川北地区飞仙关组储层特征及其主控因素

采用宏观和微观相结合的方法,对川北地区飞仙关组鲕粒滩储层的研究表明,其储集岩类型主要有鲕粒白云岩和鲕粒灰岩,储集空间以次生孔隙为主,储集物性较差,多为低孔、低渗的裂缝-孔隙型和孔隙-裂缝型储层。研究区飞仙关组储层是海平面下降形成的一套产物,储层的发育及演化受到沉积作用和成岩作用的共同控制。二叠纪长兴组生物礁古地貌高地和龙门山岛链的形成,为飞仙关组的沉积提供了高能沉积环境,而相对海平面的下降促进了高能滩体的形成,位于台地边缘的高能鲕粒滩体是储层发育的有利部位;混合水白云化作用和埋藏溶解作用为次生孔隙的形成提供了有利条件,改善了储层的储集性能。     

川东建南地区飞仙关组地震储层预测

利用三维地震资料,采用属性分析、波阻抗反演及厚度预测等技术对建南地区开展储层预测工作.建南地区下三叠统飞仙关组厚400～550m,划分为四个段,其中飞三段是主力产气层系,储层类型以孔隙型为主,局部发育孔隙-裂缝型,属于特低孔、(特)低渗储层.飞三段的沉积环境主要为开阔台地、台地边缘浅滩及台缘斜坡相带.研究区内普遍发育鲕...     

开江-梁平海槽区带南段飞仙关组储层特征及控制因素

通过对开江-梁平海槽区带南段40多口井飞仙关组薄片资料、录井、测井、试油等资料分析,结合岩心观察、扫描电镜等研究,认为飞仙关组储层岩石类型主要为鲕粒白云岩、晶粒白云岩、鲕粒灰岩、泥晶灰岩等;储集空间主要包括粒间(溶)孔、粒内溶孔、晶间(溶)孔、(构造、溶蚀)裂缝等;储层孔隙主要为裂缝型、裂缝-孔隙型、孔隙-裂缝型、孔隙型4种,储层中以4种类型复合产出为特征;储层物性较差,属低孔-低渗类型,裂缝系统发育地区,以低孔高渗为特征;储层发育受到沉积相带展布、白云石化作用、溶蚀作用、构造作用控制,其中,构造作用形成的裂缝系统是海槽区带南段形成规模储层的主要控制因素.     

川东北元坝地区三叠系飞仙关组储层地质模型

依据对川东北元坝地区飞仙关组沉积岩石学特征、储集空间类型及物性分布特征的综合研究,对该地区的储层特征加以抽象和概念化,建立了飞仙关组储层地质模型。地质模型揭示元坝地区海相碳酸盐岩储层段均发育在台地边缘沉积区。其中,台地边缘浅滩最为发育,台地边缘斜坡次之,未见台地边缘生物礁。飞仙关组一段至二段下部为台地边缘斜坡沉积,二段上部至三段为台地边缘浅滩沉积。认为飞仙关组二段和三段的鲕滩沉积储集岩为下一阶段勘探开发的重点,其中飞仙关组二段孔隙—裂缝性储层的勘探开发潜力尤为巨大。     

四川盆地东北部飞仙关组优质储层特征

对四川盆地东北部下三叠统飞仙关组地质、测井和地震数据的分析表明,该区优质储层多由残余鲕粒白云岩构成,储集空间以裂缝-孔隙型为主,属于中等孔隙度高渗透率性质的储层。优质储层测井曲线多具有低伽马、低速度、低密度和高中子孔隙度的"三低一高"特征,地震反射响应特征为中—强反射振幅并和地层顶底面反射形成典型的"亮点",可利用约束稀疏脉冲反演表征储层的纵横向分布。认为地质与地震相结合是预测飞仙关组优质储层的有效方法。     

四川盆地东北部飞仙关组储层研究

川东北地区开江—梁平海槽两侧的飞仙关组储层有着明显的差异。海槽东北侧储层主要由次生孔隙发育的鲕粒白云岩组成,厚度大、分布广和质量好;海槽西南侧储层主要由次生孔隙欠发育的鲕粒灰岩构成,虽然厚度大、分布广,但质量较差,仅局部分布有良好的透镜状白云岩储层。这些储层的形成与演化主要受到沉积和成岩作用的共同影响。其中沉积作用是储层形成的基础,决定了储层的大致分布范围,最有利于储层形成的沉积相带为台地边缘滩,多沿孤立台地边缘呈环带状或连陆台地呈带状分布;成岩作用是储层形成的关键,最有利于储层形成的成岩作用是混合水白云石化和埋藏溶解作用。     

普光气田飞仙关组储层沉积体系及沉积相特征

通过井下岩心观察与钻井、测井资料分析,将普光气田下三叠统飞仙关组划分为碳酸盐岩台地、台缘、斜坡—盆地三大沉积体系,其中碳酸盐岩台地沉积体系可划分为开阔台地、局限台地、蒸发台地等三个相带,斜坡—盆地沉积体系可划分为台地前缘斜坡相、陆棚相、盆地相等三个相带。进一步细分了沉积亚相和微相,描述了各相及亚相的分布与储层特征。储层岩性以白云岩为主,鲕粒白云岩、含砾屑鲕粒白云岩和残余鲕粒白云岩是最重要的储层岩石类型,结晶白云岩和泥晶白云岩储集性能中等,其他岩石类型储集性能相对较差。     

川东北地区飞仙关组-长兴组储层沥青反射率及含硫量特征

川东北地区飞仙关组-长兴组储层沥青主要为焦沥青,按光性特征可分为均质沥青、均匀长条状沥青、镶嵌结构沥青、小球体沥青、针状结构沥青、香肠状沥青、微粒状沥青;均匀长条状沥青各向异性强,ΔR大于0.5%,具有强的各向异性小球体沥青的ΔR大于1.2%,它们BR max和BR min的方差往往小于0.08,其平均值可作为成熟度的评价指标;沥青中硫含量高,可能是小球体沥青形成的一个重要因素,研究硫与沥青之间的关系对该区高含硫化氢气藏的成因研究具有重要的意义.     

四川盆地东北部飞仙关组层序地层与储层分布

四川盆地东北部飞仙关组层序界面主要有水下间断不整合面及暴露侵蚀不整合面等两类界面，相当于Peter Vail的Ⅱ类层序界面。通过对南江桥亭及PG2井等典型剖面解剖，将飞仙关组划分为两个沉积层序，厘清层序与储层的关系：储层主要位于三级层序高水位体系域中，其中，第一层序的高水位体系域发育浅滩鲕粒白云岩储层，其构成了川东北地区飞仙关组储层主体，第二层序高水位体系域发育浅滩相鲕粒灰岩储层。建立飞仙关组层序地层格架，对储层二维空间分布进行预测认为，浅滩鲕粒白云岩储层主要分布于PG2井-宣汉渡口立石河之间，浅滩鲕粒灰岩储层主要分布于南江桥亭及CP82井等地。浅滩鲕粒白云岩储层分布广，区域上分布于通江-开县局限台地及其西侧，浅滩鲕粒灰岩储层主要分布在通南巴地区及东部城口-万源一带。     

四川LG地区长兴组、飞仙关组储层及裂缝特征

以储层精细对比为基础,结合地质、地球物理、岩心分析及薄片鉴定等技术,对LG地区目的层段开展储层及裂缝发育特征研究.上二叠统长兴组储层孔隙可划分为LG Ⅰ型(台地边缘)和LGⅡ型(台地内部)两类,前者主要为粒间和晶间溶孔,后者主要为体腔孔和格架孔;下三叠统飞仙关组储层孔隙主要为粒间(内)溶孔、晶间溶孔及铸模孔.两套储层的...     

四川盆地东北部下三叠统飞仙关组碳酸盐蒸发台地沉积相

四川盆地早三叠世飞仙关早期的环境基本上继承了晚二叠世长兴末期的格局。在川东北地区演化为碳酸盐蒸发台地。蒸发台地飞仙关组为一套含硫酸盐的富白云岩的蒸发潮坪沉积层系。下部为薄层的含石膏、硬石膏晶体、团块及肠状石膏层的泥晶灰岩、微晶白云岩组成的小潮差蒸发潮坪层序。中部为层状鲕粒白云岩、鲕粒灰岩的潮下鲕粒滩相与萨布哈环境的富层状膏岩的膏坪相、含石膏岩的膏云坪相组成的大潮差蒸发潮坪层序。上部为中薄层状富泥的含石膏质夹层的泥质泥晶灰岩、微晶白云岩组成的旋回性清楚的似蒸发潮坪层序。这三种层序的纵向组合在蒸发台地相区可以很好对比,尽管各层序厚度有明显变化。强烈白云石化的鲕粒白云岩是四川盆地飞仙关组大中型气藏的主要储层,依据鲕粒岩的相序特征可将其分为有障壁性质的台缘鲕粒坝和台内鲕粒滩两类。蒸发台地西缘的台缘鲕粒坝在飞仙关期基本稳定。东缘的台缘鲕粒坝在飞仙关中后期大幅度向盆地方向迁移。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案（1999/30/EC）,对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10 μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提出了具体测定要求。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.