承德中部土壤-黄芩系统重金属生物有效性及迁移累积特征

土壤重金属含量是影响黄芩产量和质量的重要因素。选取承德市中部金沟屯和五道岭两处黄芩种植示范区为研究区,采集表层土壤样品355件,黄芩样品30件,重金属形态样品15件。在分析土壤Mn、Zn、Cu、Cr、Cd、As、Pb、Ni、Hg、V、Co、Sb和土壤有机质含量（SOM）及pH值,黄芩Zn、Cu、Cr、Co、Cd、Pb、Ni、Hg和As含量基础上,采用描述性统计、地累积指数、主成分和RDA分析、重金属生物富集系数、生物活性系数和迁移系数等方法论述了土壤-黄芩系统重金属生物有效性及迁移累积特征。结果表明：金沟屯和五道岭区土壤各重金属累积程度总体属无-中度累积水平。五道岭Cu和Hg累积程度高于金沟屯区,其它元素累积程度低于金沟屯区。五道岭区表层土壤Cr、Cu和Cd含量超标率分别为2.82%、1.69%和1.13%;金沟屯区土壤Cd、Cr和Ni,五道岭区土壤Zn和Hg含量超标率均为0.56%。五道岭区黄芩Cu元素含量高于金沟屯区,Co和Cu元素生物富集强度高于金沟屯区,其它元素含量和生物富集强度则均低于金沟屯区。土壤Cd和Hg元素生物活性系数相对最高,Ni、Zn和Pb元素次之,Cu、Cr和As生物活性系数相对较低。金沟屯区根系土具有较低的pH值和较高的SOM含量,区内黄芩根部As、Cd、Cr、Ni、Zn和Pb元素BCF平均值高于五道岭区,Cu元素富集强度低于五道岭区。土壤重金属生物有效性和黄芩重金属生物富集强度受土壤pH和SOM含量影响,其中Cd和Cu元素受SOM含量影响最为明显。     

四川省沐川县西部地区土壤硒含量特征及影响因素

硒是人体和动物必需的微量有益元素,摄入适量硒是提高人群生活质量的重要标志。食用富硒农产品是缺硒地区人体获取和补充硒元素的重要途径。调查土壤硒的含量特征、圈定富硒土壤资源分布区、查明土壤硒迁移富集的影响因素,是高效利用富硒土壤资源和科学开发富硒农产品的重要依据。本文选择四川省沐川县西部地区采集土壤样品,采用原子荧光光谱法、X射线荧光光谱法、电感耦合等离子体质谱/发射光谱法等方法测定土壤中Se、Al₂O₃、TFe₂O₃、OrgC、Cd等元素含量和pH值,利用统计学及相关分析等方法研究了土壤硒等元素含量和分布特征,并对土壤硒含量的主要影响因素进行探讨。结果表明：①研究区表层土壤硒含量范围为0.08~1.30mg/kg,平均含量为0.39±0.15mg/kg,满足富硒土壤条件的土壤面积为112km²,占研究区总面积的52%,其中无公害富硒土壤面积为35km²。土壤Cd含量是造成富硒土壤和无公害富硒土壤面积具有较大差异性的主要因素。②地质背景与土壤硒含量密切相关,富硒土壤主要受含碳酸盐岩及夹碳质地层的砂岩、粉砂岩等地层控制,土壤硒来源稳定;③土壤硒含量随pH值、风化程度的降低而升高,随有机质、TFe₂O₃、S含量的升高而升高,其中有机质对土壤硒的影响显著大于TFe₂O₃,表明该区域铁氧化物对硒的吸附能力低于有机质。综上所述,研究区富硒土壤资源丰富,建议当地充分利用相关资源开发富硒农产品,同时应注重有机肥的平衡施肥,并进一步加强土壤-作物系统中硒迁移富集影响因素的协同分析。     

福建省寿宁县土壤硒分布特征及影响因素

通过福建省寿宁县多目标区域地球化学调查,查明了土壤硒分布和富集特征,研究了土壤硒与pH值及其他元素的相关关系。结果表明,表层土壤硒含量为0.13~0.92 mg/kg,平均值为0.35 mg/kg,深层土壤硒含量为0.14~0.54mg/kg,平均值为0.29 mg/kg,燕山晚期正常花岗岩（ξγK₁）发育的土壤中硒含量最高,平均值为0.39mg/kg,其次为南园组四段（J₃n⁴）和小溪组上段（K₁x²）发育的土壤,不同土壤类型硒平均含量呈现出黄壤 > 红壤 > 水稻土的特点。表层土壤总体上属于富硒、足硒土壤,富硒土壤面积为405.04 km²,占28.24%,表层土壤硒含量相对于深层土壤表现出明显的富集特征,强烈富集区域与富硒土壤区域基本吻合,具有开发富硒农产品的潜力。相关分析表明,土壤硒含量与TOC、Al₂O₃、TFe₂O₃、Mn等呈显著正相关,与pH呈显著负相关,说明土壤理化性质、铁锰氧化物等对硒的表生地球化学行为有重要影响。     

四川省南部县土壤地球化学元素分布特征研究

基于成渝地区土地质量地球化学调查资料,研究四川南部县土壤中54种元素的地球化学特征。结果表明,与全国土壤相比,研究区重金属元素As、Cu、Hg、Pb、Zn基准值较低,Cd、Cr较高,Ni相当;多数重金属元素和植物营养元素背景值低于全国A层土壤背景值,仅CaO、Cd、MgO、Cr、F等的背景值高于全国土壤水平。多数元素(指标)背景值与基准值相当,说明表生作用和人为活动对表层土壤影响较小;而C、CaO、Cd、Org.C、I、MgO、N、P、S、Se等10种元素(指标)在表层土壤富集,表明这些元素受自身地球化学行为和人为活动输入影响。第四系和侏罗系遂宁组地层表层土壤元素分布差异较大,富集或贫化特征明显。就pH值而言,Cd、F、Cl、Mn、N、P、K₂O、S、CaO、C、Org.C均在碱性环境含量较高,As、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn、Co、B、Mo、Ge、TFe₂O₃、SiO₂在酸性环境含量高,多数元素在中性环境中趋于稳定。     

辽宁大石桥菱镁矿床的碳氧同位素组成和成因

在2.33~2.06Ga期间,δ¹³C_carb发生了地质历史上最强烈的正异常事件,被称为Lomagundi事件。辽河群形成于2.3~1.85Ga期间,其大石桥组蕴涵超大型的大石桥菱镁矿矿床,在矿区厚约1144m。为检验华北克拉通对Lomagundi事件响应,揭示大石桥菱镁矿的成因,本文报道我们最新获得的地球化学研究结果。大石桥菱镁矿6件下伏白云岩地层样品的CaO/MgO摩尔比为0.87~0.94,δ¹³C_carb和δ¹⁸O_carb值分别为0.6‰~1.4‰（平均1.2‰,V-PDB标准）和16.4‰~19.5‰（平均18.2‰,SMOW标准）;与世界正常海相碳酸盐岩地层相比,δ¹³C_carb较高,而δ¹⁸O_carb较低,表明原始沉积物具有类似于Lomagundi事件的δ¹³C_carb正异常,δ¹³C_carb可能高达4.2‰,但δ¹³C_carb和δ¹⁸O_carb值均在沉积之后的成岩或/和变质过程中显著降低。研究剖面大石桥菱镁矿含矿地层厚逾550m,6件样品的CaO/Mg0摩尔比为0.005~0.23,δ¹³C_carb和δ¹⁸O_carb值分别为0.1‰~0.6‰（平均0.4‰）,9.2‰~12.7‰（平均10.9‰）,均低于下伏围岩白云岩;推测与区域变质有关的流体交代作用导致岩石发生重结晶作用和同位素交换,使δ¹³C_V-PDB和δ¹⁸O_V-SMOW值降低。而对菱镁矿顶板白云岩和网脉状菱镁矿矿石的研究进一步证明了上述解释的合理性。总之,大石桥菱镁矿的形成经历了初始沉积、成岩作用、区域变质和流体交代作用以及成矿后的局部蚀变作用。     

辽南42号金伯利岩管地质特征及找矿预测

辽南42号金伯利岩岩管主要由东部42-1号大岩管、西部42-2号小岩管和中部42-3号小小岩管组成。42-1号岩管从地表到40 m标高形态急剧收缩;42-2号岩管为烟筒状,40 m标高至-160 m标高面积比为1∶1.15;42-3岩管在-200 m标高处延深为脉状。42号岩管岩石类型为斑状金伯利岩、斑状富金云母金伯利岩、含或富含围岩角砾金伯利岩和含岩球斑状金伯利岩。岩石化学特征研究表明,岩石中w(SiO₂)、w(Al₂O₃)、w(TiO₂)值比山东胜利Ⅰ号金伯利岩和戴里值偏高,w(MgO)、w(Cr₂O₃)、w(K₂O)、w(Na₂O)、w(P₂O₅)值较戴里值偏低,但w(K₂O)、w(Na₂O)、w(P₂O₅)值比山东胜利Ⅰ号金伯利岩略高;w(ΣFe₂O₃+FeO)、w(CaO+H₂O)值与山东胜利Ⅰ号金伯利岩及戴里值相当。通过采样分析42-2号岩管金刚石含量高,42-1号岩管金刚石含量低;研究认为受造岩矿物橄榄石和金云母的影响,金刚石含量与橄榄石斑晶含量正相关,与金云母含量呈负相关;伴生矿物铬铁矿、镁铝榴石、碳硅石含量高,则金刚石含量也随之增高,为正相关;而锐钛矿于金刚石含量为负相关。基于研究区的三维建模、推覆构造研究,推测42号岩管不是根部相,其东部可能存在深部金伯利岩体。     

湖北宜昌鸦鹊岭地区岩石-土壤元素迁移特征及柑橘种植适宜性评价

“宜昌蜜桔”久享盛誉，鸦鹊岭地区是其典型产地之一。本文选取宜昌市鸦鹊岭地区柑橘基地开展岩石-土壤垂向剖面地球化学测量，通过对植物营养有益元素、稀土元素等进行测试分析，调查相关元素由岩石至土壤的迁移特征，评价柑橘生长岩土环境适宜性。结果表明：土壤元素多会继承其在母岩中的含量水平，如相似的稀土元素配分模式，Si、Na、K、Ca、Mg、Mo、Sr等元素相似的相对富集或贫化程度；根据相关性分析及聚类分析，识别出Al-FeGe-Ni-B-K-Si，S-N-Se-P，Cu-Zn-Mo等3类正相关性元素组合；选择种植柑橘土壤所对应的成土母岩适宜性优劣排序依次为，红花套组（K₂h）长石石英砂岩>牌楼口组（E₂p）钙质砂岩>掇刀石组（Nd）泥灰岩>罗镜滩组（K₂l）钙质砾岩，并进一步提出种植优化建议。     

缅甸紫色翡翠的致色机理——光谱和色度学研究

采用电子探针分析、能量色散X射线荧光光谱、傅里叶变换红外光谱、紫外-可见光谱和色度学方法等多种手段,对55个缅甸紫色翡翠样品进行了全面分析。结果表明,缅甸紫色翡翠的主要化学成分为SiO₂、Al₂O₃和Na₂O,含量与标准硬玉接近。色度学测试分析显示,缅甸紫色翡翠的彩度C^*主要受色度值a^*控制,而色调角h°主要由色度值b^*控制。缅甸紫色翡翠可分为两种类型:Ⅰ型紫色翡翠主要由Mn³⁺致色,并在紫外-可见-近红外光谱570 nm显示主要吸收带;Ⅱ型紫色翡翠由于Fe²⁺-Ti⁴⁺之间的电荷转移致色,在光谱540 nm和610 nm显示吸收。两种翡翠中均存在Fe³⁺的吸收峰,样品中的全铁含量决定其色调角及明度。     

东川南缘雪岭矿区隐伏铜矿地质地球化学特征及成矿机制

雪岭矿区位于康滇地轴云南段东川矿区南缘,区内主要出露震旦系和寒武系沉积地层,其浅部可见铜多金属脉状矿化沿断裂带和辉绿岩脉产出,深部勘探发现了全隐伏在陡山沱组中的层状铜矿。铜矿化以黄铜矿、斑铜矿为主,呈浸染状、网脉状、薄层状和星点状赋存于深灰色破碎状白云岩、黑色炭泥质岩和石英脉中,矿体具明显沉积及热液叠加改造特征。常量元素分析显示岩矿石SiO₂、Fe₂O₃、FeO、K₂O等含量较高,而Na₂O、CaO和MgO含量偏低;微量元素分析显示围岩Cu、Pb、Zn、Ag元素含量较高,富集U、Y等元素,亏损Nb、Zr、Ti、Yb等高场强元素和Sr,矿石样品则富集U、Nd等高场强元素,亏损Ba、K、Sr等大离子亲石元素和Nb;球粒陨石标准化的稀土元素配分模式为轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损的右倾形态,且呈现出铕的强烈亏损。陡山沱组改造型脉状矿体方解石和黄铁矿样品δD_V-SMOW值分别为-137.3×10^-3和-110.2×10^-3,δ¹⁸O_水值分别为-11.3×10^-3和-1.29×10^-3,显示成矿流体来源于大气降水形成的层间封存水;矿石富集重硫,硫主要来源于海相硫酸盐的还原作用,部分受到深部昆阳群古铜矿床硫和生物硫的影响;铅来源于放射性成因铅较高的源区,具壳幔混合铅的特征,且矿石、围岩、昆阳群古铜矿的铅同位素组成具一定亲缘性,显示成矿物质主要来源于下伏昆阳群古铜矿,部分来源于围岩。综合研究认为,该铜矿与滥泥坪矿区所含陡山沱组铜矿相似,均为昆阳群古铜矿残余风化壳在海解作用下铜质析出,在成岩及构造作用下活化迁移并沿炭泥质还原性岩石、石英脉及构造有利位置沉淀富集所致。本区找矿重点应为深部陡山沱组铜矿以及下伏昆阳群古铜矿床。     

山西省石墙区铝土矿地质与地球化学特征研究

[摘 要]山西省原平市石墙区铝土矿属于典型的喀斯特型铝土矿。含矿岩系自下而上包括铁质粘土层、铝土矿层、粘土层,且含矿岩系一般包含两个明显的沉积旋回。矿体主体呈层状、似层状产出,矿石结构以隐晶质结构为主,局部出现碎屑和豆鲕粒结构。矿石构造大都为块状构造。矿物学分析显示,硬水铝石、针铁矿、锐钛矿、高岭石是主要的组成矿物,另外还含有石英、伊利石、绿泥石等矿物。地球化学分析显示,主量元素主要包括Al₂O₃、SiO₂、Fe₂O₃、H₂O⁺及TiO₂,微量元素中碱性和碱土元素Li、Sr、Be、Cs、Ba 及酸土元素Zr、Hf、Nb、Ta、W 均表现为明显富集,且Zr 和Hf 之间以及Nb 和Ta 之间具有高度的相关性。地球化学指标Zr/ Hf、Nb/ Ta 以及Eu/ Eu^*- TiO₂/ Al₂O₃图解显示,底板碳酸盐岩是山西省原平市石墙区铝土矿的重要源岩。     

Fluorine speciation in topsoils of three active volcanoes of Sicily (Italy)

Fluorine is one of the many environmental harmful elements released by volcanic activity. The content of total oxalate-extractable and water-extractable fluorine was determined in 96 topsoils of three active volcanic systems of southern Italy (Mt Etna, Stromboli and Vulcano). Total fluorine (F) content (F _TOT) ranges from 112 to 7,430 mg kg⁻¹, F extracted with oxalate (F _OX) ranges from 16 to 2,320 mg kg⁻¹ (2–93% of F _TOT) and F extracted with distilled water ( ) ranges from 1.7 to 159 mg kg⁻¹ (0.2–40 % of F _TOT). Fluorine in the sampled topsoils derives both from the weathering of volcanic rocks and ashes and from the enhanced deposition due to volcanic gas emissions either from open-conduit passive degassing (Mt Etna and Stromboli) or from a fumarolic field (Vulcano). Fluorine accumulation in the studied soils does not generally present particular environmental issues except for a few anomalous sites at Vulcano, where measured contents could be dangerous both for vegetation and for grazing animals.     

Spatial distribution characteristics and main controlling factors of germanium in soil of northern Dabie Mountains,China

With the increasing application of germanium (Ge) elements in modern industry, military and medical health industries, especially with the growing demand for Ge-rich agricultural products, the study of Ge-rich soil has become particularly important, but the enrichment pattern and control factors of Ge-rich soil are still not well understood due to the high dispersion and high migration of Ge-rich soil. In this paper, 495 surface soil (0–20 cm) and 149 deep soil (150–200 cm) samples were collected from the northern foothills of Dabie Mountain using a double-layer grid layout, and the spatial distribution and enrichment characteristics of Ge were studied by high-resolution method, and the controlling factors affecting the distribution of Ge-rich soil was analyzed by geo-statistics and spatial analogy. The results show an average Ge content of 1.34 mg/kg for the surface and 1.36 mg/kg for the deep soil. In the assessment grade classification of surface and deep soil for Ge, the abundant and sub-abundant grades account for 37.97% and 31.70%, respectively, covering 752 km² and 634 km². Surface Ge-rich regions are distributed in concentrated strips in the north-central part of the studied region, and there is no clear pattern in the spatial distribution of deep soils. In the areas under study, such as Fenlukou, Dingji, and Jiangjiadian, the surface soil is very rich in Ge and has a high enrichment factor, which is valuable for agricultural development. In surface soils, river deposits and shallow metamorphic rock parent materials have the highest content of Ge, while in deep soils, the highest content has been found in the parent material of moderately acidic rock. Both surface and deep soils have the highest Ge content in purple paddy soils and plain areas. The source of Ge in the soils of the study area is most influenced by the lithology of the soil-forming parent material, while the distribution of Ge in the surface soils is jointly influenced by pH, SiO₂, TFe₂O₃, and Al₂O₃ in the soil. This study has implications for understanding the enrichment pattern of Ge in soil and its controlling factors as well as for the development of Ge-rich agricultural products.     

Environmental geochemistry of toxic heavy metals in soils around Sarcheshmeh porphyry copper mine smelter plant,Rafsanjan, Kerman,Iran

The Sarcheshmeh copper mine smelter plant is one of the biggest copper producers in Iran. Long-time operation of about 25 years of the smelter plant causes release of potentially toxic heavy metals into the environment. In this paper, geochemical distribution of toxic heavy metals in 28 soil samples was evaluated around the Sarcheshmeh smelter plant. Soils developed over the nonmineralized and uncontaminated areas have an average background concentration of 41.25 mg kg⁻¹ Cu, 26.6 mg kg⁻¹ As, 12.7 mg kg⁻¹ Pb, 0.9 mg kg⁻¹ Sb, 1.9 mg kg⁻¹ Mo, 1.7 mg kg⁻¹ Sn, 0.2 mg kg⁻¹ Cd, 0.15 mg kg⁻¹ Bi, 235 mg kg⁻¹ S and 73.4 mg kg⁻¹ Zn, respectively. As a result of smelting process, the upper soil layers (0–5 cm) were polluted by Cu (>1,397 mg kg⁻¹), Cd (>3.42 mg kg⁻¹), S (>821 mg kg⁻¹), Mo (>10.3 mg kg⁻¹), Sb (>11.7 mg kg⁻¹), As (>120.6 mg kg⁻¹), Pb (>83.8 mg kg⁻¹), Zn (>214.9 mg kg⁻¹), and Sn (>3.7 mg kg⁻¹), respectively. These values are much higher than the normal concentration of the elements in the uncontaminated soil layers. The elemental values decrease with distance travelled away of the smelter plant, especially at minimum wind direction. Furthermore, high contaminated values of Cu (8,430 mg kg⁻¹), As (500 mg kg⁻¹), Pb (331 mg kg⁻¹), Mo (61 mg kg⁻¹), Sb (56.2 mg kg⁻¹), Zn (664 mg kg⁻¹), Cd (17.2 mg kg⁻¹), Bi (13.4 mg kg⁻¹), and S (3,780 mg kg⁻¹) were observed in the upper soil layers close to the smelting waste dumps. Sequential extraction analysis shows that about 270 mg kg⁻¹ Cu, 28 mg kg⁻¹ Pb, 50.33 mg kg⁻¹ Zn, and 47.84 mg kg⁻¹ As were adsorbed by Fe and Mn oxides. The carbonate phases include 151 mg kg⁻¹ Cu, 28 mg kg⁻¹ Pb, 25 mg kg⁻¹ Zn, and 32.99 mg kg⁻¹ As. Organic matter adsorbed 314.6 mg kg⁻¹ Cu and 29.18 mg kg⁻¹ Zn.     

GEMAS: Source,distribution patterns and geochemical behaviour of Ge in agricultural and grazing land soils at European continental scale

Agricultural soil (Ap-horizon, 0–20 cm) and grazing land soil (Gr-horizon, 0–10 cm) samples were collected from a large part of Europe (33 countries, 5.6 million km²) as part of the GEMAS (GEochemical Mapping of Agricultural and grazing land Soil) soil mapping project. GEMAS soil data have been used to provide a general view of element mobility and source rocks at the continental scale, either by reference to average crustal abundances or to normalized patterns of element mobility during weathering processes. The survey area includes a diverse group of soil parent materials with varying geological history, a wide range of climate zones, and landscapes.The concentrations of Ge in European soil were determined by ICP-MS after an aqua extraction, and their spatial distribution patterns generated by means of a GIS software.The median values of Ge and its spatial distribution in Ap and Gr soils are almost the same (0.037 vs. 0.034 mg/kg, respectively). The majority of Ge anomalies is related to the type of soil parent material, namely lithology of the bedrock and minor influence of soil parameters such as pH, TOC and clay content. Metallogenic belts with sulphide mineralisation provide the primary source of Ge in soil in several regions in Europe, e.g. in Scandinavia, Germany, France, Spain and Balkan countries.Comparison with total Ge concentrations obtained from the Baltic Soil Survey shows that aqua regia is a very selective method with rather low-efficiency and cannot provide a complete explanation for Ge geochemical behaviour in soil. Additionally, large differences in Ge distribution are to be expected when different soil depth horizons are analysed.     

Heavy metals pollution in the soil of an irregular urban settlement built on a former dumpsite in the city of Tijuana, Mexico

The aim of this study was to evaluate soil pollution by heavy metals in an irregular settlement built on a dumpsite. The soil samples were analyzed for Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Ni. None of the concentrations found for the heavy metals analyzed were higher than the established Mexican official standards for contaminated soils. The mean concentrations found for the analyzed metals were as follows: 1.4 mg kg⁻¹ for Cd, 4.7 in mg kg⁻¹ for Cr, 304 mg kg⁻¹ for Cu, 74 mg kg⁻¹ for Pb and 6 mg kg⁻¹ for Ni. The results of the geoacummulation index values show that the site was very polluted with Cu and Pb (class 7), polluted to strongly polluted with Ni (class 4); moderately polluted to polluted with Cd (class 3), and moderately polluted with Cr (class 1). The correlation analysis shows a high correlation between Pb and Cu (r ² = 0.98), which would be explained if the main source of the polluting heavy metals was the result of electrical wire burning to recover Copper. Principal component analysis shows three principal components. The first main component (PC1) encompasses Cr, Cd, Pb and Cu. These heavy metals most likely have their origins from the open burning of municipal solid waste, tires and wire. The other two components are encompassed by Cr (PC2) and Ni (PC3). The sources of these pollutants are more likely related to the corrosion of junk metal objects and automobile use.     

Concentration and spatial variability of mercury and other heavy metals in surface soil samples of periurban waste mine tailing along a transect in the Almadén mining district (Spain)

Mercury (Hg) is one of the elements with increasing environmental significance. A total of 22 samples (soils, rocks and gels) were collected along a 6 km transect around the Valdeazogues River valley in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula (Almadén, Spain). Samples were characterized by different soil types of depositional sequences associated with mining tailings, type and system tracts: 15 surface soil samples included in the transect; 3 of a Haploxerept soil profile developed on slates; 2 of quartzite and slates rocks (reference rocks in the area). Moreover, two of a gel substance (in the lower tract of the river). Soil samples were analyzed for Hg, Cu, Ni, Cr, V, Pb, Cd and As, as well as for organic matter, pH abrasion and calcium carbonate content. All samples were collected from the Almadén mining district. The level of occurrence of the elements (especially Hg) and the effect of some properties on its concentration distributions were investigated. The total mercury contents varied in the range 7,315–3.44 mg kg⁻¹. The mean concentration of total mercury in soils and rocks was 477.03 mg kg⁻¹dry mass. This value is very high compared to the regional background value of other areas. Only rarely is it higher than 1%: in one sample (7,315 mg kg⁻¹) it was almost eight times in comparison with the affected zones, with a high value of 1,000 mg kg⁻¹. Significant differences between samples were found in the total content of mercury. A large percentage of the samples registered detectable levels of V, Cr, Ni, Pb, As and Cu. Cd readings were below the detectable range for all samples tested. Cr mean concentration was 216.95 mg kg⁻¹ (minimun concentration 86, maximun 358); V mean concentration was 119.09 mg kg⁻¹ (minimun concentration 69, maximun 1,209); As mean concentration was 51.24 mg kg⁻¹ (minimun 13.3 and maximun 319.4); Ni mean concentration was 45.64 mg kg⁻¹ (minimun concentration 21.2 and maximun 125.6); Cu mean concentration was 33.25 mg kg⁻¹ (minimun concentration 19.3 and maximun 135); Pb mean concentration was 15.19 mg kg⁻¹ (minimun 1.12 and maximun 1013). Metal distribution generally showed spatial variability ascribed to significant anthropogenic perturbation by mining tailing type. Hg showed vertical profile characterized by surface enrichment, with concentrations in the upper layer (93.7–82.2 mg kg⁻¹ in front of 3.4 of the rock value) exceeding, in several occasions, the background value. The results obtained denote a potential toxicity of some heavy metals in some of the studied samples. Water-soluble mercury could enter the aquatic system and accumulate in sediments. Mercury and other heavy metals contamination depended on the duration and intensity of mining activities.     

Chemical Weathering Rates, Erosion Rates and Mobility of Major and Trace Elements in a Boreal Granitic Till

Chemical weathering rates and erosionrates of granitic till in northern Sweden have beenestimated. The present-day chemical weathering rate iscompared with the long-term average weathering ratesince the last deglaciation approximately 8,700 yearsago. Also, the present-day release rates of major andtrace elements due to chemical weathering are comparedwith the mobility of these elements in a spodosolprofile as shown by soil water samples from the vadozezone. The estimation of the past weathering rate isbased on elemental depletion trends in a soil profile(typic haplocryod), whereas the present weatheringrate is based on elemental input/output budgets in asmall catchment (9.4 km²). The long-term averagechemical erosion rate, expressed as the sum of majorelement oxides (SiO₂, Al₂O₃, CaO,Fe₂O₃, K₂O, MgO, MnO, Na₂O,P₂O₅, TiO₂), was estimated to be4.9 gm^-2 yr^-1. The long-term base cation(Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺) depletionwas 0.325 keq ha^-1 yr^-1. The currentchemical erosion rate was estimated to be2.43.0 g ^-2 yr^-1, which is at least an order ofmagnitude higher than the rate of physical erosion,and the base cation flux due to chemical weathering is0.356–0.553~keq ha^-1 yr^-1. However,0.074 keq ha^-1 yr^-1 of this flux may be related tocation exchange processes induced by atmospheric inputof acid rain. There is no evidence for any recentlyincreased weathering rate of silicates in this area.The inputs of Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn exceed the outputs,and hence, these elements are currently accumulatingin the soil.There is a distinct seasonal variation in thechemical composition of the soil water. Results fromthe soil water samples show that Na, followed by Siand S (Cl was not measured), are the most mobileelements in the spodosol profile between the E-horizonand the C-horizon, and that Al and Fe were the leastmobile elements. However, there is no simplerelationship between the mobility of an element in thespodosol profile and the current release rate due toweathering of that element. This fact may haveimplications for the validity of the comparisonbetween the past and present weathering rates asperformed in this study.     

江苏富硒土壤元素地球化学特征及主要来源

有关生态地球化学调查工程的成果应用已经受到高度关注。本文以江苏区域生态地球化学调查工程所获取的土壤、岩石等元素含量数据为基础,探讨了富硒土壤的分布特点、元素地球化学特征、物质来源与成因类型。研究结果显示：（1）全省富硒土壤的Se含量一般介于0.3~15 mg/kg,同时伴有S、TOC、Zn、Sb、Cd、Pb、As、Cr、Ni、Fe等相对富集;（2）富硒土壤可分为原岩风化残积型、煤矸石风化迁移型、湖相沉积型、粉煤灰型、污染叠加型、多金属矿化伴生型等6个成因类型,以产于苏南酸性土壤环境的原岩风化残积型富硒土壤利用价值最高,该类富硒土壤也是天然富硒农产品的主要产地;（3）富硒土壤物质来源具有多源复合性,表现为先天性物质来源（自然）、后天性物质来源（人为）及复合性物质来源（自然与人为叠加）等3种形式;（4）在先天性物质来源所形成的富硒土壤中,Se与S、TOC等呈显著正相关性,且Cd、Zn、Pb、As等未超标,富硒土壤厚度不受耕作层限制、深度可超过2 m。