克拉苏冲断带白垩系储层成岩作用及其对储层质量的影响

利用大量岩石薄片、铸体薄片、测录井资料及岩芯观察等资料,对库车坳陷克拉苏冲断带白垩系巴什基奇克组储集层的岩石组分、成岩作用及孔隙类型特征等进行了系统研究。其岩石学特征为:成分成熟度低,分选中-好,磨圆次棱角状-次圆状,结构成熟度中等-偏低。储集空间为次生孔隙及原生孔隙。储层经历了压实、胶结、溶解、破裂等成岩作用,主要处于中成岩A2-B期。压实作用以机械压实为主,胶结作用主要为碳酸盐胶结;溶蚀作用导致碳酸盐胶结物、长石颗粒和少量岩屑溶解、破裂作用产生裂缝。在克拉苏断裂的上、下盘地层中,压实作用及胶结作用是孔隙减少的主要原因。断裂带上盘埋深较浅,抬升遭受表生溶蚀作用使得溶蚀孔隙非常发育;断裂带下盘埋深较深,压实和胶结作用使得储层致密化,后期构造挤压破裂作用形成的裂缝及溶蚀扩大缝有效地改善了深部储层物性。     

灰色系统理论在二连洪浩尔舒特凹陷储层评价中的应用

本文利用测井资料,依据测井地质评价油气储层的分析准则,提出灰色理论精细评价油气储层的处理方法和解释系统。通过二连洪浩尔舒特凹陷储层的精细评价和综合解释,取得了明显的效果。文中介绍了这一分析方法处理过程及实用效果。     

内蒙古二连盆地洪浩尔舒特凹陷白垩系火山岩储集层

内蒙古二连盆地火山岩分布极为广泛,在古生界（含变质岩） 及中生界的侏罗系和白垩系均有分 布。位于盆地内乌尼特坳陷的洪浩尔舒特凹陷发育有３套火山岩,主要分布在白垩系阿尔善组上段、阿尔善组 下段和腾格尔组一段,火山岩主要为安山岩,次为凝灰岩和少量火山角砾岩。火山岩储集空间类型主要为气孔 和火山灰溶孔,孔缝组合类型有孔隙型、裂缝-孔隙型、孔隙-裂缝型和裂缝型。储集层物性受火山岩岩相、 成岩作用和构造活动影响,以岩相影响最显著。储集层发育总体上中央洼槽中部和东部较好。     

歧口凹陷沙三段成岩作用对储层物性贡献率研究

为定量描述各种成岩作用对储层物性变化的影响,提出成岩综合系数(C),该系数由压实作用(α)、胶结作用(β)、溶蚀作用(γ)等3个成岩要素贡献率之和构成。通过对研究区大量岩芯薄片分析统计,经多元回归,建立各种成岩作用与孔隙度之间的关系式,得出它们对储层物性的贡献率,认为胶结作用是储层物性的主控因素。     

南堡凹陷周边寒武-奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层特征及成岩作用

基于大量的薄片及岩心观察,运用电镜扫描、X射线衍射、物性分析、铸体压汞等手段,对寒武-奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层进行了研究,探讨了成岩作用特征及孔隙演化模式.表明灰岩和白云岩为碳酸盐岩储层的主要岩石类型,以孔、缝、洞为主要储集空间,由于受连通性以及充填作用的影响,构造裂缝的储集性能更为优越.储层基质孔隙差,白云石化作用、溶蚀作用、压实和压溶作用、胶结及充填作用以及构造作用为区内主要的成岩作用类型.碳酸盐岩孔隙演化主要经历了两个阶段:早期原生孔隙形成与收缩阶段、中晚期的次生缝、孔、洞发育与充填阶段;早期碳酸盐岩沉积时孔隙大,经初期成岩和埋藏后,失去了主要孔渗性能;中晚期的次生缝、孔、洞十分发育,但充填严重,晚期的构造缝及溶蚀孔、洞被部分保存.     

洪浩尔舒特凹陷下白垩统近岸水下扇沉积特征

通过对岩芯、录井、测井及地震等资料的综合分析, 明确了洪浩尔舒特凹陷陡坡带下白垩统近岸水下扇的沉积序列、展布特征、演化规律及扇体发育的控制因素。本区近岸水下扇可被划分为内扇、中扇及外扇三个亚相, 主要发育具块状层理、递变层理的碎屑支撑中、细砾岩, 具鲍马序列的浊积岩以及具滑塌构造的滑塌岩, 另可见到震积岩。扇体自早白垩世阿尔善组沉积晚期开始发育, 至腾一段时期规模达到最大且向北东迁移3.5 km左右;腾二段时期构造活动减弱, 湖盆开始萎缩, 扇体规模随之缩小, 且至腾二段末期扇体逐渐向扇三角洲沉积过渡。近岸水下扇的沉积特征及其分布演化规律主要受控于该区多期强烈的构造活动和潮湿炎热的古气候因素。陡坡带发育的板式边界断层, 断面陡峭平直、活动剧烈, 为近岸水下扇的发育提供了有利的构造背景。     

南堡凹陷深层储层成岩作用与孔隙演化

基于储层沉积学、岩石学理论基础及铸体薄片、扫描电镜、X射线衍射、孔渗等分析资料,对渤海湾盆地南堡凹陷3号构造带沙河街组一段（沙一段）储层特征与成岩作用进行详细系统地研究,明确了各成岩作用强度,重建了研究区深层储层成岩演化序列,并定量分析了各成岩作用对于储层孔隙度的影响。结果表明:沙一段储层沉积相带为辫状河三角洲前缘,目前处于中成岩阶段A₂期,平均孔隙度为12.4%,平均渗透率为92.3×10-3 μm2,先后经历了压实、早期胶结、溶蚀以及晚期胶结作用,其中压实作用是最主要的减孔作用,压实造成孔隙度损失约17%,溶解作用一定程度上改善了储层物性,溶蚀增加孔隙度约7.6%。预测了深层储层孔隙演化路径和储层质量,并最终建立孔隙度演化模式,为后续勘探开发提供了借鉴。     

辽河西部凹陷西斜坡沙四段储层特征及成岩作用对其影响

通过对岩石薄片及铸体薄片的观察和分析,结合大量物性及压汞分析资料,对辽河西部凹陷西斜坡沙四段砂岩储层的岩石学特征、成岩作用及储层物性特点进行了研究。结果表明,研究区岩石类型以长石岩屑砂岩和岩屑砂岩为主,常见压实、胶结、交代、溶蚀、蚀变等成岩作用类型;常见孔隙类型有原生粒间孔、粒间溶孔、粒内溶孔等,其中粒间扩大孔隙最常见;孔隙结构主要为细-中孔细喉型,储层类型主要为中孔低-中渗型,储层物性较好。主要分析了成岩作用对储层发育的影响,压实和胶结作用对储层具有破坏性作用,溶蚀作用对改善储层物性具有建设性作用。溶蚀作用形成的粒间溶孔、粒内溶孔、粒间扩大孔及超大孔隙对储层的贡献最大,形成了中-粗孔、中-高渗型优质储层。900~1 900 m和2 300~2 900 m深度段为孔隙度和渗透率异常带,带内溶蚀作用发育,在其中寻找有利的储层应当成为下一步勘探的重点目标。     

辽河滩海西部凹陷古近系碎屑岩储层成岩作用及其对储层物性的影响

辽河滩海西部凹陷古近系储层砂岩类型主要以长石岩屑砂岩、岩屑长石砂岩、岩屑砂岩及杂砂岩为主,为近源、多源沉积体系,砂岩成分成熟度及结构成熟度低。孔隙类型包括原生孔隙、次生孔隙及混合型孔隙。研究表明该区古近系储层成岩阶段处于早成岩B段至晚成岩A段,主要发育机械压实、胶结、溶解及交代等4种成岩作用。其中溶解作用为主要的建设性成岩作用,发育程度普遍较强。机械压实、胶结及交代等成岩作用为破坏性成岩作用,发育程度中等。储层物性随深度增加呈现有规律的变化,在1 400~2 600 m和2 800~3 400 m深度范围内,孔隙度和渗透率出现异常高值。成岩作用的强度和期次是影响储层孔隙发育的主控因素之一,该区的两个异常孔隙发育带是各种成岩作用综合的结果。其中第一异常孔隙发育带与有机质成熟有关,成岩环境为酸性;第二异常孔隙发育带则与碱性成岩作用有关,硅质组分的溶解对次生孔隙的形成及保存具有重大的贡献作用。     

辽河西部凹陷储层成岩作用及有利储层预测

通过成岩作用研究与储层综合评价技术,预测辽河西部凹陷南区沙河街组有利储层的平面展布。通过对薄片的鉴定,确定本区砂岩主要类型;利用普通薄片、铸体薄片、扫描电镜、阴极发光等手段研究不同地区、不同层位、不同沉积环境的成岩作用;同时确定主要孔隙类型;以及依据有机质成熟度有关指标等成岩序列和成岩阶段划分标志,进行成岩作用的研究结果表明,划分成岩阶段;通过217口井的薄片资料、沉积相分布和油气分布区图例的分析,确定本区成岩相主要类型;依据岩心测试、测井解释成果,以及孔隙度—深度关系图,发现纵向上储层发育3个主要次生孔隙发育带;通过对储层次生孔隙带形成的主控因素分析得知,通过建立储集物性与沉积相关系、建立成岩作用与储集特征的关系、构造活动与储层发育之间的关系,结合沉积相图、成岩相图、各井储层物性综合评价图,平面上圈定出有利储层、较有利储层发育区。     

镇原地区下白垩统成岩作用与铀成矿前景预测

以铀成矿前景预测为目的，笔者采用野外研究和室内分析相结合的方法，对鄂尔多斯盆地镇原地区下白垩统砂岩的岩石学特征、成岩作用演化和铀成矿条件进行了分析研究，认为本区下白垩统砂岩岩石成熟度中等，成岩作用强度较弱，成岩演化经历的同生成岩、早成岩和表生成岩3个阶段均与铀矿化有关。铀成矿条件分析表明，本区下白垩统浅层不利因素多。铀异常的发现和氧化一还原过渡带的展布特征指示铀矿勘探应向深部转移。     

伊拉克H油田Mishrif组生物碎屑类型及对储层物性的控制作用

正白垩系Mishrif组生物碎屑灰岩是伊拉克H油田的重要产层,生物碎屑主要是有壳类碎屑(田泽普等,2016;王昱翔等,2017)。由于缺乏各类生物碎屑成分及成岩过程中的差异性分析,对生物碎屑灰岩储层物性的控制机理研究不够深入,限制了对该类储层的认识及高效开发。本文基于岩心观察、铸体薄片及常规物性等资料,开展伊拉克H油田Mishrif组的生物碎屑类型、成岩特征及储层物     

Diagenetic overprinting of the sphaerosiderite palaeoclimate proxy: are records of pedogenic groundwater δ18O values preserved?

Meteoric sphaerosiderite lines (MSLs), defined by invariant δ¹⁸O and variable δ¹³C values, are obtained from ancient wetland palaeosol sphaerosiderites (millimetre‐scale FeCO₃ nodules), and are a stable isotope proxy record of terrestrial meteoric isotopic compositions. The palaeoclimatic utility of sphaerosiderite has been well tested; however, diagenetically altered horizons that do not yield simple MSLs have been encountered. Well‐preserved sphaerosiderites typically exhibit smooth exteriors, spherulitic crystalline microstructures and relatively pure (> 95 mol% FeCO₃) compositions. Diagenetically altered sphaerosiderites typically exhibit corroded margins, replacement textures and increased crystal lattice substitution of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and Mn²⁺ for Fe²⁺. Examples of diagenetically altered Cretaceous sphaerosiderite‐bearing palaeosols from the Dakota Formation (Kansas), the Swan River Formation (Saskatchewan) and the Success S2 Formation (Saskatchewan) were examined in this study to determine the extent to which original, early diagenetic δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C values are preserved. All three units contain poikilotopic calcite cements with significantly different δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C values from the co‐occurring sphaerosiderites. The complete isolation of all carbonate phases is necessary to ensure that inadvertent physical mixing does not affect the isotopic analyses. The Dakota and Swan River samples ultimately yield distinct MSLs for the sphaerosiderites, and MCLs (meteoric calcite lines) for the calcite cements. The Success S2 sample yields a covariant δ¹⁸O vs. δ¹³C trend resulting from precipitation in pore fluids that were mixtures between meteoric and modified marine phreatic waters. The calcite cements in the Success S2 Formation yield meteoric δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C values. A stable isotope mass balance model was used to produce hyperbolic fluid mixing trends between meteoric and modified marine end‐member compositions. Modelled hyperbolic fluid mixing curves for the Success S2 Formation suggest precipitation from fluids that were < 25% sea water.     

松辽盆地白垩系砂岩储集层特征

白垩系砂岩储层是松辽盆地主要的油气层，砂岩成分以石英，长石和岩屑为主，为长石砂岩，岩屑长石砂岩和长石质岩屑砂岩，储层孔隙包括粒间孔，粒内溶孔，铸模孔，胶结物内溶孔，裂缝等，储层孔隙演化经历了早、中、晚等成岩阶段，在中成岩阶段,晚成岩阶段早期和晚期有3次次生孔隙发育，其对储层性质有明显的改善。本区砂岩储集层可分为4个类型，且具有不同的分布规律。     

Structural CO2 in the Apatite of the Late Cretaceous Phosphorite Resources in Egypt: Effect on the Crystal Chemistry and Geologic Implications

Abstract: Phosphorite deposits in Egypt, known as the Duwi Formation, are a part of the Middle East to North Africa phospho‐genic province of late Cretaceous to Paleogene age. Based on the petrographical observation, the phosphatic grains in the phosphorites are classified into phosphatic mudclasts and phosphatic bioclasts. Both of them are composed of francolite. The structural CO₂ contents in the francolite range from 3.3 to 7.2 % with an average of 5.3 %. Results indicated that the substitution with CO₃^2‐ of PO₄^3‐ in the francolite decreases the unit cell volume and a‐cell dimension, and increases the c/a ratio. Effect is more obvious in the a‐cell dimension; therefore, it is more significant in distinction between the different apatite species. Lack of covariance between structural CO₂ contents in the francolite and the carbonate minerals contents may render the supposition that the phosphorites formed as a result of replacement of preexisting calcareous sediments is doubtful. Similarity in CO₂ content in both weathered and fresh samples indicates that the structural CO₂ content in the phosphorites is not affected by weathering, and reflects the conditions and CO₂ concentration of the depositional environment. Similarity in mineralogy and CO₂ contents in the different phosphatic grains and higher CO₂ content in the Egyptian phosphorites compared with the authigenic phosphates of Peru margin, which formed by the same mechanism as the Duwi phosphorites, suggest that the phosphatic grains in the Duwi Formation were francolitized during diagenesis by introducing CO₂ from the surrounding pore water and diagenesis took place at an elevated temperature. Scattered values of structural CO₂ contents suggest the reworking origin of the phosphatic grains in the late Cretaceous phosphorites in Egypt.     

The effect of subaerial exposure on the morphology and microstructure of stromatolites in the Cretaceous Sinyangdong Formation,Gyeongsang Supergroup,Korea1

Stromatolite morphology is usually controlled by a number of biological and environmental factors. In the south‐eastern part of the Korean Peninsula, three stromatolite units of the Cretaceous Sinyangdong Formation have been studied with regard to the effect of diagenesis on their morphology. Here, it is proposed that subaerial exposure and meteoric diagenesis are the most significant factors in shaping the stromatolites of the Cretaceous Sinyangdong Formation. Most previous palaeontological and sedimentological studies on stromatolites have concentrated on the environmental and biogenic controls on stromatolite morphology. These include extrinsic factors such as sedimentation rates or current velocities. The main controlling factor on the morphology of the stromatolites in the Sinyangdong Formation is apparently transient subaerial exposure and related meteoric diagenesis. Textural examination of stromatolite samples from three stratigraphic horizons shows a characteristic repetitive pattern of cycles with gradual transition from fibrous calcite to micrite layers, reflecting changes in the hydrological cycle of the lake in which the stromatolites grew. Stromatolite growth was terminated by corroded surfaces indicative of subaerial exposure related to a fall in lake level. The growth pattern of the stromatolites was mostly determined by the morphology of the corroded substrates during subaerial exposure. Furthermore, the internal stromatolite structure was strongly modified by the process of leaching. As a result, growth forms mostly changed from stratiform to columnar mesostructure. This study strongly implies that diagenesis could make a very significant influence on the morphogenesis of lacustrine stromatolites in the geological past.     

Sealing Features of Fluid-Rock System and its Control on Acidic Dissolution in Cretaceous Sandstone Reservoirs, Kuqa Subbasin

The Cretaceous Bashijiqike Formation is the main gas-bearing strata in the northern structural deformation zone of Kuqa subbasin. The acidic dissolution of this formation arose at 5–4Ma, which corresponds to the late burial stage of the Bashijiqike Formation. Variability of interlayer due to rock composition is negligible. Differentiation of acidic dissolution in sandstones was controlled by difference in amount of exogenous acid fluid from underlying strata. For the absence of sedimentary and structural carrier system between the isolated sandstone reservoirs, most fluid-rock systems show relative sealing feature during later burial stage by sealing feature of formation pressure, geochemical characteristics of formation water and content of diagenetic products in sandstones. Variation of sealing effects for different fluid-rock systems is obvious. The pressure coefficient is inversely proportional to acidic dissolved porosity of sandstone reservoirs, indicating that the variation of sealing effects for fluidrock system mainly controls the differentiation of acidic dissolution.     

洪特凹陷下白垩统的成岩作用

根据二连盆地洪特凹陷20余口井的资料,通过对其偏光及铸体薄片,X衍射,扫描电镜,阴极发光等分析测试,对下白垩统(包括K₁ba和K₁bt¹储层)碎屑岩的成岩历史、成岩序列的发展趋势进行了深入的研究。认为该凹陷所经历的成岩作用主要有压实作用、胶结作用和溶解作用,其次为蚀变作用、交代作用、粘土矿物转化和重结晶作用,烃类充填作用及构造应力作用等。     

塔里木盆地北部地区古近系-白垩系储层质量影响因素探讨

塔里木盆地北部地区古近系—白垩系储层岩性主要为岩屑砂岩和长石岩屑砂岩,主体处于中成岩阶段,不同地区、不同层段储集性差异明显。储层物性与沉积相带及岩石相关系密切,总体上滨岸浅滩相储层物性最好,辫状河三角洲、曲流河三角洲储层物性好于扇三角洲储层物性;在辫状河三角洲体系,三角洲平原储层物性好于三角洲前缘储层物性,而在扇三角洲体系,三角洲前缘储层物性好于三角洲平原储层物性。古最大埋深和晚期碳酸盐岩胶结是导致研究区储层物性差异的最主要原因;研究区内发育有两次明显的改善储层质量的溶蚀作用,一是在地层进入到中成岩演化A1阶段时,有机质低成熟产生的有机酸对储层有一次较强的溶蚀作用,第二次溶蚀作用发生在中成岩A2—B阶段,由热还原反应再次产生有机酸对储层进行溶蚀。强烈挤压构造应力对储层影响很大,一方面构造作用的侧向挤压使储层压实、压溶强度增大,造成孔隙损失1%～6%,另一方面构造作用也产生大量裂缝,为酸性水的运移提供了通道,也使孔隙间的连通性变好,形成裂缝—孔隙型储层。     

北黄海盆地东部坳陷下白垩统砂岩成岩作用及其储层意义

通过对取芯井砂岩镜下特征及孔隙度渗透率变化的分析,研究了北黄海盆地东部坳陷下白垩统砂岩的成岩作用及其储层意义。结果显示,储层砂岩类型以长石砂岩、长石石英砂岩和岩屑石英砂岩为主,处于中成岩作用阶段的A亚期末期至B亚期早期。主要的成岩作用类型有压实作用、压溶作用、胶结作用、交代作用、蚀变作用、溶蚀作用和重结晶作用,主要孔隙类型有粒间孔隙、粒内孔隙、填隙物内孔隙和次生裂缝。长石砂岩是主要储层。压实作用、压溶作用、胶结作用和重结晶作用使砂岩孔隙度减小,降低了储层物性,起到破坏性作用;交代作用、蚀变作用和溶蚀作用使砂岩孔隙度增大,改善了储层物性,起到建设性作用。孔隙度和渗透率整体上由浅变深而呈现由大到小趋势,在深度为3 000~3 020 m和3 140~3 250 m时出现异常高值,孔隙度与渗透率的异常高值带是次生孔隙发育带。