全球变化研究中自然科学和社会科学协同方法的探讨

由于研究对象、目的、数据、方法等方面的不同,自然科学和社会科学的协同存在着非常大的困难,近20年来,气候变化、环境、生态、能源、粮食、资源、灾害、健康等跨学科交叉研究的兴起,为自然科学和社会科学协同带来了新的契机。为克服自然科学和社会科学协同的困难,首先要开展"以解决问题为导向"的研究,从项目初始就贯彻"协同设计、协同实施"的理念,将政府和社会作为全球变化与可持续性研究的服务对象。在研究对象的空间尺度协同上,通过自然科学的降尺度和社会科学的升尺度,在局域尺度上开展气候变化脆弱性与适应研究是实现自然科学和社会科学协同的基础。同时,正确理解和沟通科学的不确定性是自然科学和社会科学协同的重要环节,进行观测数据及调查资料的协同是未来自然科学和社会科学协同成功的关键。最后,对自然科学和社会科学协同中沟通和交流的鸿沟以及人才培养、重理轻文倾向、跨学科研究的评价标准等问题进行了思考和讨论。     

美国科学基金会地球科学远景报告介绍

21世纪地球科学已经发展成为结合与联系了生物科学、社会科学、计算机科学、物质科学和工程科学等许多学科在内的真正跨学科科学。地球科学面临新的挑战和发展机遇,为了更深入地理解地球及其内部的相互作用,要求地球科学必须应用整体系统性分析方法,探索应用来自所有科学与工程学科的最新知识和技术。美国科学基金会(NSF)地球科学咨询委员会(AC-GEO)针对地球科学面临的新挑战,指导"地球科学远景工作组"(GEO Vision Working Group)制订了地球科学未来发展的新的规划:《地球科学远景(GEOVISION)——通过地球科学揭示未被拆散的地球的复杂性》,强调从整体系统角度来迎接地球科学未来面临的挑战。主要介绍《地球科学远景报告》的主要观点,AC-GEO提出的地球科学面临的3大挑战、5个重大科学问题,以及迎接挑战的3个措施与10个建议。     

技术方法的进步与地球科学的发展

地球科学作为自然科学的一大门类,其发展速度十分惊人。地球科学的迅速发展一方面反映了人类生产的发展对资源和环境方面愈来愈高的要求,一方面得益于科学技术的普遍发展为地球科学研究提供的越来越有利的条件。关于技术方法对地球科学研究的推动作用,人们早有认识,而现在更为深刻。当今对地球科学研究影响最大的关键技术,包括空间技术,深部探测技术,高新分析测试技术和数据综合分析技术,均来源于现代科学技术的最新发展。为了推动地球科学研究,不但要注意引进各种高新技术,还要注意将这些技术与地学研究相结合,发展和创造适合于地学研究的高新技术,并善于综合应用它们,使它们在地学研究中发挥最有效的作用。     

Parallel currents in the natural and social sciences

Einstein's relativity and the subsequent quantum theory have split physicists into two camps. One argues that the apparent inconsistencies between the mechanistic order of Newtonian physics and the holistic properties of matter revealed by relativity and quantum theory will eventually be resolved within an overall mechanistic order. The second argues that these holistic properties are genuine and require a drastic change in our overall world view. This tension between the mechanistic and holistic conceptions of the world has always existed in the life, human and social sciences. The force behind their emergence and development was the dialectical tension created by the inconsistencies between the mechanistic-Cartesian order, which dominated science, and the holistic properties which are apparent in the domains of life and human society. This recent split among physicists thus creates a new reality, in which the tension between the holistic and mechanistic conceptions of the world is no longer a tension between the scientific natural sciences and the non-scientific ‘humanities’, but rather the tension of science as a whole. The paper discusses the development of these parallel currents in the natural and social sciences and explores their implications.     

The limits of armed contestation: Power and domination in armed groups

Non-state war actors have only recently become a subject of study in political geography while other social sciences such as political anthropology, sociology and political science have addressed this subject in their respective conceptual language. This article, drawing on empirical research on war actors in 14 countries and using data on a sample of 80 such groups, advocates using the language of political sociology, and in particular that of Max Weber and Norbert Elias, to study this form of contestation. It presents some major findings of an empirical analysis built on these conceptualizations. Written from a political science perspective it tries to link up to the discourse in other social sciences, especially in political geography.     

矿物科学的概念

本文阐述了矿物科学的概念,包括矿物科学的产生背景、基本涵义与特点、主要研究内容及其与其它学科之间的关系等,并对中国的矿物科学做了简要介绍。矿物科学是研究矿物及其性质的一门交叉学科。它的研究对象是天然矿物和人工晶体材料。它不仅是为地球科学服务的学科,而且是为材料科学、环境科学以及工程科学与技术等学科服务的学科。矿物科学的主要研究内容包括矿物及其性质两大方面。矿物研究既是传统矿物学的研究领域,也是矿物科学基础的重要组成部分。矿物性质及其变换过程研究则是当前矿物科学中最为活跃的研究领域之一。矿物科学是以矿物学等分支学科为基础并具有众多交叉分支学科的学科体系,具有比传统矿物学更加广阔的科学范畴,具有一级学科的概念。矿物学既是地质科学的一门分科,同时也是矿物科学的一门分科。中国已在矿物科学的许多学科领域取得了丰硕的研究成果,已形成较为完整的理论与学科体系。     

Web-based service of a visualization package “Amira” for the geosciences

Amira is a powerful three-dimensional visualization package that has been employed recently by the science and engineering communities to gain insight into their data. We discuss a new paradigm for the use of Amira in the Earth sciences that relies on the client-server paradigm. We have developed a module called WEB-IS2, which provides web-based access to Amira. This tool allows Earth scientists to manipulate Amira controls remotely and to analyze, render and view large datasets through the Internet without regard for time or location. This could have important ramifications for GRID computing.     

纳米科技与粘土矿物学研究的思考

纳米科技已在地学领域取得了重要研究成果。粘土矿物学在材料科学中占有重要的地位,有必要建立“纳米粘土矿物学”这一学科,其研究手段与纳米科技一致,研究内容主要包括：纳米粘土矿物微粒矿物学、纳米粘土矿物体系物理学、纳米粘土矿物化学、纳米粘土矿物材料学和纳米粘土矿物加工学。本文进一步对纳米粘土矿物的检测方法和检测标准、聚合物／纳米粘土矿物复合材料的产业化提出了思考。     

The ecology of knowledge: Linking the natural and social sciences

In the context of global crisis the Bacon-Descartes model of exact science, with its mechanistic world view and its doctrine of progress in man's mastery of nature, is being replaced by a more coherent philosophy of science based on ecosystem concepts. The late twentieth century, it seems, marks the end of centuries of positivism and the beginning of an age of ecoscience. This paper looks at the origins of the discredited positivist claims for an objective scientific method and proposes the ecology of knowledge as a more appropriate theory, both for the sciences and for ordinary knowledge. From this viewpoint claims for a fundamental division between the natural and social sciences on the basis of method and subject matter can no longer be sustained. Moreover, as the feminist and deep ecology movements join in condemning the tradition of patriarchal, exploitative science, a new conceptual framework is emerging in which science is being directed towards more holistic views and more democratic processes, guided by a more socially and environmentally responsible ethic.     

地球表层系统与中国区域大地构造的研究发展

地球表层系统科学与地质学史都具有自然科学和社会科学相结合的特征,两者研究内容和研究目标互有关联,都是从不同角度揭示地球各种地质作用和地质过程的客观规律,促使人与自然和谐发展。在地球表层系统各地质学科中,大地构造占有重要地位,因而探讨中国区域大地构造研究史,对地质学史也有重要意义。文中将中国区域大地构造的研究分为6个阶段,总结其发展的经验和过程,说明社会环境、科学路线、科技水平、思维方法等是决定科学发展的关键因素。21世纪地球表层系统科学将成为地球科学的主流之一,中国区域大地构造的研究应迅速融入地球表层系统的研究,同时也要积极创建新的大地构造理论体系。     

地下水污染及水文地质地球化学

由于公众、政府、工业界对水资源质量及其脆弱性的觉醒,在过去的20年里地下水污染问题已得到高度的重视。同时,水文地质这一专门地质学科迅速发展,现在已成为一门与许多基础分支学科、工程科学,甚至社会科学有关的高度交叉性学科。水地球化学家的参与及数学模型、计算机模拟的广泛应用是现代水文地质学发展的两个明显趋势。对地下水污染物质成分、分布和化学行为的认识迫切需要水文地球化学分析,而数学模型、计算机模拟能最大限度地帮助定量研究流体及污染物在多孔介质和碎裂岩石中的迁移、分散过程。这些研究将减少预测亚地表中污染物质活动规律的不定性。地下水污染问题的最后有效解决,除了加强多学科性科学研究外,还必须有公众及政府的参与。     

Geography and paratactical interdisciplinarity: Views from the ESRC-NERC PhD studentship programme

Interdisciplinarity is a notoriously difficult concept to define, and even harder to achieve in practice. All too often social approaches reduce science to an object of study, or conversely physical science approaches are invoked as a source of ‘higher’ truth. Drawing upon our experiences as ESRC-NERC PhD students within geography, we outline a paratactical approach that links disciplines by adjacency rather than hierarchy. Toppling the disciplinary hierarchy creates the potential for non-reductionistic dialogue between science and social science, but it also raises a series of practical difficulties. These are considered around the themes of polyvocality, breadth over depth and (im)permanence. We suggest that while this kind of approach is increasingly encouraged by research funding bodies, it is less easily sustained within the everyday mechanics of the academic world.     

Fourier’s heat conduction equation: History, influence, and connections

The equation describing the conduction of heat in solids has, over the past two centuries, proved to be a powerful tool for analyzing the dynamic motion of heat as well as for solving an enormous array of diffusion-type problems in physical sciences, biological sciences, earth sciences, and social sciences. This equation was formulated at the beginning of the nineteenth century by one of the most gifted scholars of modern science, Joseph Fourier of France. A study of the historical context in which Fourier made his remarkable contribution and the subsequent impact his work has had on the development of modern science is as fascinating as it is educational. This paper is an attempt to present a picture of how certain ideas initially led to Fourier’s development of the heat equation and how, subsequently, Fourier’s work directly influenced and inspired others to use the heat diffusion model to describe other dynamic physical systems. Conversely, others concerned with the study of random processes found that the equations governing such random processes reduced, in the limit, to Fourier’s equation of heat diffusion. In the process of developing the flow of ideas, the paper also presents, to the extent possible, an account of the history and personalities involved. Reprinted by permission from theAmerican Geophysical Union, @ 1999. Originally published inReviews of Geophysics as “Fourier’s Heat Conduction Equation: History, Influence and Connections,” Vol. 37, issue 1, pages 151–172, February 1999. Appended here are eight figures of historical importance.     

论水利学科中的软科学研究

水利科学是在有关基础学科的发展和水利事业的实践中建立和逐步发展起来的。新中国成立后,大规模水利建设推动了水利科学的不断进步,使其进入一个综合发展的新阶段。现在,随着水利事业发生的战略性转变,水利问题中的资源、环境和社会、经济等因素显着增多,正确处理水利与社会经济和生态环境等各方面的关系,愈来愈成为水利发展中的重大课题。水利要依靠科学技术进步,加强水利学科中的软科学建设是今后水利科学发展中的一项重要任务。本文提出了相应的建议。     

水科学研究进展

根据我国公开出版发行的20多种与水有关的科技期刊1995～1998年刊登的关于水科学研究的论文,回顾和评述了近4年来我国在水科学研究,特别是基础研究和应用基础研究方面取得的成果和主要进展。认为研究成果是丰硕的,但各领域发展不平衡;与国际研究前沿仍有相当差距,特别是在不同尺度水文循环及其界面过程方面研究较为薄弱。     

Political-industrial ecology: Integrative,complementary, and critical approaches

“Political-industrial ecology” has been proposed as an emerging subfield of nature-society geography. In mapping out the landscape of this subfield, this paper develops a typology of three approaches to connecting politics and industrial ecology: (1) Integrative research that incorporates social, political, policy, institutional, and/or spatial considerations into industrial ecology analyses (“politics in industrial ecology”); (2) Complementary research that couples findings or frameworks from industrial ecology with social and political research (“politics and industrial ecology”); and (3) Critical research that examine how values, norms, groups, political relations, or institutions shape the production, interpretation, and usage of industrial ecology knowledge (“politics of industrial ecology”). This broad framing of political-industrial ecology invites contributions from many social sciences, including political ecology, political geography, political economy, sociology, public policy, management, environmental history, and science and technology studies.     

城市地面沉降研究现状与展望

第四届地面沉降国际讨论会及我国“八五”科技攻关成果表明，我国地面沉降研究及防治工作，由于引进系统思维方式、非线性科学的新理论与方法及计算机技术，融地球科学、环境科学和社会科学为一体进行综合研究，成果显著，目前已进入以数学模型预测为主的动态微量控沉阶段。这要求我们加深沉降机理研究。抽汲地下水形成的地面沉降研究的核心与难点是粘性土中孔隙水运移问题，它也是土体环境地质和外动力地质灾害研究的前缘热点，应引起人们的高度重视。     

Geography and general system theory,philosophical homologies and current practice

General system science, like geography, is an integrative discipline that spans the divide between the physical and social sciences. Geography, like general system science, seeks to examine the universe of observation as a functioning whole and attempts to study together the things other disciplines study separately. However, within both geography and the system sciences at large, there are many different philosophies and methodologies. A special attribute of the general system approach is an explicit adoption of an organismic rather than a mechanistic world view. This has caused general system practitioners to develop theory in more bioscientific areas of concern such as growth, hierarchical organisation and the theory of evolution. To date, much of the systems science in geography has preferred the static, mechanistic ethos of systems analysis and systems engineering. However, general system science's concern with historic processes and the dynamic self-determined relationships between systems structure, functioning and selfcreation may be more appropriate to geographical research. A search is made for general system methodologies in current geographical research and for particular applications of aspects of the new general systems theory of evolution and theory of systems attractors as defined by Ilya Prigogine and Erich Jantsch to geography.Today, we seem to be at the tip of an iceberg of scientific change... Every discipline is in the midst of a revolution... What is exciting about this theoretical chaos is not that each discipline will emerge with a new paradigm to guide future investigations but that a new grand paradigm may be forming, one that will integrate all structure and processes from the farthest reaches of the Universe to the reasonances of subatomic particles. The Grand Paradigm is somewhere in the future and we may live to see it THEISEN, (1981, p. 758).