An approximate analysis procedure for piled raft foundations

A piled raft foundation comprises both piles and a pile cap that itself transmits load directly to the ground. The aim of such a foundation is to reduce the number of piles compared with a more conventional piled foundation where the bearing effect of the pile cap, or raft, is ignored. This paper describes a ‘hybrid’ approach for the analysis of piled raft foundations, based on a load transfer treatment of individual piles, together with elastic interaction between different piles and with the raft. The numerical analysis is used to evaluate a simple approximate method of estimating the overall response of the foundation from the response of the component parts. The method leads to estimates of the overall foundation stiffness, the proportion of load carried by the pile group and the raft, and an initial assessment of differential settlements. Parametric studies are presented showing the effect of factors such as raft stiffness and pile spacing, length and stiffness, and a worked example is included demonstrating the accuracy of the approximate design approach.     

Piled Raft Design Strategies for High Rise Buildings

Piled rafts have been widely adopted as an effective foundation for designing high-rise buildings because of their efficiency in controlling the total and differential settlements and improving bearing capacity. In many cases the piled rafts settlements are likely to be large, which leads to an increase of the pile length and/or number of piles required to reduce the settlements. However, this increase does not satisfy the design requirements or an economical design. The majority of piled raft foundations has been designed with a uniform pile length and configuration. This paper describes the process of optimizing the design of a piled raft foundation for a high rise building in the Mazandaran province in Iran by considering an economical design methodology in which piles are placed more densely beneath the maximum load positions when the piled raft is subjected to non-uniform loads. By using the ELPLA software in the analysis process, the validity of the software is examined through the results of a report prepared on behalf of Technical Committee TC18 on piled foundations. The study shows that the pile arrangement method can help to considerably reduce the total and differential settlements with similar total pile length as well as the induced bending moments and shear forces of the raft. This study can help practicing engineers to choose pile and raft parameters with the pile arrangement method to produce an economical design.     

Parametric study for optimal design of large piled raft foundations on sand

In designing piled raft foundations, controlling the total and differential settlements as well as the induced bending moments of the raft is crucial. The majority of piled raft foundations have been designed by placing piles uniformly. In such a design method, the settlements of the piled rafts are likely to be large, which leads to an increase of the pile length and/or number of piles required to reduce the settlements. However, this increase does not satisfy the requirement for economical design. On the basis of a parametric study, this paper contributes a framework for considering an economical design methodology in which piles are placed more densely beneath the column positions when the piled raft is subjected to column loads. The analysis uses PLAXIS 3D software, and the validity of the parametric study is examined through the results of centrifuge model tests conducted by the authors. The study shows that the concentrated pile arrangement method can help to considerably reduce the total and differential settlements as well as the induced bending moments of the raft. Moreover, the effects of parameters, such as pile length, pile number, raft thickness and load types, on the piled raft behavior are investigated. This study can help practicing engineers choose pile and raft parameters in combination with the concentrated pile arrangement method to produce an economical design.     

往复荷载下层状地基柔性筏板-群桩共同作用分析

提出一种层状地基中柔性筏板-群桩共同作用分析方法,探讨筏板刚度对桩筏基础沉降的影响,并成功预测了往复荷载下桩筏基础的长期沉降。筏板刚度采用Mindlin板理论的有限单元法分析;桩-土体系的刚度矩阵中,桩顶面-桩顶面、桩顶面-土表面以及土表面-土表面的相互作用分析采用层状剪切位移法借助层状地基的Burmister位移解求得。基于层状地基中柔性筏板-群桩的沉降计算方法以及往复荷载下土体压缩模量的衰减特性得到了桩筏基础的长期沉降预测方法。与已有文献方法和离心模型试验结果的对比分析表明,柔性筏板-群桩共同作用方法得到的沉降值具有较高的精度。     

控制差异沉降的桩筏基础桩径优化分析方法

桩径优化是桩筏基础以差异沉降最小化为目标的基础优化分析的重要组成部分。基于桩筏基础通用分析方法,结合遗传算法提出了包含非线性约束条件的以差异沉降控制为目标的桩筏基础桩径优化分析模型,并给出了优化分析的实施步骤。通过示例说明了桩径优化的实施情况,对比给出了优化前后基础沉降、桩基荷载分布与筏板分担比、筏板弯矩和剪力结果。最后通过参量分析研究了筏板厚度、桩基参量和土体参量对最优桩径确定的影响程度,桩长和土体特性对桩径优化结果影响显著,而桩体材料特性和筏板厚度对桩径优化结果影响不大。     

Numerical investigation of the performance of micropiled rafts in sand

The micropiled raft (MPR) offers an efficient foundation system that combines the advantages of micropiles and piled rafts that can be used as primary foundation system or to enhance an existing raft foundation. In this paper, a calibrated and verified finite element model (FEM) with centrifuge tests was used to carry out a numerical investigation on the performance of MPR in sand. A total of 78 different cases were analyzed in this study to assess the behavior of MPR in sand taking into account a number of factors that may influence its behavior such as: the number of micropiles (MPs), the spacing to micropile diameter (S/D_mp), the raft thickness, type of loading and soil density. The outcomes of this investigation should help in understanding the effect of these factors on the MPR axial stiffness, including; differential settlement; load sharing between the MPs and the raft; and the raft bending moment. Moreover, the ability of the PDR method to evaluate the axial stiffness of a MPR for the preliminary design stage is examined. It was found that the MPR system has the ability to increase the tolerable bearing pressure by 190% compared to an isolated raft system. In addition, an adjustment factor (ω_PR) for PDR method was introduced to account for the raft flexibility.     

Numerical simulations of the reuse of piled raft foundations in clay

The development and growth of urban environments in recent years is requiring geotechnical engineers to consider foundation reuse as a more sustainable solution to inner city redevelopment. Two main phenomena associated with foundation reuse have been reported in the literature, namely ‘preloading effects’ and ‘ageing effects’. The aim of this paper is to investigate the relative merits of these effects on the reusability of both piled and unpiled raft foundations in clay. Finite element analysis, in conjunction with an isotropic elasto-viscoplastic soil model, is employed for this purpose. The study is presented in two phases: (1) evaluation of preloading effects only by using a very low creep coefficient and (2) evaluation of combined preloading and creep effects. The variables considered in the parametric study include the number of piles, pile spacing, pile length, and soil type. Results show that both unpiled and piled rafts can exhibit significant capacity and stiffness increases upon reloading even for moderate levels of preload. Moreover, these increases are strongly dependent on the piled raft load sharing where unpiled raft and free-standing pile group capacity gains serve as upper and lower bounds, respectively, for that of a piled raft. This study underlines foundations reuse as an effective and sustainable solution for inner city redevelopment.     

考虑基础刚度影响的风机梁板式桩筏基础模型试验研究

梁板式桩筏基础作为新型风机基础,前景广阔,适当优化结构,可节约成本。采用大型室内模型试验,研究了梁板式桩筏基础在不同筏板刚度情况下的受力变形特性,同时讨论了桩土荷载分担比的关系。研究表明,在工作荷载范围内,适当增大筏板刚度,桩平均轴力增加,外圈桩承担的荷载增大,内圈桩的轴力减小,环梁及肋梁弯矩减小,但继续增加刚度,对桩身轴力、环梁弯矩、肋梁弯矩的影响并不大;随着荷载的增大,土体承担的荷载比逐步增大,趋于稳值。随着梁板式基础刚度增加,基础内外差异沉降减少,但是达到一定刚度后再增加刚度对变形影响较小。梁板式基础刚度的变化会影响基底反力分布的均匀性,且存在一个最优刚度,使基础底部反力分布最为均匀,本次试验中12梁的梁板式基础基底反力比6梁和实体基础更均匀。桩基的分布和梁的分布存在相互影响,改变梁的分布会影响桩顶力,而桩基在梁底下又会使梁的应力产生重新分布。研究成果可为设计桩筏基础提供参考依据。     

考虑上部结构的桩筏基础非线性共同作用分析

当前虽然已有考虑桩筏非线性的设计,但仍无人在此基础上,考虑上部结构。因此考虑上部结构,进一步认识其与桩筏基础非线性共同作用机理,优化桩筏基础设计,具有重要的现实意义。本文以子结构法凝聚上部结构的荷载及刚度,以平面壳体单元模拟筏板,按有限层法模拟桩土之间的弹性相互作用,用广义剪切位移法模拟桩的非线性工作性状,建立了一种考虑上部结构共同作用的桩筏基础非线性分析方法,并编制了分析程序。通过实例分析,探讨了上部结构与桩筏基础非线性共同作用的机理,研究了合理布桩方式,探讨了以差异沉降为目标的优化设计的可能途径。     

Optimised design of jet-grouted raft using response surface method

The use of jet grouting as a foundation supporting element has brought about the need to define the design strategies for jet-grouted raft (JGR) system which differs from the traditional raft design due to the effects of jet-grouted columns (JGCs). Paper tackles this important aspect by combining the previously defined design strategies on piled raft and JGC to achieve an optimised design of complete JGR system. Initially, a single JGC has been analysed by means of three dimensional finite element (3D FE) analysis accounting for the previously measured actual trial JGC’s geometrical variation with depth. The image processing technique allowing the complex 3D FE modelling of JGC system is utilised and the results are validated by the back-analysis of the well-known experimental results reported in the literature. In a parametric study, extension of the numerical analysis to the complete JGR system is accomplished by considering the mutual interaction between the foundation elements. The effects of design factors that are interlayer thickness, JGC spacing and lengths on the design responses of vertical stresses, bending moments, average and differential settlements are presented. Response Surface Method is utilised in the multi objective optimisation analysis to present the optimised design solution by accounting for the design constraints previously defined for the considered factors and the responses. The significance of design constraints and their relative influences on the optimised design of JGR are finally discussed.     

考虑流变与固结效应的桩筏基础-地基共同作用分析

土的流变性与地基固结的综合作用,导致了上部结构与地基变形的时效性,并呈现出明显的非线性,对桩筏基础与地基共同作用的工作机理及其工作性能产生重要影响。为此,采用弹黏塑性流变模型考虑土的流变特性,通过有限元方法数值求解Biot耦合固结方程,对桩筏基础与地基共同作用的时间效应问题进行了非线性数值分析。通过算例计算,对加载后桩筏基础荷载分配和沉降特性及下覆土层中孔隙水压力的扩散和消散规律进行了探讨。研究表明,地基孔隙水压力的增长和消散不仅具有Mandel-Cryer效应,而且依赖于土的流变变形,尤其在排水条件较差时更为明显。因此,在分析桩筏基础内力变形的时效性时必须考虑土的流变性与地基的固结作用的联合效应。     

上部结构－桩基—地基共同作用数值分析及桩基变刚度调平优化设计

本文采用有限元法对高层建筑上部结构—桩筏基础—地基共同作用及相互影响进行了研究。研究表明:高层建筑上部结构—桩筏基础—地基共同作用及相互影响时,基础总体沉降和差异沉降随楼层的增加呈非线性变化趋势,上部结构中存在次应力,弯矩和轴力比常规法设计偏大;随楼层的增加,桩体对荷载的分担比在减少,土体分担比在增加;随着上部结构刚度的增加,荷载向角桩、边桩集中;增加筏板厚度,能减少一定的差异沉降和基础平均沉降,从而减少上部结构的次应力,提高地基土的荷载分担比,同时筏板下桩顶反力分布更不均匀,因此需要从筏板受力,以及考虑筏下桩、土的受力来综合确定一个合理的筏板厚度,使设计安全经济;随着地基土变形模量的提高,地基土分担的上部荷载增加,桩顶反力趋向平均,筏板最大弯矩逐渐减小。桩筏基础在均匀布桩条件下呈中间大边缘小的“碟型”分布。差异沉降是由于上部结构次生应力和筏板内力产生的。通过对地基土刚度以及桩长、桩径、桩距等五种桩基刚度的调整,并分析不同刚度对基础差异沉降影响可知:改变桩长的布桩形式并结合地基土刚度调整的中心布桩形式是高层建筑桩筏基础最佳设计方案。     

桩箱（筏）基础刚度计算的改进及其应用

软土地区，桩箱（筏）基础是高层尤其是超高层建筑的首选基础型式。在桩箱（筏）基础刚度计算研究基础上，对桩箱（筏）基础优化设计进行探讨，力求将桩箱（筏）基础研究上升到优化设计的新高度。     

A simplified nonlinear analysis method for piled raft foundation in layered soils under vertical loading

This paper presents a simplified nonlinear solution for piled raft foundations in layered soils under vertical loading. Based on the elastic–plastic analysis of a single pile in a layered soil, the shielding effect between a receiver pile and the soil is taken into account to modify the conventional interaction factor between two piles. An approximate approach with the concept of the interaction factor is employed to study the nonlinear behavior of pile groups with a rigid cap. Considering the variation of soil properties, the solution to multilayered elastic materials is used to calculate the settlement of the soil. The interactions between pile–soil–raft are taken into account to determine the stiffness matrix of the piled raft. By solving the stiffness matrix equations, the settlement and the load shared by the piles and raft could be obtained. Compared with results of the available published literatures, the proposed solution provides reasonable results.     

考虑基坑开挖影响的群桩基础竖向承载性状数值分析

对土体采用Mohr-Coulomb弹塑性本构模型,用接触面单元模拟桩-土相互作用,利用ABAQUS建立桩筏基础--地基--基坑开挖三维有限元分析模型。对基坑开挖影响下的群桩基础竖向承载性状进行了分析,讨论了桩顶反力分布、桩身轴力、桩侧摩阻力以及开挖引起的桩身水平位移及其弯矩的变化规律,并进行了考虑基坑开挖与不考虑基坑开挖的群桩基础竖向承载性状的对比分析。通过研究,取得了基坑开挖对高层建筑桩筏基础影响的基本认识,这些认识对于改进桩筏基础设计理论有一定的参考意义。     

陆上风轮机梁板基础受力特性简化分析

提出一种多向荷载同时作用下的刚性桩筏基础简化计算方法,基于Mindlin解,分析桩顶面-桩顶面、桩顶面-土表面、土表面-土表面的相互作用关系。推导多向荷载下桩土体系柔度矩阵,得到刚性桩筏基础的受力和变形的关系,通过与有限元对比证明了文中方法的正确性,在此基础上对耦合荷载作用下的风机基础的受力和变形特性进行分析。研究表明,耦合荷载作用下风机基础将会产生竖向不均匀沉降,并会引起桩顶轴力的的巨大的差异。     

Design method of piled-raft foundations under vertical load considering interaction effects

The paper has proposed a design method considering interaction effects for a piled raft foundation. In this method, the raft is considered as a plate supported by a group of piles and soil. The ultimate load capacity of the pile group is taken into account in calculating the settlement when the foundation is subjected to a large vertical external load. In addition, this method supports estimation of the nonlinear behaviour of the piled raft foundation by considering the nonlinear behaviour of the piles.A step-by-step procedure to apply the proposed method to calculate the settlement and distribution of the bending moment of the piled raft foundation is introduced. To verify the reliability of the proposed method, models of a 16-pile raft and a 9-pile raft with different pile lengths embedded in homogeneous silica sand were tested in a centrifuge and comparisons were made between the results of the proposed method, the results of centrifuge tests, and those of Plaxis 3D. Good agreement between centrifuge modelling and the proposed method is demonstrated, thus showing the potential of the proposed method.     

超高层建筑桩筏基础的桩顶反力计算研究

根据上海高88层、筏板厚度为4 m的金茂大厦和高101层、筏板厚度为4.5 m的上海环球金融中心桩筏基础的实测沉降资料,论证超高层建筑的桩筏基础为弹性体。对以上两幢超高层建筑和正在建造中的高121层、筏板厚度为6 m的上海中心大厦的桩筏基础,采用偏心受压公式和高层建筑与地基基础共同作用理论方法(混合法)进行详细对比计算,论证按弹性体计算桩顶反力的合理性,阐明《建筑桩基技术规范》(JGJ 94–2008)的3.1.8条的正确性和合理性。期望能够改变过去按偏心受压公式计算桩顶反力的传统观念,提高设计水平。     

多向荷载作用下层状地基刚性桩筏基础分析

提出一种多向荷载作用下层状地基中刚性桩筏基础的计算方法。基于剪切位移法,采用传递矩阵形式分析了竖向荷载下桩顶面-桩顶面相互作用;引入修正桩侧地基模量,采用有限差分法分析了水平荷载下桩顶面-桩顶面相互作用;基于层状弹性半空间理论,分析了多向荷载下桩顶面-土表面、土表面-桩顶面、土表面-土表面的相互作用关系。建立了桩土体系柔度矩阵,得到了多向荷载下层状地基中刚性桩筏基础的受力和变形的关系以及桩的内力和变形沿桩身分布规律。通过与有限元对比,验证了该方法的合理性和修正地基模量的优越性,并对多向荷载作用下的桩筏基础进行了计算分析,计算结果表明,水平力将会引起桩筏基础的倾斜。     

高速铁路沉降控制复合桩基的性状试验研究

基于沉降控制设计理念,无砟轨道京沪高速铁路地基处理采用筏板+垫层+疏桩的方法,形成复合桩基以实现有效减少工后沉降和充分利用地基承载力的优化加固方案。为探索该新方法沉降控制机制,选用CFG桩开展了复合桩基现场试验研究,对复合桩基在高速铁路路基填筑、静置、预压卸载过程中的地基沉降变形、桩和桩间土土压力、筏板顶与底部压力进行了长期观测,分析了路基沉降变形、桩-土应力比和荷载分担比以及筏板的受力随填筑高度和固结时间的变化规律。研究表明：筏板＋垫层＋疏桩联合加固地基方案在初期充分发挥了桩间土承载作用,导致桩与桩间土产生差异沉降;随着垫层的调节作用,筏板可集中发挥桩体的承载能力及显著提高桩顶应力集中程度,地基土沉降主要发生在加固区范围内,从而揭示了复合桩基在路基荷载下的承载机制和变形特性。现场试验结果可为指导高速铁路CFG桩复合桩基设计参数的进一步优化提供试验依据。