统计重建算法综述

本文主要综述应用于PET/SPECT领域的统计重建算法,介绍统计重建算法发展的历史,最新的研究成果及研究方向,总结统计重建算法发展的三个概念:有序子集加速、增量方法和优化变换.对现有算法进行归纳总结,关注统计重建的发展带来变革的概念和方法,重点论述算法的思想,勾勒统计重建方法发展的主线.     

序列子集联合代数重建技术

图像重建迭代算法的主要缺点是计算量大,重建速度慢。为减少计算时间,Hudson等提出了有序子集算法,由于该算法在每次迭代时使用固定的子集个数,重建图像的质量主要依赖于迭代步中的子集数。本文提出序列子集联合代数重建技术,在每次迭代后减少使用的子集个数,这样在加速图像收敛的同时恢复重建图像的各种频率元素。实验结果表明序列子集联合代数重建技术可在少数次迭代后提供较高质量的重建图像,且对噪声数据不敏感。     

扇束图像重建中OSEM算法及子集划分的研究

目的：将一种快速迭代图像重建方法OSEM用于仿真Phantom模型的扇束投影数据的重建中,验证其重建参数的有效取值范围,分析比较不同子集选取对扇束OSEM重建的图像质量以及收敛速度的影响。方法：本研究采用事先计算特定几何扇束扫描的概率矩阵和最大间距划分投影子集的方法,选取图像大小为128*128。通过对模拟的Phantom扇束投影数据的重建,结果：OSEM重建效果好于传统滤波反投影(FBP)重建的结果,尤其是在有噪声情况下,在一定范围内重建质量与迭代次数和子集划分个数成正比,而计算时间仅仅与迭代次数正比。结论：恰当地选取子集个数,扇束OSEM重建可用较少迭代次数和较短的计算时间获取好的重建图像。     

用于宇宙射线μ子成像的MLS-EM重建算法加速研究

宇宙射线μ子检测技术具有穿透力强、对高Z材料敏感等特点,特别适合检测特殊核材料,是监控核材料走私的有效方式.图像重建问题是实现该技术的一个关键难点,MLS-EM算法是目前成像质量较好的算法,但其过长的运算时间制约了该算法在实际μ子检测系统中的应用.根据μ子检测系统的特点,本文提出了一种加速方法,在使用POCA重建图像作为迭代初值基础上进一步采用OS方法进行EM加速.模拟实验结果表明该方法能够有效地对MLS-EM重建算法进行加速,这对于宇宙射线μ子成像技术早日投入实际应用具有积极的意义.     

图像重建算法FBP与OSEM在工业CT应用中的对比研究

滤波反投影法(FBP)与有序子集最大期望值法(OSEM)是图像重建中最为常用的两种方法,本文研究了这两种重建方法在工业CT中的应用,就不同的探测器数目、不同的旋转投影角度取样数、不同的噪声水平,对两种方法的重建效果进行对比与分析,结果表明在某些条件下迭代法OSEM重建图像质量明显好于解析法FBP。     

正电子断层扫描仪与PET图像重建概述

概述了PET（Positron emission tomography，正电子断层扫描仪）及其图像重建的基本原理、方法与临床使用，介绍了常用的图像重建FBP（滤波反投影，Filtered Back-Projection)算法和OSEM（有序子集最大似然法，Ordered Subset Expectation Maximization)算法，描述了如何通过PET的临床协议中的参数选择以得到满意的重建效果。此外，对PET的准三维重建也做了一些简介。     

锥束CT图像重建算法的快速实现

本文基于锥束CT滤波反投影重建的FDK算法,通过两种算法改进并结合基于共享内存的OpenMP并行技术和代码优化,实现了锥束CT图像的快速重建.基于锥束CT实际投影数据的重建结果表明,图像重建速度得到了较大的提高,断层图像重建质量与FDK原型算法相当.     

一种基于数据外插改进的ART迭代算法

本文针对有限角度的投影数据的CT图像重建问题,提出了一种基于数据外插改进的ART算法.该算法的基本思想足运用已知角度的投影数据来补全未知角度的投影数据,再用ART算法进行图像重建.最后用模拟的投影数据进行了重建图像的数值实验.实验结果表明该算法不但提高了重建图像质量,同时也提高了图像达代的收敛速度.     

用对称反投影及递归迭代实现扇束CT快速重建

为提高扇束滤波反投影(FBP)算法重建CT图像的速度,本文提出了一种利用对称反投影并结合递归迭代的方法来减少反投影的运算量.研究表明该方法可使重建速度提高约23倍,且不会带来新的重建误差.     

同步辐射光成像中的最大似然迭代重建法

本研究主要目的在于探讨与评估在同步辐射光源显微成像时使用不同的图像重建算法时的图像质量与重建速度.此次实验我们采用鸟类的羽毛做为受测物体,并且使用位于新竹科学工业园区内的同步辐射研究中心的同步辐射光源及高分辨X光摄影机来取得X光的影像.本研究使用两种不同的算法来重建图像,分别为滤波反投影法与梯度最大似然迭代重建法,作为这次评估的算法.由重建图像的结果显示,我们可以发现梯度最大概似迭代式重建法在边缘的地方有模糊化的现象,另外在图像质量方面,滤波反投影算法的影像上的环状伪影较梯度最大似然迭代算法明显.因此本研究就针对目前同步辐射的图像重建法做一探讨,并对两种不同的重建算法做一适当的评估,以期望提供不同的图像重建法给予不同需求的使用者.     

基于EM算法的运行模态参数识别

结合随机状态空间方程和极大似然法的期望最大EM算法进行了结构运行模态分析。EM算法以迭代的方式更新模型参数,进而得到状态空间方程的极大似然估计。模态参数通过状态空间模型参数求得。应用了平方根卡尔曼滤波方程提高EM迭代过程的计算稳健性。考虑到状态空间方程中激励噪声和测量噪声的相关性,建立了更完善的参数化状态空间方程。通过数值模拟对比分析,结果表明：考虑噪声相关性的EM算法比假设噪声不相关的EM算法具有更高的识别精度,EM算法在采样数据较少的情况下比随机子空间方法更有优势。     

任意扫描轨迹的CT成像方法研究

在工业CT成像应用中,由于复杂结构件形状、结构、组分等特征的限制,使得射线能量与有效厚度不匹配,常规的扫描方式易使投影数据缺失,投影数据完备性较差。为此,本文通过改变轨迹来弥补投影数据缺失,推导任意轨迹的成像模式。首先,在任意轨迹的基础上进行投影几何关系建模,结合空间几何知识完成投影矩阵的刻画;其次,基于迭代重建算法对轨迹的无约束化,进行任意轨迹成像模式下的迭代重建;最后通过小锥角、大锥角以及厚度差异比较大的构件成像仿真实验,验证算法的正确性和可行性。对于厚度差异比较大的工件,该方法相对于传统的圆轨迹扫描,投影数据更完备,CT重建质量高。     

Pitfalls of 1D inversion of small-loop electromagnetic data for detecting man-made objects

In order to interpret field data from small-loop electromagnetic (EM) instruments with fixed source–receiver separation, 1D inversion method is commonly used due to its efficiency with regard to computation costs. This application of 1D inversion is based on the assumption that small-offset broadband EM signals are insensitive to lateral resistivity variation. However, this assumption can be false when isolated conductive bodies such as man-made objects are embedded in the earth. Thus, we need to clarify the applicability of the 1D inversion method for small-loop EM data. In order to systematically analyze this conventional inversion approach, we developed a 2D EM inversion algorithm and verified this algorithm with a synthetic EM data set. 1D and 2D inversions were applied to synthetic and field EM data sets. The comparison of these inversion results shows that the resistivity distribution of the subsurface constructed by the 1D inversion approach can be distorted when the earth contains man-made objects, because they induce drastic variation of the resistivity distribution. By analyzing the integrated sensitivity of the small-loop EM method, we found that this pitfall of 1D inversion may be caused by the considerable sensitivity of the small-loop EM responses to lateral resistivity variation. However, the application of our 2D inversion algorithm to synthetic and field EM data sets demonstrate that the pitfall of 1D inversion due to man-made objects can be successfully alleviated. Thus, 2D EM inversion is strongly recommended for detecting conductive isolated bodies, such as man-made objects, whereas this approach may not always be essential for interpreting the EM field data.     

Seismic comprehensive forecast based on modified project pursuit regression

In the research of projection pursuit for seismic comprehensive forecast, the algorithm of projection pursuit regression (PPR) is one of most applicable methods. But generally, the algorithm structure of the PPR is very complicated. By partial smooth regressions for many times, it has a large amount of calculation and complicated extrapolation, so it is easily trapped in partial solution. On the basis of the algorithm features of the PPR method, some solutions are given as below to aim at some shortcomings in the PPR calculation: to optimize project direction by using particle swarm optimization instead of Gauss-Newton algorithm, to simplify the optimal process with fitting ridge function by using Hermitian polynomial instead of piecewise linear regression. The overall optimal ridge function can be obtained without grouping the parameter optimization. The modeling capability and calculating accuracy of projection pursuit method are tested by means of numerical emulation technique on the basis of particle swarm optimization and Hermitian polynomial, and then applied to the seismic comprehensive forecasting models of poly-dimensional seismic time series and general disorder seismic samples. The calculation and analysis show that the projection pursuit model in this paper is characterized by simplicity, celerity and effectiveness. And this model is approved to have satisfactory effects in the real seismic comprehensive forecasting, which can be regarded as a comprehensive analysis method in seismic comprehensive forecast.     

时间域航空电磁各向异性大地三维自适应有限元正演研究

各向异性介质模型电性结构复杂,如何进行合理的网格剖分成为获得高精度正演结果的关键,为此本文开展时间域航空电磁各向异性大地三维自适应有限元正演算法研究.通过结合非结构时间域有限元算法和自适应网格优化技术,实现各向异性介质条件下三维时间域航空电磁自适应正演.考虑到时间域航空电磁响应随时间的衰减特性,为了综合评价不同时刻的后验误差,本文将时间作为加权因子,调整各个时刻后验误差的相对权重,进而实现对浅部和深部网格的同步优化.通过与一维解析结果进行对比验证了本文算法的可靠性.数值实验结果显示电导率各向异性对自适应网格影响严重,其最大主轴电导率的数值及其分布特征直接决定了网格加密效果.此外,各向异性对时间域航空电磁三分量响应的分布形态和异常幅值也会产生严重影响,利用全域视电阻率极性图,可以很好地识别各向异性主轴方向.     

基于混合阶矢量基函数的海洋可控源电磁三维谱元法数值模拟

在前人工作的基础上,本文推导了电导率任意各向异性介质的海洋可控源电磁三维谱元法正演方程.采用一次场/二次场分离算法结合混合阶矢量基函数,可以有效避免源点的奇异性的影响,从而提高数值解的精度.采用任意六面体单元离散研究区域,有利于模拟复杂地形和地电结构.利用不完全LU分解的Induced Dimension Reduction(IDR(s))迭代算法求解线性方程组,有效地提高了求解的效率.设计典型的地电模型进行正演计算,并将计算结果与有限元解进行对比,对比结果表明本文提出的基于混合阶矢量基函数的海洋可控源电磁三维谱元数值模拟算法是正确的、有效的.本文算法具有良好的通用性,可推广用于电导率呈任意各向异性的陆地电磁、井中电磁等数值模拟研究.     

由相叠低分辨投影数据重建高分辨图像

本文提出了由平行的相叠低分辨投影数据重建高分辨图像的两个新算法，即虚拟探测器法和直接重建法，并给出和分析了数值模拟结果。     

切向CT重建算法的研究

在工业CT的检测过程中,由于各种原因可能造成投影数据的不完备.在这种情况下,直接利用传统的解析重建方法(FBP)或者统计重建方法(EM)都不能给出理想的重建结果,从切向CT扫描方式获得的就是典型的不完备投影数据.本文利用迭代算法来改善重建图像的质量,首先通过已有的投影数据合理估计缺失的投影数据,并通过不断的迭代来改善这种估计,从而使得重建图像不断逼近真实物体.     

3D forward modeling and response analysis for marine CSEMs towed by two ships

A dual-ship-towed marine electromagnetic (EM) system is a new marine exploration technology recently being developed in China. Compared with traditional marine EM systems, the new system tows the transmitters and receivers using two ships, rendering it unnecessary to position EM receivers at the seafloor in advance. This makes the system more flexible, allowing for different configurations (e.g., in-line, broadside, and azimuthal and concentric scanning) that can produce more detailed underwater structural information. We develop a three-dimensional goal-oriented adaptive forward modeling method for the new marine EM system and analyze the responses for four survey configurations. Oceanbottom topography has a strong effect on the marine EM responses; thus, we develop a forward modeling algorithm based on the finite-element method and unstructured grids. To satisfy the requirements for modeling the moving transmitters of a dual-ship-towed EM system, we use a single mesh for each of the transmitter locations. This mitigates the mesh complexity by refining the grids near the transmitters and minimizes the computational cost. To generate a rational mesh while maintaining the accuracy for single transmitter, we develop a goal-oriented adaptive method with separate mesh refinements for areas around the transmitting source and those far away. To test the modeling algorithm and accuracy, we compare the EM responses calculated by the proposed algorithm and semi-analytical results and from published sources. Furthermore, by analyzing the EM responses for four survey configurations, we are confirm that compared with traditional marine EM systems with only in-line array, a dual-ship-towed marine system can collect more data.     

Expectation Maximization algorithm and its minimal detectable outliers

Minimal Detectable Biases (MDBs) or Minimal Detectable Outliers for the Expectation Maximization (EM) algorithm based on the variance-inflation and the mean-shift model are determined for an example. A Monte Carlo method is applied with no outlier and with one, two and three randomly chosen outliers. The outliers introduced are recovered and the corresponding MDBs are almost independent from the number of outliers. The results are compared to the MDB derived earlier by the author. This MDB approximately agrees with the MDB for one outlier of the EM algorithm. The MDBs for two and three outliers are considerably larger than MDBs of the EM algorithm.