Middle and Late Carboniferous Tetracoral Assemblages and Biogeography of China

China is rich in Middle and Carboniferous fossil corals. The coral faunas in different regions have varying characteristics and can be divided into distinct assemblages. The coral fauna in South China is dominated by the order Caninida and contains numerous endemic elements; that in North China has a lot of Middle Carboniferous corals which are monotonous in species, with Late Carboniferous solitary corals being predominant. The coral fauna in Junggar mainly contains large bi-zoned solitary caninids, while that in southern Khingan is similar to that in South China due to the presence of abundant tri-zoned compound corals. In northern Tibet the coral fauna is also similar to that in South China, but in southern Tibet it is of a cold-water type. Therefore, the Middle and Late Carboniferous coral geography of China can be divided into the Tethys, Boreal and Gondwana Realms.     

Types and Metallogenic Models of Nickel Sulfide Deposits of China

Most of the sulfide nickel deposits in China occur on the margins of platforms and their outer mobilebelts. The ore-bearing basic-ultrabasic rock bodies were formed in the Proterozoic and Variscan. The types ofmetallogenic rock bodies include ultrahasic-basic complexes related to volcanism in eugeosynclines andultrabasic rock bodies, ultrabasic-basic complexes and basic rock bodies related to deep fractures. On the basisof ore-forming processes and modes, nickel sulfide deposits of China may be divided into two major types:in-situ magmatic liquid unmixing deposits and deep-seated magmatic liquid unmixing injection deposits. Thelatter may by subdivided into four types: single injection deposits, multiple injection deposits, and pulsatory in-jection depositis, and late injection deposits which may inject into either comagmatic rocks or other kinds ofcountry rocks. Two metallogenic models for nickel sulfide deposits are proposed in this paper.     

Distribution and Collection of China’s Dinosaurs

<正>It is estimated that the world has discovered more than1000 species and 800 genera of dinosaurs.Chinese scientists have named more than 170 species of dinosaurs,with 17 genera and 44 species of dinosaur egg fossils,35genera and 39 species of dinosaur footprints,since their first discovery in China in 1902.China has dinosaur occurrences from the Upper Triassic to the Upper     

Nonmetallic Mineral Deposits of China and Plate Tectonics

The Chinese continent is a component part of the present Eurasian plate. The history of its geologicaldevelopment is a process of the convergence of palaeo-plates. the oceanward migration of volcanic belts andvolcanic island-arcs, and the accompanying growth of the intracontinental rifts in the later stage. So theChinese continent abounds in nonmetal resources. Based on the plate-tectonic settings in which those depos-its were formed, the nonmetallic deposits can be generally classified into those related to the sutures andophiolites. those related to the volcanic island-arcs. those related to the back-arc epicontinental sea. those re-lated to the intracontinental rifts and those within the plate interior. They all show certain characteristicregularities of distribution. The evolutionary process of the Chinese continent is so complicated that somenonmetallic deposits have various origins and are characterized by multi-stage mineralization. multiplicityof types and superimposition of mineralization. All these are of great significance in deepening the under-standing of the formation and modes of occurrence of the nonmetallic deposits and in prospecting for min-eral resources.     

Tectonic and Geodynamic Setting of Oil and Gas Basins in China

About 26 sedimentary basins bearing oil and gas are developed in China. They can be classified into two main types , extensional basins and foreland basins . The former are chiefly distributed in the eastern part and the latter in the central and northwestern parts of the country . The present paper discusses the structural characteristics of these basins , including subsidence history , thermal history and structural style and kinematics . Combined with tectonic setting analysis of geophysical data and eruptive rocks , the geodynamic setting of the basins is established , and the formation mechanism of the basins is deduced to have been related to the subduction of the Izanagi and west Pacific plates and the closing of the Tethys ocean.     

Discovery of Stolzite in China and Refinement of Its Crystal Structure

Although stolzite was discovered in Yaogangxian, Hunan Province, China, in 1948, no formal report about this mineral has been published. Recently its crystal structure has been refined by means of the Rietveld method. The cell dimensions of the mineral are: a=b= 0.544503(3) nm, c= 1.20495(1)nm and α=β=γ=90° . The X, Y and Z coordinates of the atom O refined by the authors are 0.2637, 0.1137 and 0.0706, respectively. The length of the W-O bond is 0.17826 nm and the angle of the O-W-O bound are 123° and 103° ,respectively.     

Geographic Distribution and Evolution of Changxingian Ammonoid Faunas of South China

Changxingian ammonoids are well developed in South China, including 154 species, 33 genera and 11 families. They are mainly distributed in the southern and northern subprovinces of the South China province but are rare in the middle. According to the development of the ammonoid zone and lithologic characteristics, the two subprovinces are subdivided into six endemic areas. The above-mentioneddistribution is controlled by such factors as palaeogeographic environment and sedimentary facies.The evolution of Changxingian ammonoids of South China is characterized by distinct evolutionary stages, and the whole evolutionary history of ammonites consists of alternate episodes of"explosive" radiation, slow and steady evolution and mass extinction. The alternation of mass extinction and"explosive" radiation usually occur at the boundaries of stages(or substages)."Explosive" radiation refers to rapid proliferation of new species(or genera) within a very short geologically negligeable period of time. The origin of species can be well explained by the concept of punctuated equilibria--a new concept of evolution. Mass extinction refers to rapid, large-scale demise of taxa within a very short period of time. The cause of such an extinction might be due to the inevitable replacement of the old forms by rapidly developing new ones and the environmental changes, in addition to the global sea-level changes, extraterrestrial impacts and geomagnetic reversal.     

The General Characteristics and Distribution of the Glaucophane-Schist Belts of China

On the basis of the temperature variation, the glaucophane-schist facies Gan be classified into two faciesgroups, the glaucophane-lawsonite facies group and the glaucophane-greenschist facies group, and forms vari-ous facies series with other metamorphic facies. Glaucophane-schist belts of China are of different types withregard to their average T-P gradients and tectonic environments. They are: (1) Proterozoic intracratonicglaucophane-schist belts, (2) Caledonian intracratonic glaucophane-schist belts, (3) Palaeozoic pericratonicglaucophane-schist belts along the northern margin of the Chinese Platform, and (4) Meso-Cenozoicglaucophane-schist belts related to subduction. The initiation and evolution of glaucophane-schist metamorphism are related to their tectonic environ-ments. Most glaucophane-schist belts of China were formed in sialic environments. First the crust began tobreak up and eventually oceanic crust was formed. It seems that a non-uniformitarian mechanism may be in-volved as this evolution is related to the change of the configuration of the heat flow within the crust.     

REE Geochemistry of VMS and SEDEX Ores in China

REE ratios and patterns for massive pyrite ore and massive cuprous pyrite ore ofthe Baiyinchang orefield are quite similar to those for quartz keratophyritic tuff and quartzalbitophyre of the same orefield. However, massive cuprous pyrite ore of the Ashele Cu-Zn de-posit is similar to basalt-diabase of the same district in REE geochemistry. Comparison of theChinese VMS ores with those from Rio Tinto, Spain and Que River, Australia, in REEgeochemistry has been made. REE ratios and patterns of bedded-massive and massive ores ofthe Changba-Lijiagou Zn-Pb deposit, the second largest SEDEX deposit in China are similarto those of their host rocks, the Qinling shales of Devonian age and the Changba adamellite.The three types of ore and their host rocks of the Dongshengmiao pyrite (pyrrhotite)-Zn-Pbdeposit have parallel REE ratios and patterns.     

Ordovician Cephalopod Biofacies of South China and Its Provincialization

INTRODUCTION Biofacies refers to an association of organism-ecology and sedi mentary characteristics , which canreflect a specific ancient environment . Research onbiofacies and its provincialization is significant notonly for increasing the precision of stratigraphic sub-division and correlation,reconstructing ancient envi-ronments and paleogeography ,and oil and gas explo-ration,but also for the study of intercontinental pa-leobiogeography and sea level changes .Although the term biofaci…     

Evolution and Structural Style of Tianshan and Adjacent Basins， Northwestern China

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Quantitative Prediction of Concentrated Regions of Large and Superlarge Deposits in China

Identification and quantitative prediction of large and superlarge mineral deposits of solid mineral resources using the mineral resource prediction theory and method with comprehensive information is carried out nationwide in China at a scale of 1:5000000. Using deposit concentrated regions as the model units and concentrated mineralization anomaly regions as prediction units, the prediction is performed on GIS platform. The technical route and research method of locating large and superlarge mineral deposits and principle of compiling attribute table of independent variables and functional variables are proposed. Upon methodology study, the qualitative locating and quantitative predicting mineral deposits are carried out with quantitative theory Ⅲ and characteristic analysis, respectively, and the advatntage and disavantage of two methods are discussed. This research is significant for mineral resource prediction in ten provinces of western China.     

Types, Metallogenic Environments and Characteristics of Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Copper Deposits in China

Based upon a comprehensive study of 123 copper deposits in China. this paper reaches the following conclusions: 1. The crust in China was solidified pretty late; with the accretion of the plate, the copper mineralization moved towards its margin in space and became successively younger in age. 2. The major copper ore types ever found in the world have mostly been discovered in China, in which the porphyry type seems to be the most important and the massive sulfide type in the transitional bed between marine clastic and carbonate rocks is clearly defined. 3. Carbonate strata are widespread in China and their deposition lasted for a long geological period, so the proportion of copper deposits occurring in them is large as compared with other parts of the world. 4. Seven metallogenic epochs can be recognized, in which the Mesozoic one plays the leading role and the middle(late) Palaeozoic and Cenozoic ones are next in importance. Mineralization was comparatively simple in the early geological period. and became diversified later on. In the early epochs copper deposits related to basaltic magmatism and metamorphosed marine sediments predominated, whereas in the later epochs those related to granitic magmatism and continental sedimentation were dominant. 5. There exist in China thirteen metallogenic provinces, of which the Lower Yangtze downwarping belt, Sanjiang fold system, Jiangnan axis and Xikang-Yunnan axis are of greater significance. 6. The crustal mobility in China was rather pronounced, the polycyclic evolution of the crust has resulted in such obvious phenomena as the inheritance of mineralization, the coexistence of various types and the superposition of different genetic types.     

Preliminary Statistics of Temperatures and Pressures for Formation of Eclogites, Granulites and Peridotites in China

The rock-forming temperatures and pressures represent the p-T points of the local regions in the lithosphere at a certain age, providing some important information on rock formation. Based on the preliminary statistics on the temperatures and pressures for the formation of eclogites, granulites and peridotites in China, the variant ranges are given, in this paper, of temperatures, pressures and linear geothermal gradients of eclogites, granulites and peridotites. In addition, since the eclogite is different from granulite and peridotite in the p-T diagram, these three rocks can be classified into two groups: the first group includes eclogites and the second group granulites and peridotites. Then, the p-T correlation functions of these two groups of rocks are provided. Finally, the two groups of rocks have different geothermal gradients at the same pressure gradient or have different pressure gradients at the same geothermul gradient. The temperatures and pressures for the formation of the rocks can be calculated from the mineral chemical compositions, but the depths (H) for the rock formation can be calculated only under the hypotheses of given p-H (or T-H) correlation functions. The explanations for the ultrahigh pressure metamorphism vary obviously with different hypotheses.     

Subdivision and Correlation of Middle and Upper Cambria in North China in Light of Sequence Stratigraphy

TheMiddleandUpper~aninNorthCabhasbeenextenSiVelystudiedfor~yearSinbiostratigraphy(LuandDong,1953;Xiangatal.,1981;An,1982;Met,1993a,1993b).Ho~,thelithOStratigraphictntSwereunfortunatelydefinedbytrilobitezonesotherthanlithologitalcriteria,owingtothecomplicatedChangeSandt~itioninlithofades.CbnseqUentiy,thebio--,litho~andchronostrstigraphictntS~confuSed,asPOintedOuttosomeextentbyLuetal.(1994).Nevertheless,thezoningfossilsoftrilobiteSoCCUrredatthehorizonsSeparatedfromeachotherinseveralt…     

Geogenic distribution and baseline concentrations of Cu and Zn in surficial soil of Guiyang, China

1 IntroductionThe term“Environmental Geochemical Baseline(EGB)”first appeared in the International Geochemi-cal Mapping Program (IGCP259) and the InternationalGeochemical Baseline Program (IGCP360) of Interna-tional Geography Contrast Program. The defin…     

Continental- Margin Structure of Northeast China and Its Adjacent Areas

The continental margin of Northeast China and its adjacent areas is composed of two tectonic belts. The inner belt is a collage made up of fragments resulting from breakup of an old land with the north part related to the evolution of the Palaeo-Asian Ocean and the south part to the evolution of the Palaeo - Pacific Ocean. The outer belt is a Mesozoic terrane, which is a melange made up of fragments of the Late Palaeozoic to Early Mesozoic oceanic crust and the Late M esozoic trench accumulations.There existed another ocean-the Palaeo - Pacific Ocean during the period from the closing of the Palaeo-Asian Ocean to the opening of the modern Pacific Ocean or from the Devonian to Jurassic, and the ocean-floor spreading of the Palaeo - Pacific Ocean led to the formation of the above-mentioned tectonic belts. The development of the strike-slip fault system after the Late Jurassic and the formation of an epicontinental volcano -plutonic rock belt in the Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary are attributed to the i     

Quantitative Assessment and Zonation of Regional Crustal Stability in China

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Tectonic Evolution of China and Its Control over Oil Basins

This paper is a brief review of the tectonic frame and crustal evolution of China and their control over the oil basins. China is subdivided into three regions by the Hercynian Ertix-Almantai(EACZ) and Hegenshan (HGCZ) convergent zones in the north, and the Indusinian Muztagh-Maqen(MMCZ) and the Fengxiang-Shucheng (FSCZ) convergent zones in the south. The northern region represents the southern marginal tract of the Siberian platform. The middle region comprises the SinoKorea (SKP), Tarim (TAP) platforms and surrounding Paleozoic orogenic belts. The southern region includes the Yangtze platform (YZP), the Cathaysia (CTA) paleocontinent and the Caledonides between them in the eastern part, and the Qinghai-Tibet plateau composed of themassifs and Meso-and Cenozoic orogenic belts in the western part. The tectonic evolutions of China are described in three stages: Jinningian and pre-Jinningian, Caledonian to Indusinian, and post-Indosinian. Profound changes occurred at the end of Jinningian (ca. 830 Ma) and the Indusinian (ca. 210 Ma) tectonic epochs, which had exerted important influence on the formation of different types of basins. The oil basins distribute in four belts in China, the large superimposed basins ranging from Paleozoic to Cenozoic(Tarim and Junggar) in the western belt, the large superimposed basins ranging from Paleozoic to Mesozoic (Ordos and Sichuan) in the central belt, the extensional rift basins including the Cretaceous rift basins (Songliao) and the Cenozoic basin (Bohaiwan) in the eastern belt, and the Cenozoic marginal basins in the easternmost belt in offshore region. The tectonic control over the oil basins consists mainly in three aspects: the nature of the basin basement, the coupling processes of basin and orogen due to the plates interaction, and the mantle dynamics, notably the mantle upwelling resulting in crustal and lithuspheric thinning beneath the oil basins.     

Isotopic Stratification and Its Implications in Groundwater of Northern China

ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＭａｎｙｓｔｕｄｉｅｓｏｆｇｌｏｂａｌｃｈａｎｇｅｓｓｈｏｗｔｈａｔｔｈｅｈｙｄｒｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｃｙｃｌｅｏｆａｃｏｎｔｉｎｅｎｔａｌｓｃａｌｅｃａｎｂｅｒｅｌａｔｅｄｔｏｃｌｉｍａｔｉｃｃｈａｎｇｅｓ(Ａｎｄｅｒｓｏｎｅｔａｌ.,2 0 0 1;ＫａｒｅｎａｎｄＤａｒａ,2 0 0 1;ＭｉｃｈａｅｌａｎｄＭｉｃｈａｅｌ,1999;Ｈｕｇｏｅｔａｌ.,1996 ;Ｌａｒｒｙｅｔａｌ.,1996 ) .Ｃｕｒ ｒｅｎｔｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎｐａｔｔｅｒｎｓｏｆｄｅｕｔｅｒｉｕｍａｎｄｏｘｙｇｅｎ 18ｃｏｎｃｅｎ …