21世纪以来中国关键金属矿产找矿勘查与研究新进展

关键金属作为全球高科技产业不可或缺的战略性资源,其成矿作用及找矿勘查均是目前国际矿床学领域关注的热点。近年来,中国在关键金属Li、Rb、Nb、Ta、W、Sn、Ni、Co、Mn和离子吸附型稀土矿找矿勘查及成矿作用研究方面取得了一系列重要突破和认识。文章初步系统地总结了中国进入21世纪以来不同类型关键金属矿床的主要勘查成果及全球关键金属矿产研究新进展。在前人研究基础上,研究总结认为锂循环与成矿主要在上地壳内部,而REE在大陆聚合与裂解以及壳幔之间循环并成矿。针对主要关键金属矿床的成矿作用和成矿环境,并考虑共伴生特点,将主要的关键金属矿床划分为8种成因类型:①与花岗岩-伟晶岩有关的W、Sn、Nb、Ta、Li、Rb、Cs、Be矿床;②与碳酸岩-碱性岩有关的REE、Nb、U矿床;③与镁铁质-超镁铁质岩有关的Ni、Co、Cr、Pt族元素矿床;④低温热液型Tl、Te矿床;⑤多种类型热液矿床中的伴生组分,包括Re、Ge、In、Cd、Tl、Te、Se、Sc、Ga等;⑥表生沉积型(包括铝土矿和煤矿中的伴生组分)矿床,例如Mn、V、Ni、Mo、Co、Li、Ga、Tl、Ge、V、Sc、Nb、Ta等;⑦与表生盐湖有关的Li、Rb、Cs矿床;⑧与表生风化作用有关的离子吸附型REE矿床。希望该分类能作为新一轮关键矿产研究的基础。     

21世纪初中国国土开发整治与地区经济发展对地质工作的需求

中国地质工作自20世纪50年代以后一直以地质-找矿为中心。20世纪末到21世纪初,地质工作调查研究的对象逐步扩大,地质学发展为地球系统科学,地质工作的服务领域也扩大到满足资源、环境和人民生活的多种需求,提出了大地质工作概念。这种与时俱进的观念更新,符合国际地质工作的现代潮流,也是中国经济和社会发展的客观需要。下面从国土开发整治与地区经济发展角度,对地质工作谈3点看法。     

Paleoanalogues of global warming in the 21st century

On the basis of landscape-climatic reconstructions for warming periods in the past, likely scenarios of future global warming have been developed for various warming levels that might be reached during the current century. The paleoanalogue of global warming by 0.7–1°C is the Holocene climatic optimum (5.5–6 ka B.P.) and that by 1.7–2°C is the last interglacial optimum (about 125 ka B.P.). The complex analysis concerning response of the principal ecosystem components to the expected warming signifies that there will not be any shifts of vegetation zones during the 21st century; reconstruction will touch only the internal structure of vegetable associations and broadening of interzonal ecotones.     

Man and the water cycle: challenges for the 21st century

Water is essential to life. Modern, technological societies use huge quantities of this precious liquid. The hydrologic (water) cycle represents the movement of water through the earth's environmental systems. Humankind primarily makes use of three parts of the hydrologic cycle for its water needs: rivers, lakes, and groundwater. Our use of these components of the water cycle has had a variety of deleterious effects. Many large rivers have had their flow regimes modified and suffered from pollution with attendant negative effects of riverine, estuarial, and oceanic ecosystems. Lakes have suffered most seriously from anthropogenic caused pollution but have been impacted by introduction of exotic biota and regime alteration as well. Groundwater, because of its slow rate of replenishment, has suffered from depletion and accumulating pollutants. Looking toward the next century, we must alter our management of water and put it on an ecologically sustainable footing. This involves three key actions: (1) developing an ecosystems approach, (2) improving the water knowledge base, and (3) promoting improved management and cooperation, both nationally and internationally.     

Water for sustainable development in the 21st century: a global perspective

Many arid and semi-arid countries are feeling water crisis already at present, and the problem will become more serious in the 21st century. Global water consumption will increase, 10-fold during this century, and the increasing trend will continue well into the 21st century. This Presidential Address to the International Water Reserves Association discusses the reasons for the water crisis, and the major water issues of the 21st century. Among those issues are water conservation and efficient use of water, water pricing and cost recovery, social and environmental considerations, institutional responses to better management, management of international water bodies and proper analytical frameworks.     

面向21世纪的萧山国土资源调查工作

阐述了萧山地区地质演化简史和国土资源优势,分析了面临的历史性任务,提出了应该进行的基础地质、矿产地质、第四纪地质、工程地质、外营力地质灾害、地震地质、环境地质、旅游地质、农业地质和地球信息科学研究等１２ 个方面的工作,论述了旅游、环境和土壤地质研究的有关具体方法。     

Long-term and medium-term scenarios and factors in world energy perspectives for the 21st century

The study provides an overview of key trends underlying the long-term and medium-term scenarios in the world energy outlook and prospects of fossil fuel resource depletion in the 21st century.     

二十一世纪初地质工作的若干思考

经济全球化、世界范围内经济结构的调整和高新技术的飞速发展，使２１世纪成为一个充满机遇和挑战的世纪。按照我国经济社会发展的总体部署，从２１世纪伊始，我国要实现“十五”计划、第三步发展战略所确定的目标，到２１世纪中叶，人均国民生产总值要达到中等发达国家水平，人民生活比较富裕，基本实现现代化。这一目标必须在实施可持续发展的总体要求下实现，任务十分艰巨。面对新的形势，地质工作者承担着十分繁重的历史使命。如何做好新世纪初的地质工作，使地质工作既能满足国民经济建设和社会发展的需要，又能实现自身的健康发展，是…     

Estimate of global oil resource and the forecast for global oil production in the 21st century

A probabilistic estimate of the global conventional recoverable oil resource was performed based on the concept of the Earth's sedimentary cover as a holistic system. A forecast for global oil production was made for the period till the end of the 21st century. It has been shown that the global oil production will most likely peak at 4.2–4.7 billion tons a year in 2020–2030. For that period, the top oil-producing regions in the world will be the Persian Gulf, West and East Siberia. The upstream sector at that time will turn its focus to the Arctic shelf. Annual oil production could be maintained at a level of 4.2–4.5 billion tons till the late 2040s.     

论新时期地下水开发利用与管理的新使命

1994年本文作者曾在本刊发表文章 ,论述了地下水研究面临的历史转变。面对新世纪创造新辉煌的期盼 ,时过七年 ,在人类已跨入新世纪 ,面临创造新辉煌的形势下 ,地下水战线也应有新的作为、新的进展。本文论述了新时期在地下水开发利用与管理领域面临的应有转变和主要任务 :( 1)地下水开发与经营的指导思想要从比较放任 ,转变到高效利用与永续经营 ;( 2 )在三水统观统管联合运用中要把地下水作为珍贵后备水资源和抗旱的救命水加以对待 ;( 3)要把保护水质不受污染作为地下水管理的突出任务 ,要在重点地区建立地下水保护带 ;( 4)要建立和完善包括水位、水质动态观测在内的水环境综合观测网站 ,加强对地下水的全面观测 ;( 5 )要认真总结 5 0年来的地下水开发利用及管理工作 ,制定未来 30年的地下水事业发展规划 ;( 6 )要完善地下水开发利用保护法规 ;( 7)理顺地下水专业人才的培养渠道 ,认真培养地下水领域的高级专门人才 ;( 8)加强信息网建设 ,办好《地下水》刊物 ,在不断提高地下水科技水平的同时 ,重视科普宣传     

Main aspects of the theory of ore-bearing weathering mantles in the 21st century

The theory of ore-bearing weathering mantles (WM) was developed at the Institute of Geological Sciences, USSR Academy of Sciences (currently the Institute of Geology of Ore Deposits, Petrography, Mineralogy, and Geochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences) in the 1930s. I.I. Ginzburg was an originator of this theory. The extensive new data on the bauxite-, Ni-, Au-, REE-bearing and other rare-metal WM has led to the development of a general theory of exogenic ore deposits, which has been confirmed by forecasting, prospecting, and exploration of solid mineral resources. On considering the current status of the WM theory based on the results of precision research methods (XRD, IRS, EPR spectroscopy, DTA, electron microscopy, etc.), the main aspects determining its advance can be pointed out: (1) physicochemical simulation of WM formation; (2) identification and study of nanominerals in WM; (3) study of the contribution of organic matter to weathering; and (4) use of WM as indicators of climatic change in the Earth’s history. As is presently established, WM are natural chemical reactors of nanoparticles of various minerals. The progress in nanomineralogy of WM will facilitate the choice of rational methods of mining and recovery of valuable components. As has been proved by electron microscopy, fossilized microbial communities, biofilms, and cyanobacterial mats occur in almost all WM. The importance of studying mutual relations of inorganic and organic substances of WM in more detail is evident. Development of the idea of using WM as indicators of paleoclimate will provide insights into global changes in the environment and complement the results obtained by traditional paleoclimatic methods. This aspect is especially topical in connection with widely discussed problem of global climatic warming.     

Ranching and the new global range: Amazônia in the 21st century

This paper seeks to understand how the Brazilian Amazon, which many thought unsuitable for agricultural development, has yielded to a dynamic cattle economy in only a few decades. It does so by embedding the Thunian model of location rents within the regime of capital accumulation that has driven the Brazilian economy since the mid-20th century. The paper addresses policies that have created location rents in Amazônia, the effect of these rents on land managers, and the spatial implications of their behavior on forests. Thus, the paper connects macro-processes and structures to agents on the ground, in providing a political ecological explanation relevant to land change science. The policy discussion focuses on reductions in transportation costs, improvements in animal health, and monetary and trade reforms. To illustrate the impact of policy, the paper presents data on the geography of Amazonian herd expansion, on the growth of Amazonian exports, and on the profitability of the region’s cattle economy. It follows the empirical presentation with more abstract consideration of the spatial relations between cattle ranching and soy farming, and implications for deforestation. The paper concludes on a speculative note by considering the likelihood of forest transition in the region, given the transformation of Amazônia into a global resource frontier.     

Measuring, understanding and visualising coal characteristics—innovations in coal geology for the 21st century

For the coal industry to remain competitive into the 21st century, particularly if coal prices remain low, it is incumbent upon the industry to understand their products and use this knowledge to improve the efficiency, environmental performance and safety with which their products are mined, processed and used. A full understanding of coal characterisation empowers the user to achieve these goals. Areas where coal characterisation is of crucial importance include integrated gasification and combined cycle (IGCC) combustion, metallurgical uses, gasification, extraction of coal bed methane and liquefaction. Future coal characterisation research avenues are reviewed. For this understanding to be achieved, radical new analytical methods that are cost effective, avoid subjective judgement, can provide prompt online measurements and are meaningful in terms of performance prediction will be required. Examples of emerging technologies are presented. Visualisation of coal quality data and the coal chain has always been important to the coal mining community. Methods of building and maintaining databases, and simulating such data are reviewed.     

21世纪中国地质灾害防治形势与减灾战略思考

文章论述了21世纪中国地质灾害减灾面临的形势是既存在许多有利条件又存在多方面困难而面临严重挑战。提出21世纪地质灾害减灾战略：1．建立地质灾害防治安全维护体系；2．优先安排西部地区地质灾害防治工程，实施地质灾害风险管理；3．建立矿山地质灾害防治监督管理体系；4．城市地质灾害防治与土地利用相结合；5．加强我国地质环境监测与网站建设；6．针对地质灾害区域分布规律，采取分区减灾对策；7．加大地质灾害防治投入力度。