南祁连盆地木里冻土区天然气水合物烃源岩特征及评价

中国地质调查局2008年在南祁连盆地木里冻土区采集到了中国陆域第一例天然气水合物实物样品,对于天然气水合物的气体来源存在不同的认识。利用新完钻3口井样品的化验分析结果,分析了中侏罗统和上三叠统烃源岩有机地球化学特征。结果表明,中侏罗统江仓组、木里组煤系地层烃源岩有机质丰度较高,TOC(总有机碳含量)大于1%的样品占78.9%;氯仿沥青"A"含量大于0.1%的占总数的72.2%;有机质类型以Ⅱ_2、Ⅱ_1型为主;镜质体反射率R_o多介于0.7%~1.2%之间;71个样品生烃潜量平均值为8.8mg/g,总体处于生烃高峰期的生油阶段或凝析油阶段,属于好、很好烃源岩,为天然气水合物主力生烃层系。上三叠统尕勒得寺组亦为煤系地层烃源岩,TOC含量大于1%的样品占76.9%;氯仿沥青"A"含量小于0.05%;有机质类型以Ⅲ、Ⅱ_1型为主;镜质体反射率Ro介于1.1%~1.77%之间;总体处于生湿气或干气阶段,但由于构造抬升影响其生烃潜量,平均值仅为0.35mg/g,当前整体生烃能力较差,为非烃源岩或较差烃源岩,对天然气水合物成藏贡献不大。     

阜新盆地东梁区浅层致密砂岩气气源岩特征

为了解阜新盆地浅层致密砂岩气成藏条件,应用有机岩石学和有机地球化学方法,对气源岩特征开展研究.认为该区浅层致密砂岩气气源岩为沙海组四段泥岩、沙海组三段煤层和泥岩;气源岩厚度大且埋藏浅(＜1500 m),有机质丰度高(TOC＞2%),生烃潜力强;有机质类型沙海组四段为Ⅲ(偏ⅡB)型干酪根,沙海组三段为Ⅲ型干酪根;气源对比显示沙海组三段和沙海组四段气源岩与沙海组三段浅层致密砂岩气同源,浅层致密砂岩气紧邻源岩.表明研究区气源岩能生成大量天然气,利于形成浅层致密砂岩气藏.     

西藏伦坡拉盆地古近系页岩油资源潜力初探

本文在西藏伦坡拉盆地蒋日阿错凹陷西北部古近系牛堡组和丁青湖组实测剖面的基础上,通过对烃源岩有机质丰度、有机质类型、有机质成熟度及生标化合物等进行分析,认为牛堡组和丁青湖组烃源岩有机质丰度中等,有机碳含量TOC在0.91%~5.53%之间,氯仿沥青"A"在0.03%~0.63%之间,有机质类型主要为Ⅰ型,Tmax平均值为428℃,烃源岩处于未成熟-低成熟阶段。综合分析认为,研究区牛堡组是古近系最有利的烃源岩层段,与国内外典型页岩层各项指标对比,牛堡组具备页岩油形成的基本地质条件,但成熟度略低,推断位于蒋日阿错凹陷沉积中心的牛堡组烃源岩厚度更大、成熟度更高,页岩油潜力更大。     

莺-琼盆地海相烃源岩特征及高温高压环境有机质热演化

莺歌海盆地与琼东南盆地存在渐新统海岸平原-半封闭浅海相和中新统浅海相两套海相烃源岩。其中,渐新统烃源岩发育于琼东南盆地早第三纪半地堑,存在海岸平原和半封闭浅海两类烃源岩组合。海岸平原含煤烃源岩有机质丰度高,富含陆源有机质,具有很好的生气潜力;半封闭浅海相烃源岩TOC含量总体低于1.0%,但其规模大且存在TOC1.5%的较高丰度段,故亦具有较大的生气能力。中新统海相烃源岩主要分布于莺歌海盆地裂后热沉降形成的中央坳陷,其有机质丰度横向变化比较大,位于中央坳陷带的烃源岩有机质丰度较高,TOC大多在0.40%～2.97%之间,有机质以气型干酪根为主。盆地的高地温为有机质向天然气转化提供了有利的条件,尤其是热流体活动使浅层有机质超前熟化,但地层超压对有机质热演化也有一定的抑制作用。盆地模拟结果显示,莺-琼盆地主要凹陷烃源岩大量生气时间较晚,与圈闭形成期的时空配置好,有利于成藏。     

柴达木盆地三湖地区第四系生物气源岩中可溶有机质丰度及地质意义

柴达木盆地东部第四系生物气源岩有机质丰度是控制该区生物气资源的关键因素。通过重新设计实验流程,建立了针对未成熟生物气源岩的有机质丰度评价方法。柴达木盆地第四系生物气源岩可溶有机质含量约是不溶有机质含量的2.6倍,有机质大部分以可溶的形式存在。鉴于未成熟生物气源岩有机质赋存形式的特殊性,提出了柴达木盆地东部第四系生物气源岩的有机质丰度评价标准。大量存在的可溶有机质揭示柴达木盆地东部地区第四系仍处于生物甲烷生成阶段,较高的气源岩有机质丰度为生物气勘探提供了重要的资源保障。     

南祁连盆地热水—默勒地区上三叠统可能烃源岩地球化学特征

应用多项分析测试技术，对南祁连盆地热水－默勒地区上三叠统可能烃源岩进行了有机质丰度，类型、成熟度、有机母源和沉积环境等方面的分析。该区上三叠统可能烃源岩为前三角洲和湖沼相的泥质岩沉积，其有机质丰度较高，有机质类型为腐殖型和混合型，主要处于成熟阶段，有机母质主要为高等植物和一定数量的藻菌类低等水生生物的贡献。综合分析认为该套地层具有一定的生烃能力，其中一些层段生烃潜力较大。     

大杨树盆地下白垩统九峰山组烃源岩生烃潜力评价

通过对大杨树盆地中部九峰山组烃源岩总有机碳、氯仿沥青“A”、岩石热解、显微组分、族组成和生物标志化合物的分析,讨论了九峰山组烃源岩的生烃潜力。结果表明：九峰山组烃源岩总有机碳、生烃潜力w(S₁+S₂)和氯仿沥青“A”的平均值分别为2.30%、6.09 mg/g、0.061 7%,表明有机质丰度较高,生烃潜力中等--高,为中等--好级别烃源岩;九峰山组烃源岩沉积于弱还原性的淡水--半咸水的湖盆,有机质类型为Ⅱ型,有机质来源为陆源高等植物和浮游生物的混合来源;烃源岩R_o、T_max、OEP和I_CP均值分别为0.78%、452℃、1.08和1.25,霍烷Ts/(Ts+Tm)和甾烷C₂₉ααα20S/(20S+20R)均呈低值,反映有机质处于成熟阶段。综合评价表明研究区烃源岩生油气潜能中等。     

青海木里三露天天然气水合物气源岩有机地球化学特征

通过采集青海木里三露天天然气水合物钻孔岩心样品,对该区天然气水合物赋存层段的中侏罗统和上三叠统烃(气)源岩的有机地球化学特征进行了分析。结果显示：研究区中侏罗统和上三叠统烃(气)源岩有机质丰度较高,TOC含量多在0.6%以上,即整体上为中等、好、很好烃源岩;有机质类型两套地层均主要以Ⅱ₂型、Ⅲ型为主;两套地层 样品镜质体反射率多数介于0.7%～1.3%之间,只有少部分样品镜质体反射率低于0.7%,故有机质演化整体处于成熟阶段,或处于凝析油阶段,还没有达到湿气和干气阶段,可能只为该区天然气水合物提供一定量的气源条件,其主力气源岩可能来自更深部层系;研究区上三叠统烃(气)源岩有机质成熟度整体不高甚至低于中侏罗统,可能受断层逆推作用而出露地表的影响。     

柴达木盆地东部第四系低丰度高效气源岩地球化学特征及成藏机理

对柴达木盆地东部地区第四系鸭湖和盐湖剖面进行了露头取样，并利用Rock-Eval生油岩评价、色谱质谱等实验分析测试技术对样品进行了地球化学特征分析。实验结果表明，样品有机碳含量变化不大，ω（TOC）为0．15％～O．75％，ω（S1＋S2）为（0．24～2．5）×10^-3。第四系气源岩中的有机质类型多以Ⅲ型有机质为主，少数为Ⅱ型，极少数为Ⅰ型。有机质主要来源于陆源生物为主的腐殖型和含腐泥腐殖型，是典型的低丰度有机质气源岩。C29甾烷异构化参数C28αββ／（αββ＋ααα）、C29ααα20S／（20S＋20R）分布分别为0．34～0．38、0．27～0．33，C31升藿烷22S／（22S＋22R）分布为0．49～0．56，显示第四系样品多处于未熟状态。巨厚的气源岩沉积厚度、第四纪寒冷的气候和高盐度的水体环境及有效的生储盖组合是形成第四系大型生物气藏的有利条件。     

珠江口盆地白云凹陷珠江组、珠海组烃源岩倾油倾气性判识

LW3-1-1井是珠江口盆地白云凹陷白云深水区钻探的一口深水井,在4个目的层钻遇工业气流。该井在中新统珠江组和渐新统珠海组钻遇大套泥岩。烃源岩地球化学分析表明中新统珠江组有机质丰度低,有机质类型为Ⅲ型,Ro0.5%,IH200mg/g,氯仿沥青"A"GC-MS分析结果在TIC上显示的几乎全是芳烃系列化合物,正构烷烃不可见,表征中新统珠江组烃源岩倾气。渐新统珠海组有机质丰度中等,有机质类型为Ⅲ—ⅡB型,Ro介于0.44%～0.54%间,IH主要为200～300mg/g,氯仿沥青"A"GC-MS分析结果在TIC上芳烃化合物和正构烷烃并存,表征珠海组是以倾气为主,但也有部分层段是倾油气的。珠海组在分子组成上较珠江组明显富含正构烷烃,表明珠海组的倾油气性比珠江组强。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.