延时参数对地震信号信噪比的改善

当测区噪声很强,采用组合震源工作仍然不能得到高质量地震数据,为进一步提高地震信号的信噪比,引入能形成定向地震波的相控震源.相控震源产生的地震波方向可由延时参数控制,因此延时参数是影响相控地震效果的重要参数.理论分析表明,定向地震波技术可提高反射波信号信噪比,以含3个激震器的相控震源为例,信噪比可提高6.53~9.54 dB.针对延时参数分别为0,0.802,0.384,0.241,0.174,0.123 ms的情况,完成了野外地震实验.根据原始地震记录,得到了反射波信号功率谱,在此基础上定量地计算了不同延时参数下目标层反射信号的信噪比.结果表明,与单震源情况相比,在6种延时参数下,反射波信噪比分别提高了3.3150,8.0150,6.0547,5.0278,4.5383,4.0364 dB;与组合震源情况相比,信噪比分别提高了0,4.7000,2.7397,1.7128,1.2233,0.7214 dB.综合理论分析及野外实验结果,我们可以得到这样的结论：定向地震波技术能够提高反射波信号信噪比,延时参数变化对信噪比有很大影响,采用合理的延时参数能得到更高的信噪比.     

基于参考线圈和变步长自适应的磁共振信号噪声压制方法

核磁共振地下水探测仪的灵敏度高,接收到的纳伏级磁共振探测信号极易受到强工频谐波噪声的干扰,导致信号特征参数提取的准确度降低,影响反演解释的水文地质参数结果.为了解决这一难题,基于相关抵消的原理,针对全波磁共振信号,设计带有参考线圈的90°移相自适应噪声抵消系统,理论计算了参考线圈相对于探测线圈的距离,提出变步长LMS算法进行噪声压制.仿真结果表明,在不同的信号强度及不同的信噪比下,当信号与工频谐波干扰频谱不重合时,采用设计的自适应噪声抵消系统和变步长算法,信噪比可以提高到5.94 dB以上,初始振幅、弛豫时间特征参数的拟合误差在2.8%以内;当信号与工频谐波干扰频谱重合时,采用双向自适应滤波算法,信噪比可以达到5dB以上,初始振幅、弛豫时间特征参数的拟合误差在10%以内,可以满足实际应用的要求;实测数据处理进一步证明了方法的有效性.     

Seismic directional random noise suppression by radial‐trace time–frequency peak filtering using the Hurst exponent statistic

Radial‐trace time–frequency peak filtering filters a seismic record along the radial‐trace direction rather than the conventional channel direction. It takes the spatial correlation of the reflected events between adjacent channels into account. Thus, radial‐trace time–frequency peak filtering performs well in denoising and enhancing the continuity of reflected events. However, in the seismic record there is often random noise whose energy is concentrated in certain directions; the noise in these directions is correlative. We refer to this kind of random noise (that is distributed randomly in time but correlative in the space) as directional random noise. Under radial‐trace time–frequency peak filtering, the directional random noise will be treated as signal and enhanced when this noise has same direction as the signal. Therefore, we need to identify the directional random noise before the filtering. In this paper, we test the linearity of signal and directional random noise in time using the Hurst exponent. The time series of signals with high linearity lead to large Hurst exponent value; however, directional random noise is a random series in time without a fixed waveform and thus its linearity is low; therefore, we can differentiate the signal and directional random noise by the Hurst exponent values. The directional random noise can then be suppressed by using a long filtering window length during the radial‐trace time–frequency peak filtering. Synthetic and real data examples show that the proposed method can remove most directional random noise and can effectively recover the reflected events.     

基于经验模态分解及独立成分分析的微震信号降噪方法

针对微震信号具有高噪声、突变快、随机性强等特点,基于经验模态分解(EMD)及独立成分分析(ICA)提出一种微震信号降噪方法.首先,对含噪信号进行EMD分解,获得一系列按频率从高到低的内蕴模态函数(IMF),利用原信号与各IMF之间的互相关系数辨识出噪声与信号的分界,将分界之上的高频噪声滤除;其次,为有效去除分界IMF中的模态混叠噪声,基于ICA算法对分界IMF进行盲源分离,提取其中的微震有效信号,并将其与剩余的IMF累加重构,从而得到降噪后的微震信号;最后,利用快速傅里叶变换(FFT)时频谱对比分析降噪前后的信号特征,定性说明本文方法的有效性;引入信噪比和降噪后信号占原信号的能量百分比两个参数,定量说明本文方法能充分保留微震信号的瞬态非平稳特征,降噪效果明显.     

基于能量运算的磁共振信号尖峰噪声抑制方法

磁共振探测信号微弱,使用高灵敏度的核磁共振地下水探测仪,极易受到环境噪声干扰.其中,工频谐波噪声和尖峰噪声,是影响信号质量最严重的两类噪声.国内外研究表明,通过参考线圈的布设,依据探测线圈和参考线圈中噪声相关性,利用自适应参考对消算法,能够有效抑制工频谐波噪声.然而,尖峰噪声的存在严重影响了主通道与参考道的数据相关性,成为了参考对消算法应用的难题与障碍.为解决这一问题,本文提出磁共振信号中尖峰噪声的抑制方法,推导了能量域磁共振信号表达式,通过计算信号能量,可有效检测尖峰噪声并突出不易识别的小幅度尖峰噪声,采用基于中位数的绝对偏差法确定阈值,进而剔除尖峰噪声.为了验证去噪效果,与应用较广的统计叠加法进行对比研究.仿真结果表明,对于干扰幅度较大、持续时间较长的尖峰噪声,能量运算法和统计叠加法均能识别并剔除,且不损失有效的磁共振信号,标准差偏差控制在0.3%以内,可以满足实际应用的要求;对于小于信号幅度1.5倍的尖峰噪声,能量运算法可有效识别并剔除,而统计叠加法无法实现.针对多通道探测系统,使用能量运算法剔除尖峰噪声后,可明显提高主通道和参考道的数据相关性,为后续自适应参考对消算法的应用奠定了基础.实测数据处理结果进一步证明了本文方法的实用性.     

OPTIMUM DIGITAL FILTERING AND INVERSE FILTERING IN THE FREQUENCY DOMAIN*

Two distinct filters are developed in the frequency domain which represent an attempt to increase the resolution of fine structure contained in the signal whilst keeping the expected filtered noise energy within reasonable bounds. A parameter termed the White Noise Amplification is defined and used together with a measure of the deconvolved pulse width in order to provide a more complete characterisation of the filters. Each of the two main types of frequency domain filters discussed varies in properties with respect to a single adjustable parameter. This may be contrasted with a time domain Wiener filter which in general has three variables: length, delay and an adjustable noise parameter or weight. The direct frequency domain analogue of the Wiener filter is termed a gamma-Fourier filter, and is shown to have properties which span the range from those of a spiking filter with zero least square error at one extreme, to those of a matched filter at the other extreme of its variable parameter's range. The second type of filter considered—termed the modulated Gaussian filter—is similarly shown to be a perfect spiking filter at one extreme of its parameter range, but adopts the properties of an output energy filter at the other extreme.     

Analysis of the Frequency Domain Water-level Deconvolution Method Based on Reservoir Airgun Source Data

Based on the 2016 airgun experimental data of the Fujian Nanyi reservoir, we adopted the frequency domain water-level deconvolution method and cross-correlation time delay detection technique to study the influence of level scaling factor and the background noise level of the station on deconvolution calculation results, and analyze the effect of deconvolution on eliminating the influence of the source caused by different air-gun pressures. The results show that:(1) When the level scaling factor is smaller, the signal to noise ratio of the waveform after the deconvolution is smaller, and when the level scaling factor is over smaller, the identification error of travel time is greater. (2) When the SNR of the station record is higher, the recognition accuracy of travel time is higher, the influence of SNR on the reference station record is far greater than the far station, when the SNR of the far station record is more than 10, the error of travel time is within 6ms, but when the SNR of the reference station record is 30, the travel time error may reach to 20ms. (3) When the airgun source difference is big, the frequency domain water-level deconvolution method has better effect on eliminating the source influence, but the method error may be introduced when the source difference is small.     

甘肃祁连山主动源不同枪组激发效果对比

大容量气枪震源激发探测因具绿色环保、传播距离远和高度重复性等特点成为地下介质探测的新方法,利用其进行地下介质物性变化高精度探测,则对不同激发条件下气枪传播信号的一致性提出要求。本文选取了祁连山主动源不同枪组（4支和3支气枪）在激发环境一致情况下分别激发时各远台波形记录,通过信号叠加、互相关及频谱分析等方法,对比分析了各台站记录的不同枪组激发信号,及其与震中距的关系,并讨论了不同枪组激发对地下介质走时变化观测的影响。结果表明：（1）不同枪组的激发信号波形相关度随震中距增大而降低,信号震相随激发能量有微弱的变化,震中距超过50 km后其变化几乎分辨不出;（2）远台接收信号的能量大小随主动源激发能量变化,各台站能量变化主要体现在优势频率范围内;（3）接收台站台基越坚固不同激发能量均方根振幅比越小;（4）叠加一定数量的波形可以有效提高远台记录信号的信噪比,增加气枪激发能量则相对更容易提高信号信噪比。     

基于相关建模检测的磁共振探水同频消噪方法

地面磁共振技术能够对地下水进行直接探测,具有定性定量的优点,是一种新兴的地球物理方法.然而,磁共振信号只有纳伏级,极其微弱,易受环境噪声干扰,尤其是具有拉莫尔频率的噪声,在时频域上均与信号重叠,难以有效去除,导致提取的信号参数准确度低、反演解释误差较大.本文针对同频噪声干扰问题,提出了相关建模检测(CMDT)方法,通过相关方法实现频谱迁移和低通滤波,结合信号和噪声特征建立数学模型,采用模型变换实现同频噪声的抑制,并利用最小二乘指数拟合方法提取高精度SNMR信号.为了对新方法进行定量分析,以验证其效果,对含有不同幅度的同频噪声和磁共振信号进行仿真实验,实验结果表明在信噪比为-31.17 dB的情况下,所有参数的最大提取误差不大于1.22%,验证了新方法能够在压制同频噪声的同时提取出高精度信号参数.为了模拟野外情况,在同频噪声和信号数据中加入随机噪声进行实验,结果表明当信噪比大于-10.12 dB时,CMDT方法仍可以获取有效的信号.因此,本文的研究为处理含有同频噪声干扰的实际SNMR信号数据提供了理论依据,为后期高精度反演提供了技术支撑.     

压制地震勘探随机噪声的分段时频峰值滤波方法

提高勘探资料信噪比是地震勘探的主要内容之一.本项研究利用短时能量将记录分成能量均衡的若干段,获得减少尺度变换误差的分段时频峰值滤波方法,并运用端点拓展和与地震信号特征匹配的多级时窗参数改进时频峰值滤波精度.理论模型和共炮点资料处理结果表明,分段时频峰值滤波很好地消除了尺度变化误差引起的信号波形阶梯状畸变,能够在压制强随...     

Time-Domain Spectral Induced Polarization Based on Pseudo-random Sequence

To reduce noise during electrical prospecting, we hereby propose a new method using correlation identification technology and conventional electrical exploration devices. A correlation operation can be carried out with the transmitted pseudo-random sequence and received time signal to suppress the random noise, and the time-domain impulse response and frequency response of the frequency domain of the underground media can be obtained. At the same time, using a dual Cole–Cole model to fit a complex resistivity spectrum, which is close to the frequency response, we can get a variety of induced polarization parameters and electromagnetic parameters of subsurface, which can provide more useful information for the exploration of mineral resources. This time domain prospecting method can effectively improve the efficiency of the spectral induced polarization method. In this article, we have carried out theoretical calculations and a simulation to prove the feasibility of such a method.     

一种自适应增益限的反Q滤波

地层的Q吸收会造成地震波振幅衰减、相位畸变,分辨率和信噪比明显降低.反Q滤波可消除由于地层Q吸收造成的振幅衰减和相位畸变,从而提高地震资料的分辨率;但反Q滤波振幅补偿的数值不稳定性问题会严重降低地震资料的信噪比,并产生很多假象.截止频率法和稳定因子法反Q滤波振幅补偿方法虽可控制数值非稳定性问题,但振幅补偿函数的增益限为一个时不变的常数,且与地震数据动态范围无关,其经常会压制深层地震波的高频成分,反而降低地震资料的分辨率;因此,本文在研究截止频率法和稳定因子法的基础上,结合地震数据的动态范围对地震记录分辨率的影响,提出了一种自适应增益限的反Q滤波振幅补偿方法,其增益限和稳定因子都是时变的,且都自适应于地震数据有效频带的截止频率.合成数据和实际数据试算表明,本文的自适应增益限的反Q滤波方法可恢复地震信号有效频带范围内的能量,且能较好地控制数值非稳定性问题,最终获得高分辨率和高信噪比的地震数据.     

利用相关域小波变换进行SWD资料预处理

随钻地震(SWD)的波场十分复杂,对钻头有效信号和地表机械干扰成分的分析是SWD重要的资料预处理步骤.本文利用有效信号和噪声带有周期性或时延差异等时间结构特征,引入相关域小波变换进行SWD信号检测和分析.有效信号在钻柱内往复多次传播,因而带有严格的周期性,泥浆泵等机械发出的噪声也是周期性的,这些成分在自相关域内可以得到很好的凸显.SWD波场的各种成分,由于到达各个接收道的时延不同,在互相关域的特定时延处也能够得到凸显.利用小波变换对这些在相关域内得到凸显的成分进行多分辨分析,能够获得优势频率范围、周期、衰减等主要特征.根据这些信息,设计出合理的SWD处理方法,初步得到了有效信号的直达波.数据试处理结果表明,相关域小波变换是随钻地震的一个有效的预处理方法.     

编码震源提高地震探测能力的野外实验研究

地球深部结构研究是地震预报和地球动力学研究的基础,传统人工地震受到探测深度、分辨率或震源能量的环保限制,探索利用小能量震源进行深部高分辨率探测技术具有重要意义.本文借鉴雷达探测中的编码原理,开展了震源编码探测实验,利用人工震源向地下发送具有独特特征的随机编码序列脉冲,作为一次等效激发,利用准确记录的编码震源的源函数与地震连续观测的互相关进行“解码”分析,获取地下信息,形成编码地震探测技术.实验表明编码地震能够大幅度提高地震探测能力,利用小能量震源获得远距离的探测和高分辨率,是一种具有重要发展前景的人工探测技术.     

HOMOMORPHIC FILTERING — THEORY AND PRACTICE*

The application of homomorphic filtering in marine seismic reflection work is investigated with the aims to achieve the estimation of the basic wavelet, the wavelet deconvolution and the elimination of multiples. Each of these deconvolution problems can be subdivided into two parts: The first problem is the detection of those parts in the cepstrum which ought to be suppressed in processing. The second part includes the actual filtering process and the problem of minimizing the random noise which generally is enhanced during the homomorphic procedure. The application of homomorphic filters to synthetic seismograms and air-gun measurements shows the possibilities for the practical application of the method as well as the critical parameters which determine the quality of the results. These parameters are:

• a) the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the input data
• b) the window width and the cepstrum components for the separation of the individual parts
• c) the time invariance of the signal in the trace.

In the presence of random noise the power cepstrum is most efficient for the detection of wavelet arrival times. For wavelet estimation, overlapping signals can be detected with the power cepstrum up to a SNR of three. In comparison with this, the detection of long period multiples is much more complicated. While the exact determination of the water reverberation arrival times can be realized with the power cepstrum up to a multiples-to-primaries ratio of three to five, the detection of the internal multiples is generally not possible, since for these multiples this threshold value of detectibility and arrival time determination is generally not realized. For wavelet estimation, comb filtering of the complex cepstrum is most valuable. The wavelet estimation gives no problems up to a SNR of ten. Even in the presence of larger noise a reasonable estimation can be obtained up to a SNR of five by filtering the phase spectrum during the computation of the complex cepstrum. In contrast to this, the successful application of the method for the multiple reduction is confined to a SNR of ten, since the filtering of the phase spectrum for noise reduction cannot be applied. Even if the threshold results are empirical, they show the limits fór the successful application of the method.     

可控震源定向照明方法的仿真研究

当野外噪声很强,即使使用组合震源地震也无法获得满意信噪比的地震数据时,本文提出了一种基于可控震源阵列的定向照明控制方法,采用该方法可形成定向地震波.通过仿真研究合成了8激震器可控震源阵列分别采用简单组合及定向照明技术得到的单炮地震记录,可以看出采用合适的延时参数,定向照明单炮地震记录的反射波信噪比高于组合地震情况.定量的计算结果表明,实验条件下采用0.89 ms延时参数,各反射波信噪比分别提高了10.19 dB,3.23 dB和1.02 dB.由此可见,可控震源定向照明地震技术是一种提高原始地震资料信噪比的有效方法.     

基于尺度变换随机共振的瞬变电磁弱信号检测

晚期瞬变电磁信号是大参数、多频率、且各频率分量未知的电磁信号,特别在晚期还是强噪声背景下的微弱信号.随机共振系统可以在极限信噪比的情况下提取微弱信号,但仅适用于小参数、单一频率或频率已知的高频信号的情况,为此,本文提出一种基于尺度变换的随机共振算法用于检测晚期瞬变电磁信号,该方法充分利用了随机共振检测弱信号的优势,通过...     

LFM信号检测混凝土缺陷研究

针对超声混凝土缺陷检测信噪比低、穿透深度浅的问题,提出利用线性调频（LFM）信号检测混凝土缺陷。通过在发射端发射时宽和带宽的积大于1的LFM信号,在接收端将回波脉冲压缩,得到主瓣较窄,信噪比较高的压缩信号。理论分析了换能器带宽对压缩效果的影响。数值计算结果表明,在一定幅度的噪声存在条件下,回波信号经过脉冲压缩后仍能够得到好的压缩效果。实际检测结果表明,压缩后的LFM信号较压缩前检测信号明显提高了信噪比。     

基于可靠地估计反射方位和边界的构造约束保边滤波(英文)

本文给出一种既能有效衰减地震噪音又可保护地层及构造的不连续性的新方法。构造约束保边平滑技术需要已知反射局部方位和边界信息,通常这些信息由全频率地震资料估算获得,但在资料信噪比很低的情况下,噪音往往会降低估算的可靠度。对于信噪比极低的地震资料,其主频成分相对非主频成分信噪比高,所以由主频资料获取的方位和边界信息比由其它频率成分获取的更可靠。方位和边界信息通常用倾角和相干值差异来描述。由于不同频率所引起的倾角和相干值差异的变化均比地震记录的变化缓慢,所以由主频资料获取的倾角及边界信息能够近似代表所有频率成分的倾角及边界信息。Ricker子波广泛用于地震勘探,Marr小波与Ricker子波在时间和频率域均具有相同的形态,所以选用Marrl小波变换将地震数据按照倍频程分为几个分频体。扫描主频分频体,用不等权二次曲面拟合并求解极大值来获取视倾角,通过比较9个滑动窗口的相干值来确定反射边界。将这些信息用构造约束保边平滑技术可选择性地（selectively）对主频、低频、高频分频体做平滑处理,最后将平滑后的各频段地震记录合成为滤波去噪后的地震记录。理论模型和实际资料处理效果表明该方法能有效压制噪音,保护边界,保护同相轴的连续性,且灵活地保留地震记录中的有用信息。     

First-break picking for microseismic data based on cascading use of Shearlet and Stockwell transforms

First-break picking of microseismic data is a significant step in microseismic monitoring. There is a great error in conventional first-break picking methods based on time domain analysis in low signal to noise ratio. S-transform may provide a novel approach, it can extract the time–frequency features of the signal and reduce the picking error because of its high time–frequency resolution and good time–frequency clustering; however, the S-transform is not well suited for microseismic data with high noise. For applications to array data where the weak signal has spatial coherency as well as some distinct temporal characteristics, we propose to combine the shearlet transform with a time–frequency transform. In the proposed method, the shearlet transform is used to capture spatial coherency features of the signal. The information of the signal and noise in shearlet domain is represented by shearlet coefficients. We use the correlation of signal coefficients at adjacent fine scales to give prominence to signal features to accurately discriminate the signal from noise. The prominent signal coefficients make the signal better gathered in time–frequency spectrum of the S-transform. Finally, we can get reliable and accurate first breaks based on the change of energy. The performance of the proposed method was tested on synthetic and field microseismic data. The experimental results indicated that our method is outstanding in terms of both picking precision and adaptability to noise.