贵州的印支运动

贵州的印支运动主要发生在晚三叠世亚智梁期（卡尼期）与土隆期（诺利-瑞替期）之间,是一场以差异隆升为主兼有微弱褶皱的区域性构造运动。该运动弥合了先期活动性不同的各个地块,使它们成为同步演进的统一大陆,是划分地史发展阶段的重要事件。     

Discovery of high-pressure granulite-facies metamorphism in northern Vietnam: Constraints on the Permo-Triassic Indochinese continental collision tectonics

High-pressure mafic granulites containing granoblastic garnet, quartz, and minor hornblende have been found from the Song Ma Suture zone in northern Vietnam, regarded as a microcontinental boundary between the South China and Indochina blocks. Fine-grained symplectite formed during the decompression stage is developed in the granulite and is divided into orthopyroxene + plagioclase and orthopyroxene + clinopyroxene + plagioclase ± hornblende. The former replaces garnet and the latter is regarded as a breakdown of sodic clinopyroxene. Detailed observation and careful data selection revealed that the high-Mg and low-Ca garnet should be in equilibrium with the precursor sodic clinopyroxene, and the pair indicates high-temperature and -pressure conditions (910–930 °C at 1.9–2.0 GPa). Although we could not obtain quantitative age data from the high-pressure granulite, the U–Th–Pb age (233 ± 5 Ma) of pelitic gneiss strongly suggests a Middle to Early Triassic metamorphic event. If the age indicates the timing of the high-pressure granulite-facies metamorphism, it might be related to a continental collision setting by following crustal subduction. According to the metamorphic signatures, north to central Vietnam may be regarded as an orogenic belt formed by the micro-continental collision between the South China and Indochina cratons.     

The Early Triassic Indosinian orogeny in Vietnam (Truong Son Belt and Kontum Massif); implications for the geodynamic evolution of Indochina

New structural field data at various scale and ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar geochronological results, from the basement rocks in the Truong Son belt and Kontum Massif of Vietnam, confirm that ductile deformation and high-temperature metamorphism were caused by the Early Triassic event of the Indosinian Orogeny in the range of 250–240 Ma. A compilation of isotopic data obtained in other countries along the Sibumasu–Indochina boundary broadly indicates same interval of ages. This tectonothermal event is interpreted as the result of a synchronous oblique collision of Indochina with both Sibumasu and South China, inducing dextral and sinistral shearing along E–W to NW–SE and N–S fault zones, respectively. The collision along Song Ma follows the northwards subduction of Indochina beneath South China and the subsequent development of the Song Da zone which in turn was affected by the Late Triassic Indosinian phase of shortening. Within the Indochina plate, internal collisions occurred coevally in the Early Triassic, as along the Poko suture, at the western border of the Kontum Massif.     

Influence of tectonics and neotectonics on the morphogenesis of the peak karst of Halong Bay,Vietnam

Abstract

In northeast Vietnam, the karst of Halong Bay is characterized by very active neotectonics. The directional distribution of fracturing of the calcareous rocks is characterized by the influence of two major fault zones: the Red River fault zone (N140) and the Tan-Lu fault zone (N050). Karst development was favoured by intense fracturing, according to these two major directions, and reactived during recent tectonics by a compressional regime with σ1 N070, followed by an extensional regimes with σ1 near to EW that led to significant vertical movement. These tectonics, coupled with intense erosion, led to genesis and evolution of the spectacular morphology of this peak karst. © Elsevier, Paris     

Influence of tectonics and neotectonics on the morphogenesis of the peak karst of Halong Bay,Vietnam

In northeast Vietnam, the karst of Halong Bay is characterized by very active neotectonics. The directional distribution of fracturing of the calcareous rocks is characterized by the influence of two major fault zones: the Red River fault zone (N140) and the Tan-Lu fault zone (N050). Karst development was favoured by intense fracturing, according to these two major directions, and reactived during recent tectonics by a compressional regime with σ1 N070, followed by an extensional regimes with σ1 near to EW that led to significant vertical movement. These tectonics, coupled with intense erosion, led to genesis and evolution of the spectacular morphology of this peak karst.     

大陆构造、大洋构造和地球构造研究构想

大陆动力学和大洋动力学是当前固体地球科学的前沿领域 ,反映处于中期阶段的板块理论正向更加深入、全面、完善的方向发展 ,并走向统一的地球构造学的趋势。中、新生代造山带构造 ,全球高原构造的比较 ,周边洋底构造对欧亚大陆的动力作用 ,应是大陆动力学中优先研究的问题。对全球洋底构造的继续探测 ,用地震各向异性研究地幔的流动或变形 ,布设海底宽频带地震台阵探测地幔细结构 ,将会提供更多的地球内部过程信息。“地球大系统科学”概念的提出 ,将能推进固、液、气三态地球多球层相互作用的研究 ,例如固体地球微动态、固液气三态球层运动的可比较性、不同球层分区性的比较等 ,都是需要深入探讨的问题 ,代表了从整体地球系统开展学科交叉研究的方向     

Thrust tectonics in Timor

Recently it has been argued that the structure of the island of Timor can be interpreted without invoking the concept of major overthrust‐faulting. Using evidence from the Maubisse area of eastern Timor, Grady (1975) has suggested that the relationship between contiguous rock units in that area may be interpreted either as an unconformity or as steeply dipping fault‐planes. In the present account interpretations of the structure of Timor are reviewed and the concept of overthrusting is reconsidered. It is concluded that the structure may only be interpreted in terms of a series of overlapping thrust slices resting on folded sediments of the Australian continental shelf. The lowest thrust sheet, the Kolbano thrust sheet is composed of internally deformed deep‐water calcilutites. It is followed to the north by the Lolotoi thrust sheet, made up of a complex group of crystalline rocks varying from granulite to slate, together with unmetamorphosed ophiolites, clastic sediments, and massive Miocene limestones. Overlying this group to the north is the Maubisse‐Aileu thrust sheet composed of Permian crinoidal limestones and volcanics in the south, passing northwards into shales and sandstones. Within this unit there is also a marked increase in deformation and metamorphism from south to north. Slates in the south pass into mica schists, psammites, marbles, and hornblende schists of the amphibolite facies on the north coast of eastern Timor near Manatutu. A further thrust‐slice composed of ophiolites rests on this thrust unit on the north coast of western Timor between Wini and Atapupu.

The composition, structural state, and metamorphic grade of the rocks composing each of these thrust slices is described. The detailed relationships of the thrust units, including those of the Maubisse area, in the neighbourhood of the thrust planes is reconsidered. The case for the concept of major overthrusting is restated, both from regional considerations and from new evidence obtained during recent field mapping. This interpretation is placed in the context of a collision between the Australian continental margin and a detached portion of the Asiatic continental margin during the Cainozoic Era.     

Plate tectonics in Russia

After a short period of propagation of Wegener's continental drift ideas in Russia in the twenties and first half of the thirties of this century, there came a much longer period (1935–1960) of fixist reaction', when vertical tectonic movements were regarded as primary and most important and horizontal ones as secondary and subsidiary. In the sixties, interest in the manifestation of horizontal movements on strike-slip faults, overthrusts and nappe formation began to grow, and at the verge of sixties and seventies ideas of plate tectonics began to penetrate into Russia. But at the begining they met strong resistance mainly from the older generation of scientists. In spite of this, these ideas finally gained the support of the majority of Earth scientists in this country. Russian geologists and geophysicists made a significant contribution to the development of the plate tectonics theory as well as in its regional, global and theoretical aspects.     

Vortical tectonics

It is shown that lithospheric plates in their movement on the Earth’s surface do not undergo typical rotations, as was previously believed, but rather movements of a more complicated type, namely vortical (or “whirl”). The specific character of vortical movements is reflective in various structural-tectonic phenomena at the global, regional, and local levels. The discovery of vortical movements and structures in solid geospheres is evidence of concepts of nonlinear, unstable geophysical medium. At the same time, due to the exceptional duration of the formation of vortices in these geospheres, completely closed, matured vortical structures are rarely formed. Examples of the evolution of backarc basins in the junction zone of the Pacific Ocean and Eurasia are considered; these are evidence that energy vortical movements are sufficient to influence vitally the geodynamics of junction zones. It is suggested that the complex of lithospheric structures, being the result of vortical movements, can be considered within the specially marked out vortical tectonics, which is the key element of the re-formed geodynamical paradigm.     

Archaean tectonics

The characteristic structures of granite-greenstone and high-grade gneiss terrains are reviewed, using the Superior Province and the North Atlantic craton as examples, with the object of finding a suitable tectonic model to explain both. The granite-greenstone terrain exhibits a combination of gravity-driven vertical tectonics and regional horizontal compression, while the high-grade gneiss terrain shows dominantly subhorizontal high-strain foliation affected by later refoldings.A uniformitarian plate tectonic model may not be appropriate to the Archaean in the likely absence of eclogite-driven subduction and because of practical problems in explaining the deformation patterns.Various alternative mechanisms are considered to explain the structure of the high-grade gneiss terrains in particular. It is concluded that the most fruitful model is tectonic underplating, whereby the crust is thickened from beneath by the emplacement of crustal slices detached from their mantle lithosphere — itself underplated independantly. Such a process could have operated in the North Atlantic craton coevally with greenstone formation and subsequent diapirism in the Superior Province.Sub-horizontal N-S compression affected both cratons in the late Archaean, after the above processes had taken place, when the crust had become sufficiently rigid to be able to transmit regional stresses.

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Zusammenfassung Die charakteristischen Strukturen von Granit-Grünschiefern und hochgradigen Gneisgebieten werden zusammenfassend betrachtet, wobei die Superior Province und das nordatlantische Kraton als Beispiele benutzt werden. Es wird versucht, ein geeignetes tektonisches Modell zu finden, um beide Gebiete zu erklären. Das Granit-Grünschiefergebiet stellt eine Kombination der von durch Gravitation verursachter vertikaler Tektonik und regionaler horizontaler Kompression dar, während das hochgradige Gneisgebiet eine hauptsächlich durch starke Beanspruchung verursachte subhorizontale Schichtung zeigt, beeinflußt durch spätere Faltungen.Ein uniformitarisches plattentektonisches Modell dürfte nicht für das Archaikum geeignet sein, wenn durch Eklogite verursachte Subduktion höchstwahrscheinlich nicht vorhanden ist und wenn außerdem praktische Probleme bei der Erklärung der Deformationsstrukturen auftauchen.Verschiedene alternative Mechanismen werden insbesondere für die Erklärung der Struktur des hochgradigen Gneisgebietes in Betracht gezogen. Als bestes Modell fanden wir die tektonische Anlagerung von unten, wobei die Kruste von unten her durch den Aufbau von Krustenscheiben, die vom Lithosphären-Mantel abgesplittert werden, verstärkt worden ist — wobei diese wiederum unabhängig davon Anlagerungen von unten aufweist. Solch ein Prozeß könnte im nordatlantischen Kraton stattgefunden haben, zusammen mit der Grünschieferformation und dem folgenden Diapirismus in der Superior Province.Subhorizontale N-S-Kompression beeinflußte beide Kratone im späten Archaikum, nachdem die obigen Prozesse stattgefunden hatten und als die Kruste genügend stark geworden war, um die regionalen Spannungen weiterzuleiten.

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Résumé Les structures caractéristiques des domaines à granites et roches vertes, et à gneiss de haut degré de métamorphisme, sont passées en revue; les exemples utilisés sont ceux de la Province Supérieure et du craton de l'Atlantique nord, et ce, dans l'intention de trouver un modèle tectonique approprié à l'explication des deux. Le domaine à granites et roches vertes témoigne de la combinaison d'une tectonique verticale mue par la pesanteur et d'une compression horizontale régionale, tandis que les formations à gneiss de degré de métamorphisme élevé montrent principalement une foliation subhorizontale sous forte tension, affectée par des replissements ultérieurs.Un modèle de tectonique de plaque basé sur la théorie de l'actualisme ne peut pas être appropriée à l'Archéen, étant donné l'absence probable de subduction actionée par des éclogites et en raison des difficultés pratiques à expliquer les structures de déformation.Plusieurs autres mécanismes sont envisagés pour expliquer la structure des régions à gneiss de degré de métamorphisme elevé. On en arrive à conclure que la modèle le plus efficient est le «sous-placage tectonique» suivant lequel la croûte s'épaissit par la mise en place, par en-dessous, de tranches de croûte détachées de leur »manteau-lithosphère«, elles-mêmes des sous-plaques indépendantes. Un tel processus aurait pu fonctionner dans le craton de l'Atlantique nord à la même époque que la formation de roches vertes et que le diapirisme subséquent dans la Province Supérieure.La compression sub-horizontale nord-sud a agi sur les deux cratons vers la fin de l'Archéen, et après qu'eurent lieu les processus ci-dessus, quand la croûte était devenue assez rigide pour pouvoir transmettre des efforts régionaux.

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断块构造|活动断块构造与地震活动

张文佑院士是我国最杰出的构造地质学家和大地构造学家,他提出和倡导的地质构造力学分析和历史分析相结合及断块构造理论符合当代构造地质和构造运动研究的新方向。断块构造是地球构造运动最基本的型式,板块构造是全球范围内的岩石圈构造,是最高一级的岩石圈断块构造。活动断块是现今构造运动最基本的型式,它既控制主要活动构造带和地震活动带的分布,也控制不同地区地震活动特征的差异。断块边界构造带是在构造变形和运动场中的不连续变形带,应力在此释放,应变在此局部化,位移在此发生,其差异活动最为强烈,因此,断块边界构造带是强震发生带,其活动性质会控制震源断层的特性。大地震孕育和发生在边界活动构造带的某些特殊部位,对其成核的构造和物理过程尚需深入进行研究。要特别注意断块整体性活动对地震活动的控制作用,断块的这种整体性活动与一定时期内地震活动主体地区分布有密切关系,所以,在活动构造研究中,要把断块的整体性活动与活动构造带的个体活动结合起来。     

东昆仑印支晚期幔源岩浆活动

东昆仑造山带印支晚期广泛发育一期幔源岩浆活动,其代表性岩石类型为角闪辉长岩、煌斑岩和辉绿岩。石灰沟外滩岩体是这类岩体中最大的一个,40Ar/39Ar同位素定年结果为220Ma左右,具有明显的结晶分异特征。根据地质学、岩石学与地球化学特征,岩浆起源于深度大于90km的上地幔源区,富含挥发分(H2O)的条件使橄榄石在部分熔融过程中更趋稳定,辉石和尖晶石组分更多地进入岩浆,从而制约了岩浆中高Cr低Ni的特点。幔源岩浆的广泛出现是该区软流圈-岩石圈系统对特提斯洋闭合的响应,是在加厚陆壳的底部幔源玄武质岩浆底侵作用的结果。     

秦岭造山带的印支运动及印支期成矿作用

秦岭碰撞造山经历了长期的板块构造的俯冲-碰撞的构造演化,于印支期最终完成对接拼合,形成了统一的中国大陆,并由此转入陆内变形。众多Au、Mo多金属矿床的同位素年龄资料表明,印支期是秦岭的重要成矿期,其成矿作用明显受到构造演化的控制,反映特定的地球动力学背景和作用过程。秦岭印支期成矿作用不仅是中国东部中生代成矿作用的先导和开始,奠定了中国东部中生代成矿大爆发的基础,而且为碰撞期和碰撞期后构造体制快速转换的研究提供了依据。重视秦岭以及中国印支期成矿作用的研究,对正确认识秦岭成矿带的区域成矿规律、造山带演化的深部动力学过程,建立符合中国和东亚实际的印支期成矿理论体系具有重要科学意义。     

阴山地区印支期碱性侵入岩岩石地球化学特征

通过系统的矿物学、岩石学、地球化学研究，确立了阴山地区印支期碱性岩在空间上分为南北两条近东西走向的岩带。南带以霓辉正长岩为主，北带以碱性正长岩为主。南北两带岩体均富集轻稀土元素、大离子亲石元素和高场强元素，而Cr、Ni等相容元素含量很低。结合Nd、Sr、Pb同位素特征，认为该地区印支期碱性岩源自富集地幔，并受到不同程度的地壳物质混染。     

云南腾冲北部华力西期印支期花岗岩

阐述了云南腾冲北部华力西期花岗斑岩（磨石岭单元）和印支期花岗岩（和尚塘单元）的地质特征、岩石特征、地球化学特征和同位素特征。资料和数据表明,前者为板内花岗岩,后者属同碰撞花岗岩,两者的产出时代恰好与滇西古特提斯洋闭合、中特提斯洋张开的演化过程相吻合。     

Metallogenic Response of Ailaoshan Gold Belt in Indosinian Orogeny

Please refer to the attachment(s) for more details     

秦岭地区印支期钼矿化特征及找矿前景

秦岭地区印支期钼矿床包括3种类型:碳酸岩脉型、断控石英脉型及斑岩型.碳酸岩脉型钼矿床与火成碳酸岩密切相关,矿体以含钼碳酸岩脉形式产出,成矿元素出现特殊的Mo+U+REE组合,以黄龙铺和黄水庵钼矿为典型代表.断控石英脉型钼矿受断裂控制明显,矿体以含钼石英脉形式产出,部分蚀变岩亦含矿.该类矿床具有与造山型矿床类似的矿体地质和成矿流体特征,属造山型矿床系列的中高温、中深成端元.典型实例包括外方山石英脉型钼矿田(纸房、前范岭等)、大湖金钼矿床、马家洼金钼矿床等.斑岩型钼矿以温泉钼矿床为代表.该类矿床与印支期中酸性小斑岩体密切相关,矿化呈细脉状、细脉浸染状产出,围岩蚀变包括钾化、绢英岩化、绿泥石化、绿帘石化、碳酸盐化等.综合区域地质情况及已有找矿勘查成果,指出秦岭造山带最北缘的碳酸岩-碱性岩带是寻找碳酸岩脉型钼矿的有利地区;华北克拉通南缘马超营断裂以北、三宝断裂以南有利于断控石英脉型钼矿的产出,其中小秦岭和熊耳山地区可出现石英脉型的Au-Mo矿化;强调应注重对东秦岭地区印支期花岗岩及其钼矿的找矿评价工作.     

Intraplate tectonics in stable Europe as related to plate tectonics in the Alpine system

Western Europe is traversed by the Rhinegraben rift system. The stages of graben formation evolved coincidentally with the culminations of compressional folding in the Alps. Rhinegraben rifting has been controlled by mantle diapirism, but the Alpine orogeny by subduction of lithosphere. Presumably, Alpine subduction forced compensating mantle uplift in the foreland. The Middle Eocene to Oligocene crustal spreading of the Rhinegraben implies a state of stress with a maximum horizontal component parallel to the graben axis (about 20?). In the same area, the Recent average direction of maximum compressive stress is of about 320? (NW), as calculated by in-situ stress measurements, fault-plane solutions of earthquakes and Recent crustal movements. The rotation of the stress components relative to the crust of stable Europe evolved subsequent to counterclockwise rotations of microplates in the Mediterranean. A model is proposed which ascribes these rotations to alterating shear motions of the Afro-Arabian macroplates relative to stable Europe exerting a ball-bearing effect to the intervenient microplates. The postulated motions are in accord with the patterns of inhomogeneous ocean floor spreading east and west of the African plate. The stages of Alpine plate collision had induced a significant readjustment of intraplate stress conditions, and deformation in the cratonic foreland of stable Europe.     

新疆的印支运动与成矿

随着高精度同位素年代学研究的深入,一些长期被认为属于海西期甚至加里东期的地质体被证明形成于印支期。在新疆及其周边的广大地区,印支运动主要表现在下述3个方面:①以中酸性小岩体-伟晶岩-细晶岩-辉绿岩-煌斑岩脉为主的岩浆侵入体,个别地区存在印支期的辉长岩-闪长岩体,这些侵入体多数显示金-铜-稀有金属矿化的特征,部分岩体本身就是矿体或者其中含矿;②很多韧性剪切带在印支期活动,大多数剪切带的最后一次韧性变形发生在印支期;③天山地区绝大多数与韧性剪切带有关的金矿均形成于印支期,印支期是中亚地区最重要的成矿时代之一。印支运动在天山和阿尔泰山有不同的表现形式,其地球动力学背景也完全不同。     

花岗岩与大地构造

花岗岩(广义)是地球有别于其它星球及地球上大陆地壳有别于大洋地壳的物质标志,是大陆上分布最广的岩石之一。在已有研究基础上,本文系统阐述了花岗岩大地构造的内涵、研究思路、研究内容和发展方向。花岗岩大地构造将花岗岩视为一种构造标志体、地质体,是从花岗岩角度,探索解决大地构造问题,其研究内容可概括为物理特性(构造)、物质组成(岩石地化)和年代学三大方面,具体研究内容包括:(1)巨量花岗岩浆侵位的物理特性变化及其构造意义,包括岩浆上升迁移、汇聚定位及岩体(带)形成/构建过程;(2)花岗岩体变形改造及其构造意义;(3)花岗岩物源与大陆生长及深部结构,以新老物质组成,划分造山带类型;(4)巨型花岗岩带发育过程与大陆聚散,探索超大陆和中小板块聚散的岩浆响应。花岗岩大地构造丰富了大地构造研究内容,也有助深化花岗岩体(带)形成、发育过程和构造背景的认识。它的提出是当今地球科学学科交叉、融合发展的必要。