黄河下游河南段地下调蓄水库设想

本文中黄河下游影响带指黄河水侧渗影响地下水范围，黄河南岸为12～20km，黄河北岸为13～26km，循环深度小于300m，其中河南段面积约9500km^2。本文对黄河下游影响带地下水资源潜力进行了分区评价，规划了13个远景水源地，并提出开发12个地下调蓄水库的设想。     

同位素技术在黄河下游河水侧渗影响范围研究中的应用

运用同位素技术确定河水与地下水的关系是当前研究的热点.利用在黄河下游悬河段4个剖面上采取的67个地下水和黄河水样,获得了δD、δ18O和T(TU)在空间和时间上的分布规律.潜水的氚值和δ18O的特征表明,黄河水与地下水水力联系密切,黄河对地下水的影响,南岸在郑州一带影响范围小,约5 km,向东影响范围逐渐增大,在中牟和开封一带约为7～10 km;在黄河北岸影响范围大约9～20 km.     

黄河下游影响带(河南段)三维地下水流数值模拟模型及其应用

黄河下游（河南段）影响带属于黄河下游冲积平原地下水系统，黄河对地下水的影响范围为5－23km，面积为9417.6km^2。在建立水文地质概念模型的基础上，运用FEFLOW软件建立了研究区三维地下水流模拟模型，并对模型进行了识别。运用模型确定地下水多年平均补给资源和可开采资源评价；预测新建傍河水源地开采条件下，地下水位在5－10年内趋于稳定；定量研究黄河与地下水的补排关系，傍河水源地开采量的65％－75％来自黄河水，黄河大堤防渗墙工程深度为20m和45m情况下，黄河侧渗量分别减小5.72%和8.12%。     

黄河下游断流对傍河水源地影响的研究

保持黄河不断流是傍河水源地存在的必要条件,黄河频繁的断流威胁傍河开采水源地的稳定性。本文建立了黄河下游影响带地下水系统模拟模型,模拟预测黄河下游在断流和恢复过流条件下,傍河开采时黄河侧渗量的变化趋势及傍河开采水源地地下水的演变趋势。研究表明:断流条件下,因傍河水源地开采而激发的黄河侧渗补给量增加幅度达28．4％-126．4％;小浪底水库运行对于傍河水源地实现稳定开采具有重要意义。     

2010—2020年黄河下游河南典型灌区浅层地下水中砷和氟的演化特征及变化机制

黄河下游典型灌区河南段是豫北平原重要的农业种植区。该地区浅层水质整体较差,因常用于作物灌溉或家畜饮用,会对人体健康产生风险,因此对该地区地下水中砷与氟浓度变化特征和机制的研究将有助于提高对该地区地下水污染的认识水平。本文基于2010年和2020年在灌区范围内采集的327组浅层地下水样品,研究区内地下水砷和氟分布情况,并在此基础上对比研究十年间灌区浅层地下水中砷、氟的演化特征,探索分析砷与氟浓度及空间变化机制。研究结果表明：该地区浅层地下水中存在砷与氟超标问题,2020年浅层地下水中高砷（砷浓度大于10μg/L）和高氟（氟浓度大于1mg/L）的样品数量分别占总数的26.1%和26.06%。高砷水分布在太行山前洼地与黄河冲积平原等泥沙互层结构的沉积环境中,还原性较强,同时地下水径流不畅,较强的阳离子交换作用使得其所处环境中Ca²⁺浓度较高。近十年间砷浓度增加的水样占总数31.8%,砷浓度减少的水样占36.7%。砷浓度的增长（减少）是地下水还原性增强（减弱）使得锰氧化物溶解释放（吸附）导致。近十年间不同地区农业灌溉和水源置换等用水方式导致水位变化是引起砷浓度变化的潜在因素。高氟水主要分布在河南新乡与濮阳的黄河沿线,氟离子浓度受到沉积物中萤石等钙质矿物溶解影响,使得高氟地下水出现在低钙环境中。近十年间研究区中氟离子浓度减少的占总数60.2%,氟离子浓度增加的占32.1%,整体变化趋势向好,但是高氟区中氟离子浓度继续增加。氟浓度的变化同样受到Ca²⁺变化影响,在Ca²⁺浓度降低（升高）时氟浓度进一步升高（降低）。地下水中氟升高地区分布在黄河沿线,因此受到黄河水补给影响较大,地下水径流条件较好,阳离子交换作用减弱,使得Ca²⁺浓度降低,此时地下水中砷浓度受到环境影响而降低,因此研究区氟增加地区中砷与氟的分布和演化呈现反向关系。     

黄河硫同位素组成与青藏高原隆起

黄河水的平均δ^３4ＳＯ₄^{2-值为＋８．４‰，是世界主要大河中硫同位素组成最重的河流；从上游至下游，河水的矿δ３4ＳＯ₄2-值规律性地逐渐增重，在龙门—三门峡河段达最大值。这反映了由于青藏高原隆起而引起的中国西北地区气候干燥趋势及随后出现的沙漠化、古盐湖蒸发岩的形成和黄土堆积环境对黄河水硫同位素组成的控制性影响。}     

运城市黄河沿岸地下水开发与保护分析

运城市黄河沿岸地下水主要受黄河激发补给,水资源十分丰富,对缓解运城市水资源的紧缺压力起着极其重要的作用。通过对黄河沿岸水文地质条件的分析,介绍了各段浅层地下水天然水资源量和可开采量;同时,对地下水的开采现状及开采潜力也进行了科学分析,提出了加强地下水与黄河水的水力联系研究、加强水质监测、建立保护区以及科学规划、优化配制等水资源可持续利用对策。     

小浪底水库运用对黄河下游河道水流阻力的影响

小浪底水库运用后，黄河下游河床冲刷粗化严重、水流阻力变化十分明显。为定量描述小浪底水库运用对水流阻力的影响，基于黄河下游水文站流速、河宽、床沙粒径、曼宁系数等实测数据分析，结合床面形态控制数理论及实测床面形态资料，建立了包含床面形态因子的动床阻力计算公式，计算精度得到了黄河下游水文站1 508组实测数据的验证。分析计算表明：黄河下游床沙粒径上段粗、下段细的特征更加突出，高村以上游荡型河段沙垄发育、动床阻力增加明显；高村以下河段，河床冲刷粗化程度明显减少，动床阻力变化相对较小，但河槽断面趋于窄深，洪水期岸壁阻力增大明显。小浪底水库运用促进了黄河下游床面形态的发育，增大了各河段的水流阻力。     

近2600年来黄河下游沉积量和上中游产沙量变化过程

主要基于华北平原上93个钻孔中沉积物详细观测和分析数据,结合182组¹⁴C测年和埋深数据、参考前人黄河下游河道历史变迁及其他相关研究成果,估算出2600年以来黄河下游在602BC～11A.D.,11～1034A.D.,1034～1128A.D.,1128～1855A.D.和1855～1997A.D.等5个历史时期的年平均沉积量分别是3.89×10^8t/a,2.24×10^8t/a,6.63×10^8t/a,6.78×10^8t/a和8.47×10^8t/a。通过建立黄河下游有无堤防和决溢频率与泥沙输移比的关系,计算出5个时期黄河上中游的平均年输沙量分别是6.2×10^8t/a,6.8×10^8t/a,8.3×10^8t/a,11.5×10^8t/a和15.3×10^8t/a。进而探讨了黄河输沙量变化的主要原因,以及历史上王景治河后出现的600年安流时期的原因。     

福建厦门市硝酸型地下水特征、成因及其治理措施建议

地下水硝酸盐污染是世界性水环境问题。地下水硝酸盐绝对含量的增加，引起水质恶化，而其相对含量的增加，改变了地下水的水化学特征。在某些地区NO₃^-成为地下水中的主要阴离子之一，用"硝酸型水"命名这种新的地下水化学类型，目前正在逐渐被学者所接受。本研究通过分析厦门市平原区地下水中硝酸型水分布特征和影响因素，探讨了硝酸型水的水化学指示意义。结果表明，厦门市地下水已受到硝酸盐氮污染。在全区采集的87组地下水样品中，硝酸型水占比36.8%，主要分布于风化残积平原区，东部翔安区和同安区已形成较大面状分布，西部集美区和海沧区分布较少，且呈点状或局部小面积分布。硝酸型水主要存在于氧化沉积环境，具有低pH、低TDS和低硬度特征。风化残坡积含水层的酸性土壤、地下水径流缓慢和浅层地下水埋深浅等特征为地下水NO₃^-富集提供了有利的环境条件。人类生活污水、垃圾渗滤液下渗、农业施肥等是地下水硝酸盐污染的主要来源。建议开展地下水硝酸盐污染源识别研究，针对不同污染来源采取完善污染管网建设、农村改厕、科学施肥等措施，从源头上防治污染。     

黄河下游断流对沿岸地下水形成与开发的影响

黄河下游河段断流对沿黄地区生态环境影响严重。以1999年为基准年,利用黄河下游侧渗补给影响带地下水系统模拟模型研究了黄河断流对黄河侧渗量及地下水循环的影响。花园口-河口断流300d,黄河侧渗量减少53.8%。夹河滩-河口全年断流,黄河侧渗量减少75.2%;断流300d,黄河侧渗量减少46.3%。泺口-河口全年断流,黄河侧渗量减少25.1%;断流300d,黄河侧渗量减少19.8%。利津-河口全年断流,黄河侧渗量减少4.7%。断流对黄河侧渗补给影响带地下水流场的形态影响较小,浅层地下水系统边界的水力性质没有改变。断流对黄河下游傍河水源地开采动态水位影响较大,但宏观上对侧渗补给影响带地下水资源不会产生较大影响。     

Effect of no-flow in the Lower Yellow River on groundwater formation and usage in areas along the banks

Frequent flow cutoff has a serious effect on the eco-environment of the region along the Lower Yellow River. The authors study the impact on lateral seepage quantity and groundwater cycling caused by cutoff of the Yellow River and compare it with that of the year 1999 through the numerical simulation model of groundwater flow system of the affected zone. The lateral seepage quantity decreased 53.8% on flow cutoff stage from Huayuankou to the river entrance and breaking time of 300 d. The lateral seepage quantity will decrease 46.3% if flow cutoff is from Jiahetan to the river entrance and breaking time is 300 d, and it will decrease 75.2% if flow cutoff occurs throughout the year. The lateral seepage quantity will decrease 19.8% if flow cutoff is from Luokou to the river entrance and breaking time is 300 d, and it will decrease 25.1% if flow cutoff occurs throughout the year. The lateral seepage quantity will decrease 4.7% if flow cutoff is from Lijin to the river entrance and flow cutoff occurs throughout the year. Flow cutoff of the Yellow River has a minor effect on the shape of groundwater flow domain of the affected zone. Thus, the boundary condition of the shallow groundwater system will not change. Although flow cutoff has a major influence on the riverside source fields in the Lower Yellow River, it will not have a significant effect on groundwater resources macroscopically in the affected zone of the Yellow River due to its large storage capacity. __________ Translated from Journal of Jilin University (Earth Science Edition), 2007, 37(5): 937–942 [译自: 吉林大学学报(地球科学版)]     

黄河三角洲浅层地下水盐分来源及咸化过程研究

黄河三角洲地下水咸化已成为区域最突出的生态环境问题之一。识别地下水补给及盐分来源是有效控制和改善地下水咸化问题的关键。本研究采集了研究区浅层地下水、地表水和海水等不同类型水样,利用离子比、Piper三线图、吉布斯图等方法对八大离子浓度、δD和δ¹⁸O 组成、Br和Sr 浓度等进行地下水补给研究与盐分来源辨析。结果表明:(1)黄河三角洲浅层地下水以总溶解性固体(TDS)为338 g/L的咸水为主,地下水水化学类型较为单一,主要为Cl-Na型。(2)三角洲区域地下水以大气降水补给为主,并且在补给过程中经历了不同程度的蒸发作用的影响,黄河现行流路区域地下水主要来源于河水侧渗补给,但浅层地下水含水层水平渗透性较差限制了黄河侧渗补给范围。(3)海洋是黄河三角洲浅层地下水盐分的主要来源,黄河现行流路区域及近岸地下水盐分来源于海水混合,三角洲北部刁口河等古河道区域地下水盐分主要来源于海相蒸发盐淋滤溶解。     

黄河聊城段侧渗分析研究

黄河在山东境内属地上河,常年补给两侧地下水,是沿河地带地下水资源的重要组成部分.依据黄河聊城段东阿县境内的艾山侧渗断面1986～1994年地下水位资料,在分析水文地质条件和地下水流态的基础上,应用水均衡原理分析计算导水系数T,并通过同位素示踪试验得到了验证.利用达西公式计算单侧年侧渗量,建立艾山水位、年径流-侧渗量关系,并与应量平衡法和地下水非稳定流公式计算的成果作了对照分析.     

滩小关水源地地下水计算与评价

滩小关水源地位于伊洛河口以东的黄河漫滩区,西、北、东分别与伊洛河和黄河相邻,属傍河型水源地。对埋深60 m以浅的地下水进行了计算与评价。计算方法主要采用水量均衡法、数值法评价地下水允许开采量,对浅层地下水资源保证程度进行了评价。两种方法的计算结果差别较小,结果可靠。开采量中大部分来自黄河、伊洛河的侧渗补给和洪水入渗补给,开采条件下河流入渗补给量仅占黄河最小流量的1 453分之一。因此,该水源地的允许开采量是完全可靠的。     

银川平原主要水环境问题及其对策

基于野外调查、取样分析以及遥感影像等,介绍了银川平原水文地质条件及水资源利用概况,探讨了土壤盐渍化、湖泊湿地萎缩、地下水盐化、地下水超采以及土地荒漠化等水环境问题及其演化成因。结果表明：银川平原地下水主要接受渠系渗漏及灌溉入渗、大气降水入渗、平原周边地下侧向径流、洪水散失、黄河水等补给,地下水排泄方式主要是排水沟排泄、蒸发和人工开采等,大部分地区潜水埋深在3 m以内;地表水主要来源于黄河引水,水资源利用效率不高;土壤盐渍化总面积8.17×104hm2,呈逐年缩减的趋势,主要分布于银川平原北部,平原南部仅分布在邵岗东部、灵武东部秦渠和东干渠等;湖泊湿地总体呈逐渐减少趋势,主要分布在银川平原北部,永宁以北、平罗以南区域比较集中,滩涂沿黄河两岸分布;潜水总含盐量自西向东、自南向北不断增大;银川和石嘴山深层地下水超采严重,地下水降落漏斗面积已超过500 km2;沙漠化土地分布在银川平原的东西两侧;土壤盐渍化及地下水盐化主要由潜水位埋深过浅,蒸发强烈造成的。最后,提出了防治上述水环境问题的对策：进一步加强水资源管理以及地表水与地下水联合调配;提高农业水资源利用效率;完善田间工程配套,实现渠道防渗管道化;改进田间灌溉技术;严格污水排放,积极开展污水净化处理,实行污水资源化;加强对水土环境质量的系统监测。     

Groundwater and surface-water interactions and impacts of human activities in the Hailiutu catchment,northwest China

The interactions between groundwater and surface water have been significantly affected by human activities in the semi-arid Hailiutu catchment, northwest China. Several methods were used to investigate the spatial and temporal interactions between groundwater and surface water. Isotopic and chemical analyses of water samples determined that groundwater discharges to the Hailiutu River, and mass balance equations were employed to estimate groundwater seepage rates along the river using chemical profiles. The hydrograph separation method was used to estimate temporal variations of groundwater discharges to the river. A numerical groundwater model was constructed to simulate groundwater discharges along the river and to analyze effects of water use in the catchment. The simulated seepage rates along the river compare reasonably well with the seepage estimates derived from a chemical profile in 2012. The impacts of human activities (river-water diversion and groundwater abstraction) on the river discharge were analyzed by calculating the differences between the simulated natural groundwater discharge and the measured river discharge. Water use associated with the Hailiutu River increased from 1986 to 1991, reached its highest level from 1992 to 2000, and decreased from 2001 onwards. The reduction of river discharge might have negative impacts on the riparian ecosystem and the water availability for downstream users. The interactions between groundwater and surface water as well as the consequences of human activities should be taken into account when implementing sustainable water resources management in the Hailiutu catchment.     

Behavior and budget of dissolved uranium in the lower reaches of the Yellow (Huanghe) River: Impact of Water–Sediment Regulation Scheme

The Water–Sediment Regulation Scheme (WSRS) is an important water conservancy project in the Yellow River basin, which is usually operated annually from June to July to control water and sediment release from the Xiaolangdi Reservoir in the middle reaches. As a greatly concentrated period of delivering terrigenous materials from the Yellow River to the sea, the WSRS can serve as a natural laboratory to examine the geochemical behavior of elements during their transport along the river. Uranium isotopes (²³⁴U and ²³⁸U) were measured in Yellow River waters at stations Xiaolangdi (located in the middle reaches of the Yellow River) and Lijin (the last hydrologic station near the Yellow River estuary) during the WSRS 2012. Compared with station Xiaolangdi, dissolved uranium concentration at station Lijin was markedly higher, showing a significant impact from the WSRS. Budget calculation for dissolved uranium during the WSRS indicated that two major sources of new added dissolved uranium in the section of the Yellow River between Xiaolangdi and Lijin: suspended particles (46%) and porewater of bottom sediment (45%). The flux of dissolved uranium from the Yellow River to the sea was estimated to be 2.40 × 10⁷ g during the WSRS 2012.     

Numerical modeling the role of rubber dams on groundwater recharge and phreatic evaporation loss in riparian zones

Rubber dams have been widely built for their advantages in increase of flooding resources utilization in the north arid and semiarid plain regions of China. Rise in river water stage by the dams, particularly during the drought periods, increases lateral seepage of river water into groundwater, and thus groundwater table and phreatic evaporation loss in the riparian zones. In this study, a riparian area of the Baihe River in Nanyang of Henan Province, China was selected for investigation of influences of the river dams on the groundwater recharge and evaporation loss. A hydraulic model, HEC-RAS, was used for simulation of the river stage variations along the Baihe River, and a numerical groundwater model, MODFLOW, was applied for simulation of groundwater dynamics and estimation of river flow seepage into aquifer and evaporation loss. The results show that the dams increase river stages of 2–3 m during January 2000–December 2002. The increase in the captured groundwater recharge was 7.15–34.06 million m³/a and the increased phreatic evaporation loss occupies 10% of the increased recharge when four rubber dams were built.