基于地形因子特征值的喀斯特流域地貌类型判别

利用数字地面高程模型进行子流域划分,提取反映喀斯特地貌形态的7个地形因子——高程、坡度、地形起伏度、地形粗糙度、地表切割深度、高程变异系数和地形指数,提出根据地形因子特征值进行喀斯特地貌类型判别方法。以贵州省后寨河流域为例,在划分的18个流域中,选取16个流域通过单个地形因子特征值相关分析和多个地形因子特征值模糊聚类分析,确定峰丛-洼地和峰林-盆地地貌类型判别的阈值,选取另外两个流域进行判别方法检验。结果表明:基于地形因子特征值可定量判别出喀斯特流域不同地貌类型。      

喀斯特地区流域地貌与岩性的统计关系探讨——以贵州省为例

岩石是地貌演化发育的物质基础,不同的岩性分布区常常发育特定的地貌形态。本文统计分析了喀斯特地区22 个中小流域的地貌类型和岩石的出露关系,从量上揭示了流域地貌与岩性的关联规律。分析结果表明:在碳酸盐岩出露的地区常发育着峰丛洼地;在碳酸盐岩夹碎屑岩出露地区易于形成峰丛谷地;在非碳酸盐岩出露地区发育形成非喀斯特地貌;而在峰林谷地和非喀斯特地貌分布区常有松散岩出露。      

青藏高原不同高程喀斯特地貌类型和发育特征

青藏高原地区喀斯特地貌发育较为普遍.通过查阅文献资料和系统性的研究总结,明确了不同高程下喀斯特地貌类型、发育特征均存在明显的差异.极高海拔地区（≥5 000 m）喀斯特地貌可分为隆起构造山原、内陆湖盆地、内陆湖洼、内陆山原、高山冰川深谷、山原基岩型,风化剥蚀作用较强,形成较多的残留峰丛、石柱、洼地等;高海拔区（3 500～5 000 m）喀斯特地貌可分为喀斯特高山深谷型、喀斯特中高山湖泊、高山冰川深谷、隆起构造山原、内陆湖盆地、内陆湖洼型,构造-溶蚀作用强,主要发育大型宏观的峰林、峰丛洼地、溶洞、漏斗等;中海拔区（1 000～3 500 m）喀斯特地貌可以分为喀斯特高山深谷型、喀斯特中高山湖泊、山原蚀余峰丘、山原峰丘湖泊、内陆湖洼、喀斯特海岸型,构造-侵蚀作用较强,风化剥蚀相对较弱,喀斯特形态得以基本保存,主要发育微小型峰丛洼地、溶孔、溶痕和溶隙等.     

新构造运动对贵州锥状喀斯特发育的影响

贵州属我国喀斯特最发育的高原区。在复杂的构造背景和有利的热带一亚热带气候条件下，发育了一套典型的喀斯特地貌，其中由峰丛洼地、峰林洼地和峰林溶原三大成因系列构成的锥状喀斯特最显著、最壮观。与其它地区相比，贵州的锥状喀斯特在第三纪末期以来受到新构造运动的强烈控制。在地貌结构和发育演化上表现出五大特征。     

基于数字高程模型的岩溶地貌类型划分——以1:5000西南岩溶区地质填图试点为例

数字高程模型可以定量描述地貌,而基于峰丛洼地实体的岩溶地貌量化统计方法目前尚未确立。文章在1:50 000地质测量的基础上,将西南岩溶区地质填图试点地区的地层重新划分组合为火山岩层组、碎屑岩层组、灰岩层组、白云岩层组、泥灰岩层组、灰岩碎屑互层层组、白云岩碎屑岩互层层组7种层组类型;基于1:50 000数字地形图构建了研究区数字高程模型（DEM）,通过空间分析技术建立了区域洼地锥峰DEM,以岩溶层组为统计单元,分析出各个单元的锥峰洼地数字特征,并定义锥峰洼地发育系数（k）,量化峰丛洼地发育程度,将研究区地貌划分为5种地貌类型:峰丛洼地（k＞8.5）,锥峰洼地极为发育;峰丛谷地（1.9＜k≤8.5）,锥峰较为发育,洼地中等发育;丘岭谷地（0.9＜k≤1.9）,锥峰弱发育,洼地极少发育;溶蚀中山（0＜k≤0.9）,锥峰、洼地极少发育;侵蚀中山（k=0）,发育冲沟,无岩溶形态发育。      

中国南方喀斯特世界自然遗产拓展地环江喀斯特地貌价值及贡献

“中国南方喀斯特”是中国向联合国教科文组织世界遗产委员会分期申报的系列世界自然遗产。“中国南方喀斯特”第一期遗产地包括云南石林喀斯特、贵州荔波喀斯特和重庆武隆喀斯特;第二期提名地则包括了广西桂林喀斯特、贵州施秉喀斯特、重庆金佛山喀斯特,以及作为荔波喀斯特拓展地的广西环江喀斯特。环江喀斯特作为中国南方喀斯特荔波世界自然遗产地的拓展,对其申报论证倍受关注。新西兰Williams教授2013年考察环江时指出：“环江喀斯特作为荔波喀斯特的拓展地,无须论证其突出的普遍价值,而应关注其拓展的价值,即能为中国南方喀斯特及荔波喀斯特世界自然遗产构成作出哪些突出贡献”。然而近年来人们多注重于荔波喀斯特地貌世界遗产价值研究,环江喀斯特的世界遗产价值至今尚无人进行过相关研究。本文基于野外实测资料、研究区遥感影像图、1∶10 000地形图及1∶200 000水文地质图等工作底图,并运用ArcGIS、Erdas、AutoCAD、Photoshop等技术软件,尝试从环江喀斯特的地理地质背景、地貌特征等方面与荔波喀斯特和“中国南方喀斯特”其他片区进行对比的角度来研究环江喀斯特的地貌特征,旨在申明环江喀斯特的拓展,能为“中国南方喀斯特”世界自然遗产做出哪些实际的补充和完善,进而为“中国南方喀斯特”第二期世界自然遗产的成功申报提供科学材料。 研究结果表明,环江喀斯特作为荔波喀斯特的拓展,在“中国南方喀斯特”系列遗产中其具有以下重要价值和突出贡献： (1)环江喀斯特主体为锥状峰丛谷地喀斯特地貌,从分水岭至河谷表现出由峰丛洼地―峰丛谷地―峰林洼地―峰林谷地的有序正向演替规律。 (2)环江喀斯特与荔波喀斯特相似性体现在喀斯特演化环境、形态特征、演化过程、生物生态等方面,而这些也正是荔波喀斯特给“中国南方喀斯特”的贡献所在。 (3)环江喀斯特和荔波喀斯特联合展示了从高原到低山区逐渐过渡的一套完整的锥状喀斯特体系,例证了湿润热带－亚热带地区正在进行的锥状喀斯特地貌基本发育过程及演化规律,与此同时,由于环江喀斯特靠近古宾河而促发回春效应,形成了一套峰丛洼地更深、坡度更陡、内部地势高差更大的回春地貌,增加了锥状喀斯特回春发育方面的价值。 (4) 拓展环江喀斯特将保证荔波喀斯特在地质地貌、生物生态、自然景观等方面的完整性,不仅扩展了荔波喀斯特的面积范围,增加了荔波喀斯特森林生态系统的价值及其安全性,提升了荔波喀斯特世界遗产价值,还解决了因贵州和广西行政边界而遗留下来的荔波喀斯特南部缓冲区边界不完整的问题。 (5)在中国南方喀斯特谱系中,荔波－环江喀斯特记录了中国南方碳酸盐岩第二旋回的沉积历史,经历了东吴运动、印支运动及新构造运动对喀斯特地貌的改造过程,代表了中国南方云贵高原向桂林盆地过渡地区锥状喀斯特地貌及正在进行的锥状喀斯特地貌演化过程,其地貌特点、形成条件与高原面上的石林剑状喀斯特、云贵高原边缘的台原喀斯特、高原向低山盆地过渡的武隆天坑地缝喀斯特、施秉白云岩峡谷喀斯特和低山盆地的桂林塔状喀斯特有显著的区别,是热带亚热带地区锥状喀斯特的世界模式地。     

DEM在构造地貌定量分析中的应用与展望

作为一种描述地形起伏特征的数据模型,数字高程模型（Digital Elevation Model,DEM）通过有限的地形高程数据实现对地形曲面的数字化模拟（即地形表面形态的数字化表示）,为研究地表的演化过程提供了数据基础。文章归纳梳理了DEM在基本地形因子、流域地貌特征、古地貌面的重塑、构造地貌发育模式、地貌分类与制图以及地形特征提取算法等领域的应用现状。总的来看,DEM研究对象以陆地为重点,以河流地貌和山地地貌为主要内容;研究过程从早期对地貌形态的定性描述向多种地貌参数的半定量、定量分析转变;研究尺度空间上从某个小流域到整个造山带,时间上从数小时向百万年扩展。构造地貌演化时间序列的不确定性、地貌参数获取的复杂性、地形模型算法的多样化以及DEM生成过程中的误差因素,这些均影响构造地貌定量分析结果的准确度,因此在归纳梳理已有研究成果的同时,对DEM在构造地貌研究领域的应用进行了一些思考。      

峰林喀斯特的性质及其发育和演化的新思考(1)

从峰林喀斯特系统整体分析出发,本文较深入地讨论了我国峰林喀斯特的基本性质。对峰林喀斯特发育和演化的一系列有关问题提出了新解释、新意见和新认识。该文第一部分详细讨论了峰丛洼地和峰林平原两者常存在发育上的协同关系、分布上的依存和配套关系。据最新统计,我国峰林喀斯特分市在北纬32度以南,东径100度以东广大地区,总面程约14万km~2。峰林平原和峰丛洼地两类地形的分布比例为1∶8.3。广西境内峰林喀斯特有5.8km~2,比例为1∶3.8,亦以峰丛洼地地形占优势。      

Reference 3D、ASTER DEM在公路勘察设计中的应用探讨

Reference 3D是法国Spot立体卫星影像生成的DEM、ASTER DEM是高分辨率卫星成像设备—ASTER获取的立体影像生成的DEM,它们全球覆盖范围广、数据获取快、质量稳定。针对我国缺乏1:10000或1:5000基础地形资料的地区、难以获取资料的海外交通建设地区,本文探讨基于这两种DEM进行公路勘察设计。工程实践表明:Reference 3D相比ASTERDEM有着更高的精度,质量更加稳定可靠,可以满足公路勘察设计中规划、工可等阶段的需要,从而提高工作效率,缩短外业周期,降低成本。     

面向东川复杂山地泥石流沟谷三维地形建模及特征分析的无人机遥感探测应用研究

以云南省东川区小江流域中游左岸大白泥河支流的泥石流沟谷为研究对象,利用无人机遥感技术采集该泥石流沟谷地表地貌数据,提出结合地面三维激光扫描建模数据进行同名地物控制点提取,实现无人机影像数据的绝对定向方法。通过Smart3D影像数据处理,构建研究区三维地形模型,得到数字正射影像（Digital Orthophoto Map,DOM）、数字表面模型（Digital Surface Model,DSM）和高密集匹配点云。利用PhotoScan软件中的不规则三角网渐进加密技术对点云数据进行处理,得到0.5 m分辨率的数字高程模型（Digital Elevation Model,DEM）。结合ArcGIS和Cloud Compare中的相关地形分析模块,实现对该段泥石流沟谷地区的地形特征分析。基于无人机遥感的泥石流沟谷地形建模及特征分析研究中采用的技术路线和方法,对于定性、定量探测高原复杂山区地质灾害及其监测、防治等具有重要实证案例参考价值与实践指导意义。     

Evaluation of intermediate TanDEM-X digital elevation data products over Tasmania using other digital elevation models and accurate heights from the Australian National Gravity Database

The successful operation of the TanDEM-X satellite mission is the start of a new era of globally consistent and accurate digital elevation data for planet Earth. In this work available 12 m-resolution intermediate TanDEM-X products (DEM: digital elevation model; HEM: height error map; COV: coverage map; WAM: water indication mask) are evaluated over Tasmania. Elevations from the TanDEM-X intermediate digital elevation model (IDEM) are compared with (a) other global DEMs (30 m-resolution SRTM1 USGS v3 and 30 m-resolution Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission Reflectometer (ASTER GDEM2), (b) the local 25 m-resolution DEM made available by Tasmanian environmental authority (DPIPWE), and (c) over 15 000 accurate ground-control-points (GCPs) from the Australian National Gravity Database (ANGD). The comparison with ASTER and SRTM over the area of Tasmania involves over 500 million valid TanDEM-X IDEM elevations. The root-mean-square (RMS) of 8.8 m indicates a reasonable to good agreement of TanDEM-X IDEM and SRTM, while ASTER shows almost twice the disagreement in terms of RMS (～16.5 m). Both, ASTER and SRTM show a (mean) offset of –1.9 m and –2.3 m w.r.t. TanDEM-X IDEM, respectively. By comparisons with GCPs, we find that SRTM and ASTER overestimate the terrain height. The comparison with the AGND GCPs also allows an estimate of the absolute accuracy of the IDEM, which is found to be superior to that of SRTM or ASTER. The RMS error of 6.6 m shows that the IDEM is close to the officially denoted 4 m absolute vertical accuracy considering that the GCPs are not error free. The height error map information layer is found to a suitable first indicator of the (local) accuracy of the IDEM in a relative sense. However, we find that the HEM tends to underestimate observed differences to the GCPs. Terrain-type analyses reveal that the TanDEM-X IDEM is a very consistent elevation database over Tasmania. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that the new TanDEM-X elevation data sets provide improved high-resolution terrain information over Tasmania and beyond.     

Extraction and accuracy assessment of high-resolution DEM and derived orthoimages from ALOS-PRISM data over Sahel-Doukkala (Morocco)

In Sahel-Doukkala, which is characterized by lands of a relatively low relief, global DEMs and DEMs generated from digitizing topographic maps, have been the primary source of several multidisciplinary researches. Although these products present a great value of the conducted research, the level of the given accuracy is not sufficient enough for detailed geospatial analysis. These requirements led us to generate a high-resolution DEM as an alternative of available global DEMs or/and DEMs generated from digitizing topographic maps. In this study, we present a workflow to extract high-resolution DEM at 5 m resolution and derived orthoimages from ALOS-PRISM data over Sahel-Doukkala, through photogrammetric techniques, using a variation of GCPs obtained from topographic maps at scale 1:25,000. The accuracy of the generated products is reported according to NSSDA standards. Using ten GCPs, a PRISM-DEM with 3.88 m vertical accuracy and 11.60 m horizontal accuracy, both at 95% confidence level is obtained. This DEM will serve as base dataset for further detailed geospatial analysis and mapping applications in order to identify the relationship between surface parameters and groundwater, and also to assess and understand all factors influencing the development of karst landscapes and consequently subsurface stability in the investigated area.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987114000036

The paper evaluates sensitivity of various spaceborne digital elevation models （DEMs）, viz., Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer （ASTER）, Shuttle Radar Topography Mapping Mission （SRTM） and Global Multi-resolution Terrain Elevation Data 2010 （GMTED）, in comparison with the DEM （TOPO） derived from contour data of 20 m interval of Survey of India topographic sheets of 1 ： 50,000 scale. Several topographic attributes, such as elevation （above mean sea level）, relative relief, slope, aspect, curvature, slope-length and -steepness （LS） factor, terrain ruggedness index （TRI）, topo- graphic wetness index （TWI）, hypsometric integral （lhyp） and drainage network attributes （stream number and stream length） of two tropical mountain river basins, viz. Muthirapuzha River Basin and Pambar River Basin are compared to evaluate the variations. Though the basins are comparable in extent, they differ in respect of terrain characteristics and climate. The result.,; suggest that ASTER and SRTM provide equally reliable representation of topography portrayed by TOP（） and the topographic attributes extracted from the spaceborne DEMs are in agreement with those derived from TOPO. Despite the coarser resolution, SRTM shows relatively higher vertical accuracy （RMSE -- 23 and 20 m respectively in MRB and PRB） compared to ASTER （RMSE - 33 and 24 m） and GMTED （RMSE - 59 and 48 m）. Vertical accuracy of all the spaceborne DEMs is influenced by relief of the terrain as well as type of vegetation. Further, GMTED shows significant deviation for most of the attributes, indicating its inability for mountain-river-basin-scale studies.     

Redefining the watershed line and stream networks via digital resources and topographic map using GIS and remote sensing (case study: the Neka River’s watershed)

The accurate delineation of area plays a key role in the surveying of land change detection and the classification of land covers. In a hydrologic system, the watershed delineation and the detection of the boundaries among watershed is a basic method for performing spatial analyses. After recent advances in image processing and raster-based spatial analysis in geographic information systems, and being easily accessible data via various sources especially through remote sensing, the reliable determination of topographical boundaries possible is possible. Therefore, an integrated approach of data analysis and modeling can accomplish the task of delineation. The main aim in this research is to evaluate the delineation method of watershed boundary using four different digital elevation models (DEM) including advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer (ASTER), Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM), digital topography, and topographic maps. In order to determine a true reference of boundary of watershed, sample data were also obtained by field survey and using global positioning system (GPS). The comparison reference points and the results of these data showed the average distance difference between reference boundary, and the result of ASTER data was 43 m. However, the average distance between GPS reference and the other data was high; the difference between the reference data and SRTM was 307 m, and for digital topographic map, it was 269 m. The average distance between topographic map and the GPS points differed 304 m as well. For the statistical analysis of comparison, the coordinates of 230 points were determined; the paired comparisons were also performed to measure the coefficient of determination, R ², as well as analysis of variance in SPSS software. As a result, the R ² values for the ASTER data with the digital topography and topographic map were 0.0157 and 0.171, respectively. The results showed that there were statistically significant differences in distances among the four means of the selected models. Therefore, considering other three methods, the ASTER DEM is the most suitable applicable data to delineate the borders of watersheds, especially in rugged terrains. In addition, the calculated flow directions of stream based on ASTER are close to natural tributaries as well as real positions of streams.     

Assessment of freely available DSMs for automatic karst feature detection

The purpose of this work is to present the detection and qualification of natural karst depressions in southern Ksiromero, SW Aitoloakarnania Prefecture, Western Greece, by the use of freely available digital surface model (DSM) data in line with the geographical information systems—GIS. The study area is a part of the Ionian geotectonic zone whose geological background consists of the Triassic evaporates and Triassic carbonate breccias. The after-Triassic carbonate series, which consist of the Jurassic limestones, the Cretaceous limestones and the Eocene limestones, are also presented in the study area. Several DSMs such as ASTER GDEM, SRTM DEM, ALOS Global DSM, and a DSM generated from Sentinel-1 data were evaluated so as to be used for the automatic karst detection. Furthermore, a karst detection procedure applied on DSMs was performed with the aid of analogue and digital air photos. Additionally, the aforementioned procedure was applied also on DEM with the aid of digitized contours referring to topographic maps characterized by a scale of 1/50,000. All the detected features have been also validated via in situ observations. Finally, all DSMs presented herein are characterized by similar percentage of success in terms of automatic karst detection, regardless their spatial resolution and height accuracy. Their rate varies from 66 to 73%.     

IRS-P5卫星影像提取DEM及其地学应用

基于高分辨率遥感卫星数据提取DEM技术已广泛应用于地学研究中,但基于IRS-P5立体像对提取DEM的研究应用目前还比较少。主要介绍了IRS-P5卫星获取立体像对的工作原理,立体像对提取DEM原理、方法及精度评定,列举了该技术在地学研究中的应用实例及其应用前景以及存在的问题。结果表明,在良好的地面控制点的支持下,IRS-P5立体像对提取的DEM平面和高程精度均可满足国家山地1∶1万地形图测图规范要求,在地学研究中具有广阔的应用前景。     

Combining landslide susceptibility maps obtained from frequency ratio,logistic regression,and artificial neural network models using ASTER images and GIS

Landslide-related factors were extracted from Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) images, and integrated techniques were developed, applied, and verified for the analysis of landslide susceptibility in Boun, Korea, using a geographic information system (GIS). Digital elevation model (DEM), lineament, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and land-cover factors were extracted from the ASTER images for analysis. Slope, aspect, and curvature were calculated from a DEM topographic database. Using the constructed spatial database, the relationships between the detected landslide locations and six related factors were identified and quantified using frequency ratio (FR), logistic regression (LR), and artificial neural network (ANN) models. These relationships were used as factor ratings in an overlay analysis to create landslide susceptibility indices and maps. Three landslide susceptibility maps were then combined and applied as new input factors in the FR, LR, and ANN models to make improved susceptibility maps. All of the susceptibility maps were verified by comparison with known landslide locations not used for training the models. The combined landslide susceptibility maps created using three landslide-related input factors showed improved accuracy (87.00% in FR, 88.21% in LR, and 86.51% in ANN models) compared to the individual landslide susceptibility maps (84.34% in FR, 85.40% in LR, and 74.29% in ANN models) generated using the six factors from the ASTER images.     

Uncertainty of soil erosion modelling using open source high resolution and aggregated DEMs

Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is one of the important parameters for soil erosion assessment. Notable uncertainties are observed in this study while using three high resolution open source DEMs. The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model has been applied to analysis the assessment of soil erosion uncertainty using open source DEMs (SRTM, ASTER and CARTOSAT) and their increasing grid space (pixel size) from the actual. The study area is a part of the Narmada river basin in Madhya Pradesh state, which is located in the central part of India and the area covered 20,558 km². The actual resolution of DEMs is 30 m and their increasing grid spaces are taken as 90, 150, 210, 270 and 330 m for this study. Vertical accuracy of DEMs has been assessed using actual heights of the sample points that have been taken considering planimetric survey based map (toposheet). Elevations of DEMs are converted to the same vertical datum from WGS 84 to MSL (Mean Sea Level), before the accuracy assessment and modelling. Results indicate that the accuracy of the SRTM DEM with the RMSE of 13.31, 14.51, and 18.19 m in 30, 150 and 330 m resolution respectively, is better than the ASTER and the CARTOSAT DEMs. When the grid space of the DEMs increases, the accuracy of the elevation and calculated soil erosion decreases. This study presents a potential uncertainty introduced by open source high resolution DEMs in the accuracy of the soil erosion assessment models. The research provides an analysis of errors in selecting DEMs using the original and increased grid space for soil erosion modelling.     

基于ASTER的喀斯特流域地表水系自动提取研究——以贵州省为例

根据喀斯特流域孤峰和峰林在ASTER影像上表现为色调深浅不一的“桔皮状”和“花生壳状”图形,河流和湖泊色调较深,湿地和干谷色调相对较浅等影像特征,对贵州省内32个典型的喀斯特流域进行数字高程和地表水系提取。结果表明,利用ASTER影像提取喀斯特地表水系简便快捷、准确率高。与从1: 25万水文地质图提取的水系进行对比, ASTER所提取的水系其流域面积最大的相对误差为4. 5892% ,主河道长度最大的相对误差为3. 5693% ,河网密度最大的相对误差也只有7. 2564% ; 从地图提取的水系最多只能达到二级支流,提取的河流相对较短,而从DEM 提取的水系可达三级,有些甚至达四级、五级以上,且提取的河流更长,提取的水系更完整。      

Error in digital network and basin area delineation using d8 method: A case study in a sub-basin of the Ganga

Digital elevation model (DEM) is one of the input data derived from different satellite sensors for hydrologic and hydraulic modelings. Two prime questions could be answered before using these DEMs. First, the acceptability of datasets for our use and second appropriate resolution of the dataset. Three widely used DEMs SRTM 30m, ASTER 30m and SRTM 90m are analyzed to evaluate their suitability to delineate river network and basin boundary area. The hydrology tool of spatial analyst extension inbuilt in ArcGIS 10.2 (which uses the D8 method for calculation of flow direction) has been used for the delineation of both river networks and basin boundary. The assessment of river network alignment and boundary delineation is carried out in the seven sub-catchments of Gandak river basin having different morphological characteristics. The automatically delineated boundary area for all the three DEMs reflects a significant difference when compared with the digitized basin area from the Ganga flood control commission (GFCC) map. The maximum boundary area delineation error is 39137.20 km₂ forASTER 30m, and minimum delineation error of 13239.28 km₂ for SRTM 90m. In the stream network, delineation accuracy is good for SRTM 90m while, except Gandak trunk, ASTER 30m DEM shows better delineation accuracy indicated by mean absolute error (MAE) and standard deviation (SD).