绍了我国第一个车载海洋大气环境监测系统的结构、主要设备基本原理,并指出车载海洋大气环境监测车在沿海地区大气污染控制、重大灾害和重大活动中的广泛应用。