世界海洋捕捞业发展概况、趋势及对我国的启示

由于海洋渔业资源的衰退,目前世界海洋捕捞业进入"零增长"的徘徊期。当前世界海洋捕捞业呈现以下发展趋势:海洋渔业资源争夺日益激烈,海洋捕捞业管理制度日益严格,世界海洋捕捞业产业转移趋势日趋明显,海洋捕捞业技术装备要求越来越高,国际社会越来越重视海洋捕捞业可持续发展。面对世界海洋捕捞业的发展趋势,我国应当继续发展资源养护型海洋渔业,从生态系统角度考虑海洋捕捞业管理措施,积极稳妥发展远洋渔业,参与国际渔业资源的开发,重视海洋捕捞业装备技术水平的提高。     

台湾海峡海洋捕捞业管理策略和投资方向

本文收集了１９８５￣１９９４年福建省在台湾海峡生产的具有代表性的５０对拖网渔船、１２０艘单拖渔船、４８组灯光围网渔船、３８对大围缯渔船、３１艘定置网渔船的技术参数及生产资料，计算并分析了其适正捕捞力量、经济指标，得出了一些有益的结论：（１）根据台湾海峡渔业资源，把握正确的投资方向，已成为进一步发展海洋捕捞业的关键。（２）由于台湾海峡的渔业资源正遭受越来越大的压力，为了保护渔业资源，应当限制捕捞力量     

北太平洋鱿鱼渔场叶绿素a分布特点及其与渔场的关系

根据2001年～8月对位于39°～43°N,152°E～171°W的北太平洋鱿鱼渔场进行的水温、盐度、叶绿素a、浮游植物和鱿鱼捕捞等的调查结果,主要分析北太平洋鱿鱼渔场表层叶绿素a分布特点及其与环境因子、中心渔场的关系.分析结果表明,调查区表层叶绿素a含量变化为0.03～0.32 mg/m3,平均为0.13 mg/m3,其中中部渔场表层叶绿素a含量值最大,东部渔场次之,西部渔场最低;调查海域表层叶绿素a含量分布与表层温度、盐度存在较好的对应关系,叶绿素a含量高值区对应高温区,冷涡区含量最低,暖涡区含量最高;叶绿素a含量随盐度的增加而增加;在西部、中部、东部渔场,表层叶绿素a含量与浮游植物数量呈正相关关系;表层叶绿素a的分布与鱿鱼中心渔场存在较好的对应关系,中心渔场主要位于0.1 mg/m3叶绿素a等值线舌状部分或叶绿素a水平梯度较大处,渔场中心的叶绿素a值大于0.1 mg/m3.叶绿素a分布与环境要素及渔场的相关性分析表明叶绿素a可作为鱿鱼渔场分析中的一个重要参考指标.     

Alternative management systems for the UK fishing industry

The paper considers opportunities for institutional development within the UK fishing industry that aim to engender a more meaningful incorporation of fishermen's organisations within the policy system. Special attention is given to the location of responsibility within the policy process. This involves an exploration of an alternative approach to consultation and the scope for delegation of management responsibilities to fishermen's organisations. Mechanisms to improve coordination among fishermen's organisations and to strengthen their internal architecture are also considered. The analysis raises important questions to inform the continuing debate over the development and structure of devolved management systems, in particular regarding the assumptions underlying user participation and the representativeness, capabilities and aspirations of fishermen's organisations.     

The future of the South African demersal fishing industry: an industry perspective

The South African demersal fishery can look to the future with confidence, despite the high-capital need to replace an ageing fleet. Predictability is absolutely necessary in the fishery, and to ensure this, care needs to be taken that information is accurate, that the most appropriate exploitation strategy is being followed, that regulatory measures are being adhered to and that the entrepreneur has an exploitation right of reasonable tenure.     

Lease quota fishing in a changing rock lobster industry

The Tasmanian rock lobster industry has been managed by Individually Transferable Quotas (ITQs) and several input control measures since 1998. In this study, nine years of rock lobster fishing business data were used to categorise the catch and quota ownership traits and examine the response to the introduction of ITQ management. More specifically the study investigates how profit drivers moderated industry structure change.     

Upgrading and exploitation in the fishing industry: Contributions of value chain analysis

This article presents a framework for fisheries sector analysis based on the literatures on global value chains (GVCs) and global production networks (GPNs). A value chain approach offers an alternative to focusing primarily on policy as an explanatory variable, by bringing into focus relations among buyers, sellers and other stakeholders as well as their institutional context. After outlining the utility of this approach, the article identifies three questions at the forefront of contemporary debates on the dynamics of GVCs and GPNs. Namely: (1) How institutional context affects distributional and regulatory outcomes; (2) The conditions under which particular institutions that limit or regulate market forces are either productive or perverse; and (3) Why and how particular markets are constituted in the ways that they are. The article then showcases some of the central findings from the case studies brought together in this thematic issue, demonstrating how they contribute to current analytic debates surrounding value chains and core substantive problems facing both fisheries and those engaged in the fishing industry.     

China's distant water fishing industry: Evolving policies and implications

This article examines China's distant water fishing industry, with a focus on China's bilateral fisheries access agreements in Africa. The article argues that China largely conforms to international norms and rules on sustainable fisheries, but that challenges remain in efforts to work with China on the sustainable management of fish stocks. Developed countries contribute to China's policies and behavior in international fisheries in both positive and negative ways.     

Flexible management of fishing rights and a sustainable fisheries industry in Europe

Although overexploitation of commercial fish stocks in European waters has been in the public debate now for more than 20 years, the European Union has so far failed to implement sustainable fisheries management. Millions in subsidies paid to the fishing industry have led to significant excess capacity in the fishing fleet. Various feeble attempts to stop overexploitation of marine resources have failed. The cause is that fishing policy is highly dominated by short-term socioeconomic interests. There is an urgent need for a new fisheries management system in Europe that supports reductions in the fishing fleet, increases responsibility among fishers and guarantees long-term conservation of natural marine resources.Transferable rights to fish have proved a reliable and effective means of creating incentives to conserve marine resources. By strengthening individual fishing rights under flexible quota management systems, the EU Member States could, within the Common Fisheries Policy, make a significant contribution to conserving fish stocks, to reducing excess capacity and to raising the profitability of the fisheries industry. A closer look at existing reservations against a flexible management system shows most of the objections to be overstated or capable of resolution.     

Suspicion,growth and co-management in the commercial fishing industry: the financial settlers of New Bedford

Origins and organization of New Bedford financial settlement houses are examined. Settlement houses are an important part of the extensive fishing community and have made significant historic contributions. Economic, political and social factors leading to the development of formal settlement houses in New Bedford are traced and the contemporary organization and responsibilities of settlement houses are investigated. Settlement houses and fishing routines were observed from 1986 to 1998. Interviews of the settler/owners of the five largest settlement houses in New Bedford and early settlers and fishermen from the 1930s and 1940s were conducted. Financial settlers helped bring order and increased trust to financial settlements that, prior to the 1930s, had largely been conducted in cash and based on unwritten agreements. Most contemporary and many of the earliest settlers are female and women’s contributions to the fishing industry are discussed. Emphasis is also placed on the fisher-based solution that settlement houses represent; implications for use in co-management strategies and the need to reduce the adversarial atmosphere in fisheries governance are discussed.     

Saltwater sport fishing for food or income in the Northeastern US: Statistical estimates and policy implications

In the Northeast US fishery managers have attempted to control marine recreational fishing mortality through annual adjustments to the number and/or size of fish that can be kept. These measures, with a few exceptions, have generally failed to prevent recreational fishing mortality rates from exceeding annual target levels. In this study, we show that one of the reasons why keep limits may have failed is that a substantial number of anglers obtain little value from being able to keep self-caught fish. Our findings are based on a telephone survey administered to marine anglers in all of the coastal counties in the Northeast US in 2004/2005. To evaluate the importance of keeping self-caught fish, we provide estimates of the size of the marine angling population in the Northeast US that keeps fish for food or income and also for those that fish primarily for recreation and place little or no value on keeping fish. Demographic characteristics of the two groups of anglers are compared statistically and differences related to consumption of self-caught marine resources and to health warning advisories are discussed. We also estimate the size of the Northeast US angling population that relies on their self-caught marine resources as a cost-saving food source or as a supplement to household income. This information could improve the effectiveness of fisheries regulations and the ability of policy analysts to predict how anglers might be affected by proposed fishery management actions.     

Tidal front and its relation to the biological process in coastal water

A tidal front is a unique structure in coastal waters where tidal mixing is dominant during the summer. Various indexes to define tidal fronts and their dynamics have been reviewed in coastal waters where tidal mixing is dominant. The classification of a front in coastal waters is determined by the freshwater inflow, heating/cooling, Ekman transport, and mixing intensity. The strength of mixing plays an important role, dynamically, in creating a tidal front. The hydrography and circulation around a tidal front are crucial in the biological processes leading to the cross-frontal transport of nutrients and phytoplankton blooms. Physical-biological cooperation is necessary to clearly assess the impact of a tidal front on the distribution of phytoplankton and chlorophyll a in the tidal front area.