北半球夏季遥相关型的年际变化及其数值模拟

本文利用美国NMC多年北半球夏季500hPa逐日高度场的经纬度网格点资料,计算了基点位于20°N,120°E的北半球夏季扰动高度场的点相关.计算结果表明,北半球夏季在南亚、东亚与北美地区存在着一个大气环流的遥相关型. 本文还计算了这个环流异常遥相关型的年际变化,计算结果表明这个遥相关型有很大的年际变化.1972/73年ENSO事件中,这个相关型尤其明显,而其它正常年份则不明显. 本文还利用IAP-GCM与1973年夏季实际的太平洋SST距平分布模拟了由于热带西太平洋海表温度升高而产生的北半球大气环流遥相关     

正压大气有利发展扰动型与遥相关型的建立

本文讨论了夏季纬向不对称气候平均流下通过正压大气内部动力过程建立遥相关型的问题。首先详细描述和讨论了有利发展扰动型的概念及其计算方法。作为对比，对正规模不稳定进行了分析。结果表明，正规模的不稳定增长率很小，难以用于解释遥相关型的发展。而有利发展扰动型的计算分析表明，最有利发展的那些扰动型的振幅增长率同实际大气遥相关型的增长率相一致，并且这些有利发展扰动型都将演变为同实际大气相一致的遥相关型结构。从而提出了，至少部分实际大气遥相关型可以不依赖于异常外源强迫，而仅依赖于大气内部的正压过程即能量转换过程而建立起来。     

热带OLR异常的遥相关结构及其季节变化

本文用单点相关研究了1月和7月热带OLR异常的遥相关结构及其季节变化。结果表明，热带纬带（15°N-15°S）遥相关型具有纬向偶极结构和准驻波性。1月遥相关具有热带波数2的结构，它反映了东非（赤道中太平洋）和南美（热带西太平洋）之间的非绝热加热异常存在翘翘板（Seesaw）关系；7月遥相关呈热带1波型，它同全球最强的行星尺度热源异常的东西振荡相联系。遥相关型对季节变化的敏感性主要表现为全球热带纬带几个热源（汇）区强度变化和纬向位移，以及东非的遥相关在6-9月符号变异，并由此引起遥相关型从冬到夏从波数2向波     

北半球1月和7月纬偏场遥相关结构分析

本文利用1951－1986共36年资料对北半球500hPa1月和7月纬偏场的遥相关结构进行了分析结果表明：冬季纬偏场的遥相关结构与位势高度场的遥相关结构一致，都存在5种呈经向分布的遥相关型。但在夏季，位势高度场中的遥相关现象不明显，纬偏场中却存在4种呈纬向分布的遥相关型。对比纬偏场1月和7月的遥相关结构,发现两者存在明显差异。     

7月北半球500hPa高度场的遥相关结构及其特点

用斜交模态方案分析了７月北半球５００ｈＰａ高度场的遥相关结构，得到了一系列遥相关型，与同期１００ｈＰａ高度场，海平面气压场的遥相关结构分析结果上比较，其收敛速度慢，主要遥相关联系弱，且所在位置也有明显差异。     

北半球一月500百帕高度场遥相关结构的分析

应用附录提供的斜交模态方案分析了北半球一月500百帕高度均遥相关结构,得到表示遥相关结构主要特点的一系列遥相关型(teleconnectional pat-tern)。其中,与东亚环流关系密切的遥相关型(西太平洋/亚洲/美洲型WPAA)在以往的文献中未被提及。对比分析表明,遥相关结构对季节变化极为敏感,有必要予以逐月地研究。     

北半球夏季遥相关型的水平结构和能量特征

本文利用观测资料研究了北半球夏季500hPa位势高度场四种主要遥相关型即亚州/北美型、太平洋/北美型、欧亚型和北美/西欧型的水平结构、能量特征及其和时间平均流的依赖关系。结果指出:太平洋/北美型、欧亚型和北美/西欧型由“Seesaw”和波列结构组成,而亚洲/北美型主要呈波列结构,其中“Seesaw”结构及其与西风急流的配置关系、扰动在急流出口区通过正压能量转换从基本气流中获取能量等特征对于夏季北半球遥相关的形成和维持起重要作用。因此,本文认为夏季遥相关是外强迫和与基本气流有密切关系的大气内部动力学过程共同作用的结果。     

东亚高空急流协同变化对冬季欧亚遥相关型气候效应的影响

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和我国地面735站气温和降水资料,首先分析了欧亚遥相关型的时间演变和结构特征,在此基础上探讨了欧亚遥相关型不同位相时东亚大气环流的差异,并进一步研究了欧亚遥相关型影响我国冬季气温和降水过程中东亚高空急流的重要作用。从结构上看,欧亚遥相关型位势高度异常中心位于250 hPa高度,表现出准正压的结构。欧亚遥相关型位于正位相时,东亚温带急流强度偏弱且位置向北移动;副热带急流强度偏强,两支急流在45°N附近有明显分界;西伯利亚高压和阿留申低压强度增强;东亚大槽加深,槽线倾斜不明显。负位相时则相反。欧亚遥相关型与东亚高空急流的联系是其影响我国气温降水的重要原因。正欧亚遥相关型时,偏弱的温带急流区较强的北风分量有利于北方冷空气南下,从而造成我国气温偏低;偏强的副热带急流区增强的南风将副热带地区暖湿空气向北输送,两支急流协同变化,影响我国冬季降水异常的分布。去掉温带急流或副热带急流偏强的年份,欧亚遥相关型与我国温度、降水的相关性显著减弱,说明欧亚遥相关型是通过东亚高空急流协同变化的桥梁,对我国温度和降水异常产生影响。进一步研究发现,欧亚遥相关型与副热带急流的关系不如其与温带急流稳定,导致在欧亚遥相关型同一位相时东亚高空急流存在两种不同的配置,这种高空急流配置的不唯一性使得东亚高空急流能对欧亚遥相关型的气候效应起到调控作用。     

冬季北大西洋涛动与中国西南地区降水的不对称关系

利用1951-2010年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和中国160个站逐月降水资料,探讨了冬季北大西洋涛动(NAO)与同期中国西南地区降水的关系.结果表明,冬季北大西洋涛动与西南地区降水存在显著的正相关关系,并且,正相关具有不对称性,即当冬季北大西洋涛动处于负位相时,东亚地区环流形势不利于中国西南地区降水的形成,对应着中国西南地区冬季降水的显著减少.而当冬季北大西洋涛动处于正位相时,北大西洋涛动与中国西南地区降水的正相关关系并不显著.进一步的分析表明,与中国西南冬季降水变化密切相关的主要环流结构是里海和中东—阿拉伯海—青藏高原及其下游的遥相关型(CAT遥相关型).北大西洋涛动与里海和中东阿拉伯海—青藏高原及其下游的遥相关结构存在不对称关系,两者的关系仅在北大西洋涛动负位相时显著.冬季北大西洋涛动高、低指数年分别合成的波射线和波作用通量的结果表明,当冬季北大西洋涛动为负位相时,冬季地中海地区的扰动源会形成与里海和中东—阿拉伯海—青藏高原及其下游的遥相关路径一致的波射线,同时波作用通量的结果表明,定常波由里海和中东、阿拉伯海一直传播到青藏高原及下游地区,而冬季北大西洋涛动高指数年,地中海地区的扰动源所形成的波射线偏北,波动传播到达印度半岛地区之后不再向下游传播.冬季北大西洋涛动对里海和中东—阿拉伯海—青藏高原及其下游的遥相关波列的不对称影响决定了北大西洋涛动与西南冬季降水的不对称关系.     

北半球对流层上层遥相关型的涡度源,能源源与能量传播

基于ＥＣＭＷＦ１９８０～１９８８年的全球资料，研究了北半球对流层上层两个主要遥相关型（大西洋／欧亚型与太平洋／北美型）的涡度源，能量源及能量传播路径，结果表明，这两个遥相关型的涡度源和能量源分别主要位于北大西洋和北太平洋地区，遥相关型在北大西洋和北太平洋通过正压能量转换从气候平均流中吸收能量，然后从这两个地区将能量向外传播，以维持其水平遥相关结构。     

Signature of the Antarctic oscillation in the northern hemisphere

Using the ECWMF daily reanalysis data, this paper investigates signatures of the Antarctic Oscillation (AAO) in the upper troposphere of the northern hemisphere. It is found that during boreal winter, a positive (negative) phase of the AAO is associated with anomalous easterlies (westerlies) in middle-low latitudes (~30–40°N) and anomalous westerlies (easterlies) in middle-high latitudes (~45–65°N) of the upper troposphere about 25–40 days later. While there is also a response in zonal wind in the tropics, namely over the central-eastern Pacific, to some extent, these tropical zonal wind anomalies can trigger a Pacific/North American teleconnection patterns (PNA)-like quasi-stationary Rossby waves that propagate into the Northern Hemisphere and gradually evolve into patterns which resemble North Atlantic teleconnection patterns. Furthermore, these quasi-stationary Rossby waves might give rise to anomalous eddy momentum flux convergence and divergence to accelerate anomalous zonal winds in the Northern Hemisphere.     

Impact of Heating Anomalies Associated with Rainfall Variations over the Indo-Western Pacific on Asian Atmospheric Circulation in Winter

Observational data show that the dominant mode of the boreal winter rainfall anomalies in the tropical Indo-Western Pacific (IWP) is a west-east dipolar pattern, which is called the Indo-Western Pacific Dipole (IWPD) mode and is related to El Niño-Southern Oscillation. It is found that corresponded to the IWPD mode is a new atmospheric teleconnection pattern—a wave train pattern emitted from the IWP toward Asia and the northwest Pacific in winter. During the positive (negative) phase of the IWPD, the teleconnection pattern features the negative (positive) anomalies of 200-hPa geopotential height (H200) centered at 30°N, 110°E and the positive (negative) anomalies of H200 centered at 45°N, 140°E. The teleconnection pattern represents the dominant mode of the boreal winter H200 anomaly over Asia. A series of simple atmospheric model experiments are performed to confirm that this winter teleconnection pattern is induced by the heating anomalies associated with the IWPD, and the heating anomalies over the equatorial central Pacific are not important to this teleconnection pattern from the IWP toward Asia and the northeast Pacific. The IWPD is strengthened after the climate regime shift of the 1970s, which leads to a stronger teleconnection pattern.     

Understanding the SAM influence on the South Pacific ENSO teleconnection

The relationship between the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Southern Hemisphere Annular Mode (SAM) is examined, with the goal of understanding how various strong SAM events modulate the ENSO teleconnection to the South Pacific (45°–70°S, 150°–70°W). The focus is on multi-month, multi-event variations during the last 50 years. A significant (p < 0.10) relationship is observed, most marked during the austral summer and in the 1970s and 1990s. In most cases, the significant relationship is brought about by La Niña (El Niño) events occurring with positive (negative) phases of the SAM more often than expected by chance. The South Pacific teleconnection magnitude is found to be strongly dependent on the SAM phase. Only when ENSO events occur with a weak SAM or when a La Niña (El Niño) occurs with a positive (negative) SAM phase are significant South Pacific teleconnections found. This modulation in the South Pacific ENSO teleconnection is directly tied to the interaction of the anomalous ENSO and SAM transient eddy momentum fluxes. During La Niña/SAM+ and El Niño/SAM? combinations, the anomalous transient momentum fluxes in the Pacific act to reinforce the circulation anomalies in the midlatitudes, altering the circulation in such a way to maintain the ENSO teleconnections. In La Niña/SAM? and El Niño/SAM+ cases, the anomalous transient eddies oppose each other in the midlatitudes, overall acting to reduce the magnitude of the high latitude ENSO teleconnection.     

近百年东亚冬季气温及其大气环流变化型态

利用最新20世纪近百年再分析气象资料,研究近百年东亚冬季气温变化型及其相关的大气环流型态.结果表明近百年内东亚冬季气温主要有两种变化型:第一是东亚西南与东北相反气温变化型,表现在40°N以南及105°E以西地区(西南地区)气温变化与40°N以北及105°E以东地区(东北地区)变化相反;第二是40°N以南气温一致变化型.与第一种气温变化型耦合的大气模态是500hPa欧亚型遥相关、西伯利亚高压及北大西洋涛动.当欧亚型遥相关负位相,北大西洋涛动正位相及西伯利亚高压减弱时,有利于蒙古和我国105° E以东的区域增温而我国西南地区和青藏高原降温,反之亦然.第二种气温变化型耦合大气模态是500hPa西太平洋型遥相关,北太平洋涛动.当西太平洋型遥相关及北太平洋涛动处于正位相时(北太平洋北负南正),东亚40°N以南地区增温,东亚40°N以北地区降温.耦合的大气模态的型态差异,影响各阶段气温的年际变化.近一百年中,欧亚型遥相关和北大西洋涛动在1984～2010期间的型态最显著,是20世纪80年代东亚显著增暖的原因之一.研究还发现20世纪中期后东亚气温的年际变化与极地环流的变化联系紧密,表现在西伯利亚高压范围东扩并与极地环流联系,也是近百年气温趋势上升的一个原因.     

中高纬度大气遥相关动力学及其对东亚冬季气候影响的研究进展

北半球热带外大气存在多种形态的大气遥相关。按其空间结构,可以分为两类：（1）异常中心为南北分布的偶极子型（例如北大西洋涛动、北太平洋涛动）;（2）异常中心呈波列型（例如北太平洋/北美型遥相关、欧亚型遥相关）。这些遥相关活动及其变异,不仅对遥相关控制的地区,而且对与遥相关相距很远的地区的天气和气候也产生影响。研究大气遥相关的形成机理及其天气气候影响,是进行短期气候预测的基础。近十多年来北半球中高纬度的大气遥相关动力学研究取得很大进展,在此对一些主要进展进行总结,特别关注影响中国天气、气候的大气遥相关及其影响机理方面的研究进展。     

Teleconnection Paterns in the Northern Hemisphere Simulated by IAP GCM

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北半球大气遥相关型的统计诊断及数值试验

此项研究旨在通过对北半球大气遥相关型的统计诊断及数值试验,探讨旬平均尺度遥相关型的存在和时空规律及其成因,以及各遥相关型之间的相互关系。结果表明:5种遥相关型在旬时间尺度上表现得十分清楚,且具有冬强夏弱的特点;各种遥相关型特征指数时间序列具有随时间演变的一般规律;某些海区的海温异常能激发出一定的遥相关型,5种遥相关型之间存在非线性相互作用;各种遥相关型特征指数能反映一定的大气环流和天气异常的特征,因而可以作为研究长期天气过程和预报方法的依据。     

Simulations of warm tropical conditions with application to middle Pliocene atmospheres

During the early and mid-Pliocene, the period from 5 to 3 million years ago, approximately, the Earth is believed to have been significantly warmer than it is today, but the reasons for the higher temperatures are unclear. This paper explores the impact of recent findings that suggest that, at that time, cold surface waters were absent from the tropical and subtropical oceanic upwelling zones. El Niño was in effect a perennial rather than intermittent phenomenon, and sea surface temperatures in low latitudes were essentially independent of longitude. When these conditions are specified as the lower boundary condition for an atmospheric GCM, we find that the trade winds along the equator, and hence the Walker Circulation, collapse. The low-level stratus clouds in low latitudes diminish greatly, thus reducing the albedo of the Earth. The atmospheric concentration of water vapor increases, and enhanced latent heat release due to stronger evaporation warms up the tropical atmosphere, particularly between 40°S and 20°N. Moreover, teleconnection patterns from the Pacific induce a warming over North America that is enhanced by surface albedo feedback, a process that may have helped to maintain this region ice-free before 3 Ma. The results presented here indicate that the suggested absence of cold surface waters from the tropical and subtropical oceanic upwelling zones could have contributed significantly to the Pliocene warmth.     

Biases in AMIP model simulations of the east China monsoon system

 AMIP model simulations of the east China (5–50°N; 105–122°E) monsoon system are analyzed to study coherent relationships between rainfall and wind annual cycle biases. A comparison with observed interannual variability patterns is carried out to identify the physical processes that explain the biases. The analyses show that poleward displacement of the simulated east Asian jet stream causes the ascending branch of the jet-induced transverse circulation to move north and, as a consequence, produces negative (positive) rainfall biases occur in central (northeast) China. The model simulations show decreased southwesterly flow and ITCZ rainfall over the South China Sea when weaker (versus observations) summer Hadley and Walker circulations are present. This results from diminished model tropical disturbance activity, and highlights the importance of air-sea interactions. In addition, during October–January, intensified model low-level easterlies enhance moisture transport and produce positive local rainfall biases over central and northeast China. Biases in the east China monsoon system are concurrently reflected in the planetary circulation. Enhanced northeast China rainfall results from increased surface pressure over the North Pacific and an amplified zonal pressure gradient along the east China coast. This bias pattern is associated with differences in model representations of topography. On the other hand, the South China Sea experiences an extensive elongated meridional rainfall bias dipole structure that straddles the equator. This is accompanied by a baroclinic vertical pattern over the tropics as well as a barotropic wave train that extends from Australia to the Antarctic, where the teleconnection is likely a direct atmospheric response to tropical convective heating. Received: 20 June 2000 / Accepted: 17 September 2000