Review on InSAR based displacement monitoring of Indian Himalayas: issues,challenges and possible advanced alternatives

Natural and man-made disasters like earthquakes, landslides, avalanches, unplanned mining are some of the most serious factors responsible for earth surface displacement. These incidences can be harmful for the society due to loss of life and also threatful for future urban development. Therefore, continuous monitoring of disasters in terms of displacements is of fundamental importance in a modern well-organized society to understand its effects on the social and economic fabric. Availability of SAR data has been proved to be an excellent source for estimation of surface displacements with high accuracies. However, in India, SAR interferometry-related displacement measurement has still not gained appreciable momentum. More rigorous research needs to be carried out for the efficient use of this new generation technique. This review article is an attempt to discuss the issues related to SAR-based displacement studies so far conducted on Indian Himalayan region and possible advanced alternatives.     

Assessment of number and distribution of persistent scatterers prior to radar acquisition using open access land cover and topographical data

Persistent scatterer synthetic aperture radar interferometry (PSI) is a powerful remote sensing technique to detect and measure deformation of the Earth‘s crust – such as subsidence and landslides – with an accuracy of a few millimeters. Deformation is measured at specific points in a radar image called persistent scatterers (PS), which are characterized by long-term constant backscattering properties (high coherence) of the radar signal. Reliable PSI processing requires a stack of 15–50 SAR images and more, and processing is time-consuming (computational costs) and expensive (referring to both, costs for the SAR data and labor costs). Previous research for PS assessment used already acquired SAR data. This paper presents two new methods for predicting PS prior to the radar recording of the area of interest using freely available or low-cost land cover data, topographical maps and OpenStreetMap data. In the procedure, the distance between the assessed PS is calculated and classified regarding to the applicability for PSI processing. Additionally, the dispersion of the assessed PS within the site is analyzed. The results of the two assessment methods are validated using data of real PSI processing. Here, we show that the developed PS assessment techniques are fast and reliable tools to test the spatial applicability of PSI.     

黄土填方区地表沉降时序InSAR监测分析

削山填沟造地等岩土工程在湿陷性黄土沟壑地区屡见不鲜,掌握填方区沉降情况具有重要意义.本文收集了2017年11月—2020年12月获取的56景TerraSAR-X StripMap模式影像,利用时序InSAR技术监测了陕北某湿陷性黄土填方地基工程的沉降信息,并与2017年11月—2020年12月期间监测区3个水准点的...     

Tight integration of GPS observations and persistent scatterer InSAR for detecting vertical ground motion in Hong Kong

A method for tightly integrating GPS observations and the persistent scatterer (PS) interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) is proposed to detect vertical ground motion in Hong Kong, China. The tropospheric zenith wet delays (ZWD) derived from GPS observations at sites in the SAR scenes are used first to model and correct for the tropospheric effects in the interferograms generated from the SAR images. The vertical motion rates (VMR) of the GPS sites determined based on the continuous GPS observations obtained at the sites are then used as constraints in the PS InSAR solutions to further enhance the quality of the solutions. Data from 12 continuous tracking GPS sites in Hong Kong and 8 ENVISAT ASAR images acquired during 2006–2007 are used to demonstrate the application of the proposed method. The results from the example show that the method is capable of detecting accurately the vertical ground motion.     

时间序列InSAR技术辅助下的北京市高速公路网沉降监测应用

利用高分辨率TerraSAR-X影像,通过多主影像相干目标小基线干涉技术（MCTSB-InSAR）获取了北京市主城区2011-2015年的地表形变信息;通过建立缓冲区,提取并分析了北京市12条高速公路及一条快速公路的沉降现状;在高速公路沉降信息的基础上对机场第二高速进行了路面平整度分析。利用水准测量数据验证了监测结果,精度达4.6 mm/a,表明MCTSB-InSAR技术不仅可以快速监测出大区域高速公路交通网络的地表沉降,而且监测精度较高。     

InSAR矿区地表三维形变监测与预计研究进展

首先,介绍了InSAR地表形变监测技术的基本原理和技术特点;然后,对当前InSAR矿区地表三维形变监测方法做了系统性分类,并探讨了各自的优缺点和适用范围;之后,综述了当前InSAR矿区地表三维形变预计方法的研究现状和进展;最后,归纳梳理了InSAR矿区三维形变监测预计在多源数据融合和沉降机理分析等方面的前沿问题。     

A case study of using external DEM in InSAR DEM generation

Synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) has been used as an innovative technique for digital elevation model (DEM) and topographic map generation. In this paper, external DEMs are used for InSAR DEM generation to reduce the errors in data processing. The DEMs generated from repeat-pass InSAR are compared. For steep slopes and severe changes in topography, phase unwrapping quality can be improved by subtracting the phase calculated from an external DEM. It is affirmative that the absolute height accuracy of the InSAR DEM is improved by using external DEM. The data processing was undertaken without the use of ground control points and other manual operation.     

InSAR填海区地铁沿线地表沉降反演分析

为了更好地监测和掌握深圳填海区地铁工程结束后地铁沿线的地面沉降情况,该文利用TS-InSAR技术和20景2017年8月15日—2019年3月14日的Sentinel-1A SAR数据,借助POD精密定轨星历和ASTER GDEM V2分别去除轨道误差和地形相位,反演了深圳填海区2017—2019年地表沉降时间序列,并在此基础上重点分析了填海区地铁沿线地面沉降的时空演变规律以及地面沉降成因。结果显示,填海区各地铁沿线的地面沉降特征较为明显,最大沉降速率为-17.52 mm/a。其中,宝安中心、前海湾、深圳湾区段地铁沿线的地面沉降趋势较为严重,其地面沉降呈现逐渐增强和扩散趋势。     

基于SBAS时序分析的大同地面沉降与地下水活动研究

大同盆地是汾渭盆地北端一个地面沉降较严重的区域,地下水开采是该区域地面沉降发生的一个重要原因。然而地下水活动与地面沉降在空间和时间的相关性却鲜有研究。为了掌握该地区地下水活动与地面沉降的内在联系,该文基于Envisat ASAR数据,利用短基线集(small baseline subset,SBAS)-In SAR技术对大同盆地地面沉降形变特征进行监测;同时利用地下水位监测数据,研究地面沉降中心与地下水位漏斗在空间和时间上的对应关系,定量分析2处地下水位波动与地表形变的关系。研究表明,地下水开采是大同盆地水源地地面沉降的主要原因,但并非所有的地下水位漏斗都存在地面沉降。该研究成果对指导该地区地下水开采及控制地面沉降有一定参考价值。     

InSAR技术及其在地质灾害中的应用

InSAR是在太空对地球进行3维成像技术,它标志着空间遥感从2维信息获取进入到3维信息获取的新阶段,也为大地测量带来了一场革命。该技术为地质灾害的研究提供一个全新的工具。运用InSAR和D-In-SAR技术进行地面微位移监测,是近年来发展起来并得到日益重视的新方法。本文例举了InSAR技术在地震、火山喷发和滑坡等地质灾害应用的实例。表明它在形变监测研究中有广阔的应用前景,具有不可替代的优势。     

基于多源数据的山西省采煤沉陷区调查监测体系构建北大核心CSCD

为助力健全自然资源监测体制、落实生态文明建设各项要求、提供优质高效的用地保障服务,采煤沉陷区调查监测意义重大。本文基于多源遥感数据,结合传统测量和现代遥感技术,构建了山西省采煤沉陷区调查监测体系。研究结果表明,本文基本摸清了山西省采煤沉陷区分布情况,其总面积为6500 km^(2),与山西省矿区及采空区分布高度重叠;土地利用以林地、耕地及草地为主;土地损毁以轻、中度为主。受采煤沉陷的影响,拟搬迁村庄1221个,仍有400多个村庄未搬迁。     

利用机载双天线毫米波InSAR生成四川高山区DOM及DSM

机载双天线毫米波InSAR系统具有机动灵活、轨道可变、相干性高、分辨率高、实时获取等特点,可以快速、高效、精确地获取地势陡峭、地形复杂的困难山区地带的DSM,已成为获取DSM的重要手段之一。但由于机载InSAR数据量很大,当前的数据处理能力和效率相对较低,针对这些问题,本文采用图形处理器(GPU)并行处理技术,快速、精确地进行干涉处理,提高了干涉批处理效率;采用最小平衡树的解缠算法,快速地进行相位解缠;采用尺度不变特征变换(SIFT)算法自动、快速提取条带内相邻影像之间的连接点,提高了连接点选取的精度和效率。本文选取四川省邛崃市西部高山区地带13景机载InSAR数据进行分析,生成的DOM、DSM在X、Y、H 3个方向的RMSE分别为1.839、1.464、1.997 m,满足1∶5000地形图测绘需求。     

利用InSAR技术获取高寒高海拔地区高精度DEM

本文以Sentinel-1A SLC数据为原始影像,利用InSAR技术获取新疆西天山中部高寒高海拔地区小区域DEM,将获得的DEM与常用的SRTM v4 DEM和GDEMDEM进行对比分析。结果表明：利用InSAR技术处理Sentlnel-1A SLC数据可以获得分辨率为15 m的高精度DEM,该DEM数据精度优于SRTM v4 DEM和GDEMDEM,能更好地描绘地表地形细节,可作为输入数据获取地面高精度形变信息,为工程建设和地质灾害评价提供重要的基础数据。此外,该方法对DEM数据的更新也具有重大意义。     

GPS与InSAR数据融合在矿山开采沉陷形变监测中的应用探讨

GPS与InSAR数据融合具有重要的研究意义,本文分析了传统测量方法在矿山开采沉陷形变监测中的不足,讨论了GPS与InSAR数据融合的技术优势及其在InSAR相位解缠算法、水汽模型和大气层延迟误差改正模型、时间域与空间域的融合模型和算法等方面研究内容,提出了GPS与InSAR数据融合的研究特点与具体方法,并给出了比较详细的研究方案。     

时序双极化SAR开采沉陷区土壤水分估计

开采沉陷地质灾害诱发矿区生态环境恶化的关键因子是土壤水分变化。研究提出了一种利用Sentinel-1A双极化SAR和OLI地表反射率数据联合反演土壤含水量的方法,即基于归一化水体指数(NDWI)反演植被含水量;采用Water-Cloud Model(WCM)模型消除植被对Sentinel-1A后向散射系数产生的影响,将其转化为裸土区的后向散射系数;利用基于AIEM模型和Oh模型建立的经验模型反演研究区地表参数,并用OLI光学反演结果进行验证;最后比较了开采沉陷区内外土壤水分含量。研究表明:(1)与基于OLI的土壤水分监测指数(SMMI)的土壤水分含量反演结果相比,两种极化方式中VH极化反演的水分结果具有更好的一致性,且两种极化方式反演结果也表明荒漠化草原区比黄土丘陵沟壑区反演效果更好,说明地形对后向散射的影响不可忽略。(2)在2016年内72期数据中,VH极化反演结果对比区土壤水分含量大于沉陷区的有41期,所占比例为57%;VV极化反演结果对比区土壤水分含量大于沉陷区的有36期,所占比例为50%,且不同矿区内的沉陷区受到的影响不同。说明开采沉陷造成的地表粗糙度的增加会对地表土壤水分产生负面影响,但不同矿区之间又有差异。     

Research on ground deformation monitoring method in mining areas using the probability integral model fusion D-InSAR,sub-band InSAR and offset-tracking

With the aim of addressing the problem of accurately monitoring complete deformation fields over mining areas by means of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), this paper proposes a solution to obtain complete deformation fields using the probability integral model to fuse deformation data derived from Differential Interferometric SAR (D-InSAR), sub-band InSAR and offset-tracking. This method is used for small-scale, medium-scale and large-scale deformation monitoring using D-InSAR, sub-band InSAR and offset-tracking, respectively. Finally, the probability integral model is utilized to integrate the three deformation fields, and a complete deformation field with high-accuracy over the study area can be obtained. The method is tested on 13 TerraSAR-X (TSX) images from December 2, 2012 to April 24, 2013 of the working face 52,304 of the Daliuta mining area in Shaanxi province, China. The complete deformation field of the working face during the 113-day mining period is obtained. The results show that during the process of working face advancing, the subsidence basin has been expanding along the direction of excavation. The relationship between the average maximum subsidence rate and the advancing distance of the working face can be described by a quadratic polynomial. It has been also observed that, when the underground mining reaches the full mining condition, the maximum subsidence value does not increase further. The accuracy of the proposed method is verified against the global positioning system field survey data. The root mean square errors in the strike and dip directions are 0.134 m and 0.105 m, respectively. Due to the support provide by the reserved coal pillars, the subsidence value above the reserved coal pillars is smaller.     

徐州矿区采空塌陷区公路工程地质灾害与防治对策分析

常规时序合成孔径雷达干涉测量(interferometric synthetic aperture radar, InSAR)技术应用于矿区地表形变监测时存在监测点少且分布不均等不足,难以全面反映采空区地表变形特征,而分布式目标受时空失相干等因素的影响相位稳定性较差,因此开展分布式目标相位优化是融合分布式目标时序InSAR形变监测的关键步骤。针对当前分布式目标相位优化中存在的空间连续性约束不足问题,提出了融合区域生长的分布式目标相位优化方法,开展时间和空间联合约束下的分布式目标相位优化,实现复杂地表环境下的精细化地表形变信息获取,并以潘安湖区域为例对分布式目标相位的优化效果进行了定性和定量分析。在此基础上,以该方法和Sentinel-1数据开展了徐州市废弃矿区2018-05—2020-05的地表形变监测,并利用连续运行参考站和裸露基岩验证了该方法的精度和可靠性。结果表明,分布式目标相位时空二维优化方法能够有效减小相位噪声影响,有助于城市废弃矿区地表形变监测。

     

义能矿区开采沉陷演化的TS-DInSAR监测与影响分析

为研究济宁市义能矿区开采沉陷演化特点及其对周边建筑物的影响,本文采用69景长时间序列中等分辨率Sentinel-1影像,以TS-DInSAR技术体系中的小基线集DInSAR分析为研究方法,获取了2016年初至2018年底该矿区开采面周边的沉降信息。结果表明,义能矿区在监测时段内沉陷范围较为集中,最大累计沉降量约为627 mm,通过居民点位置与沉陷结果的叠加分析,发现周边3处村庄受到了不同程度的影响,该结果能为煤矿开采沉陷控制方案的效果评估及设计优化提供重要参考作用。     

矿区地形图动态自动修正系统初探

由于矿区特殊性,其地形图变化十分频繁,及时对变化区域或新测绘区域地形图进行修绘是一项十分重要的工作.通过对地形图计算机绘图理论的分析,开发一个矿区地形图动态自动修正系统.该系统特色之处首先是建立一个提取DXF格式地形图控制数据提取接口,并能根据提取数据和修正区域控制数据进行修正区域搜寻、开窗显示、TIN的生成、等高线追踪平滑,以及与原有地形图接边等功能;其次系统力求做到该功能模块的独立性,以能够成为数字化绘图平台或GIS系统绘图功能的补充,或为其该项功能的完善提供具体思路.最后,通过具体实例验证该系统功能的可行性和实用性.     

无线传感器网络和遥感技术结合监测煤矿环境地质

针对矿区环境地质监测面临的主要问题,本文探讨了结合无线传感器网络技术和遥感技术对矿区进行环境地质监测的方案,并针对该方案面临的问题与难点,提出了运用这两种技术在矿区建立植被净初值生产力(NPP)动态模型来实时监测矿区的环境地质状况的设想。