地质遗产、地质公园及通过2008国际地球年促进地球科学(英文)

In the years 2000 and 2001 a few visionaries in IUGS under the lead of Ed de Mulder, at that time President of IUGS, started to think out loudly about an "International Year of Planet Earth" (YEAR). It was their feeling that globally the geosciences did not get that part of public recognition that geosciences should earn, compared to ecology, economy, sustainable development and environmental sciences at large. They were convinced that geosciences could contribute much more to the well-being of the human society if the available knowledge of geoscientists would be used wisely. The low awareness of the benefits of geosciences to society in the public and at the level of politicians and decision-makers, created a long-lasting and continuing decrease of financial means which was and still is crucial for the decrease in the absolute number of geoscience projects, the reduction of respective university institutes, the closing of federal or state geological surveys or merging them with other institutions, and by such reducing the possibility of immediate impact and action, and, last, but not least, in a decreasing number of university students in geosciences. From the beginning of the considerations it was evident that the YEAR must combine science and outreach components in a balanced way. The best way to reach this challenge seemed to target an "International Year of Planet Earth", proclaimed by the United Nations.     

Hutchison ＇Young Scientist＇ Fund

William Watt Hutchison, ＂Hutch＂ to his many friends around the world, was a Scots-born Canadian geologist who served Canada and the IUGS in myriad dynamic and creative ways. Most notably, he served as the IUGS Secretary General （1976-1980） at a pivotal time in its history, and as IUGS President （1984-1987）. The same boundless energy, enthusiasm, skill in communications, and ability to foster teamwork that characterized his work with the IUGS also carried him to preeminent scientific administrative positions in the Canadian Government,     

Hutchison ‘Young Scientist＇ Fund

William Watt Hutchison, ＂Hutch＂ to his many friends around the world, was a Scots-born Canadian geologist who served Canada and the IUGS in myriad dynamic and creative ways. Most notably, he served as the IUGS Secretary General （1976-1980） at a pivotal time in its history, and as IUGS President （1984-1987）. The same boundless energy, enthusiasm, skill in communications,     

Climate change impacts on environmental geosciences: Introduction

正Climate change and its impacts have become topical issues of global news, scientific research and conferences. Environmental Geosciences incorporate the various disciplines of geosciences and their multifaceted interactions with life. Research discussions on the interaction of climate change, geosciences and environment may often be blur, and Schmidt-Thoméet al.(2010) stated that"Often past climate changes that can be deduced from geological records may help in understanding the speed of potential climate change effects, i.e. how quickly have sea levels changed, how drastic has nature reacted to ups and downs in temperature, etc. These analyses of past events help in giving outlooks on potential changes in our living environment. It is also of important to understand the magnitude and potential effects of extreme events, such as droughts and floods".     

New theory of the Earth

From time to time the phrase ＇Theory of the Earth＇ occurs among titles in Earth science history. It usually happens after times of changing major scientific paradigms. A first peak occurred in the Renaissance at the time of the origin of modern science with the introduction of the word geology by Ulisse Aldrovandi in 1603; and the phrase moved around in the controversy about the origin of marine fossils found in mountains, with works by Alessandro degli Alessandri （about 1500）, Girolamo Cardano （1550）, Gabriele Falloppio （1564）, Bernard Palissy （1580）, Andrea Cesalpino （1596）, and Simeone Maioli （1597）.     

Tectonic map of the Earth

The regions of continental and oceanic crust are marked on the tectonic map of the World compiled by the author. Within the limits of the former the author indicates the Alpine geosynclines; the Alpine platforms outside these regions are divided into parts according to the age of the folded basement.The platforms have anticlises and syneclises marked on them, as well as the regions of tectonic activisation. The author proceeds from the conception that the history of the Earth had two stages. The first one is the geosyncline-platform or the granite stage, and it is characterised by the formation of the granitic continental crust. The second or basalt stage is marked by the rise of overheated basalts from the deep layers of the mantle. On the surface it is manifested in tectonic activisation, in extrusions of plateau-basalts and in oceanisation, which is associated with the secondary transformation of the granite-basalt continental crust into the water-basalt oceanic crust.

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Zusammenfassung Auf der vom Verfasser aufgestellten tektonischen Karte der Welt sind die Gebiete mit Kontinental- und Ozeankruste angegeben. Im Rahmen der Gebiete mit Kontinentalkruste sind die alpidischen Geosynklinalen gezeigt; die außer diesen Gebieten liegenden alpidischen Plattformen sind nach dem Alter des gefalteten Grundgebirges aufgeteilt. Die Plattformen teilen sich in Antiklisen und Syneklisen; es sind auch die Gebiete der tektonischen Aktivierung gezeigt. Der Verfasser legt dabei die Vorstellung zugrunde, daß die Geschichte der Erdkugel in zwei Stadien zu teilen ist. Das erste Stadium, das als Geosynklinalen- und Plattform-Stadium oder Granitstadium bezeichnet werden kann, ist durch die Bildung der Kontinentalkruste aus Granit gekennzeichnet. Das zweite Stadium, das sog. Basaltstadium, besteht im Aufstieg überhitzter Basalte aus den tiefen Schichten des Mantels. Auf der Oberfläche kommt dieses Stadium in der tektonischen Aktivierung, im Erguß von Plateau-Basalten und in der Bildung der Ozeane zum Ausdruck, die die sekundäre Umwandlung von granit-basaltischer Kontinentalkruste in wasser-basaltische Ozeankruste begleiten.

     

The composition of the Earth

Compositional models of the Earth are critically dependent on three main sources of information: the seismic profile of the Earth and its interpretation, comparisons between primitive meteorites and the solar nebula composition, and chemical and petrological models of peridotite-basalt melting relationships. Whereas a family of compositional models for the Earth are permissible based on these methods, the model that is most consistent with the seismological and geodynamic structure of the Earth comprises an upper and lower mantle of similar composition, an Fe---Ni core having between 5% and 15% of a low-atomic-weight element, and a mantle which, when compared to CI carbonaceous chondrites, is depleted in Mg and Si relative to the refractory lithophile elements.The absolute and relative abundances of the refractory elements in carbonaceous, ordinary, and enstatite chondritic meteorites are compared. The bulk composition of an average CI carbonaceous chondrite is defined from previous compilations and from the refractory element compositions of different groups of chondrites. The absolute uncertainties in their refractory element compositions are evaluated by comparing ratios of these elements. These data are then used to evaluate existing models of the composition of the Silicate Earth.The systematic behavior of major and trace elements during differentiation of the mantle is used to constrain the Silicate Earth composition. Seemingly fertile peridotites have experienced a previous melting event that must be accounted for when developing these models. The approach taken here avoids unnecessary assumptions inherent in several existing models, and results in an internally consistent Silicate Earth composition having chondritic proportions of the refractory lithophile elements at 2.75 times that in CI carbonaceous chondrites. Element ratios in peridotites, komatiites, basalts and various crustal rocks are used to assess the abundances of both non-lithophile and non-refractory elements in the Silicate Earth. These data provide insights into the accretion processes of the Earth, the chemical evolution of the Earth's mantle, the effect of core formation, and indicate negligible exchange between the core and mantle throughout the geologic record (the last 3.5 Ga).The composition of the Earth's core is poorly constrained beyond its major constituents (i.e. an Fe---Ni alloy). Density contrasts between the inner and outer core boundary are used to suggest the presence ( 10 ± 5%) of a light element or a combination of elements (e.g., O, S, Si) in the outer core. The core is the dominant repository of siderophile elements in the Earth. The limits of our understanding of the core's composition (including the light-element component) depend on models of core formation and the class of chondritic meteorites we have chosen when constructing models of the bulk Earth's composition.The Earth has a bulk Fe/Al of 20 ± 2, established by assuming that the Earth's budget of Al is stored entirely within the Silicate Earth and Fe is partitioned between the Silicate Earth ( 14%) and the core ( 86%). Chondritic meteorites display a range of Fe/Al ratios, with many having a value close to 20. A comparison of the bulk composition of the Earth and chondritic meteorites reveals both similarities and differences, with the Earth being more strongly depleted in the more volatile elements. There is no group of meteorites that has a bulk composition matching that of the Earth's.     

Effects of instability of the Earth and celestial coordinate systems on Earth orientation parameters

Unknown secular and long-term changes in the Earth orientation parameters attributed to instability (possible rotation) of both the Earth and celestial coordinate systems (ECS and CCS) are studied. Rotation of the CCS due to changes in the coordinates of extragalactic sources resulting from gravitational lensing can lead to errors of the order of several microarcseconds in the orientation parameters. The rotation of the ECS due to the crust pressing on the mantle diminishes the tidal retardation of the Earth's rotation and produces long-term variations in the duration of the day (with a period of about 1500 years) and in the motion of the pole relative to the Earth's surface.     

Geochemistry of Rare Earth Metals in the Ore Eudialyte Complex of the Lovozero Rare Earth Deposit

Doklady Earth Sciences - Rare earth elements belong to the category of strategic metals. The largest deposits of these strategic raw materials are associated with alkali-carbonatite formations. The...     

Multisphere Tectonics of the Earth System

The fundamental theoretical framework of the Multisphere Tectonics of the Earth System is as follows: (1) It intends to extend the geotectonic studies from the crustal and lithospheric tectonics to the multisphere tectonics of the Earth system as a whole. (2) The global dynamics driven by both the Earth system and the cosmic celestial system: solar energy, multispheric interactions of the Earth system and the combined effects of the motions of celestial bodies in the cosmos system are the driving forces of various geological processes. (3) The Continent-Ocean transformation theory: the continent and ocean are two opposite yet unified geological units, which can be transformed into each other; neither continent nor ocean will survive forever; there is no one-way development of continental accretion or ocean extinction; the simple theory of one-way continental accretion is regarded as invalid. (4) The continental crust and mantle are characterized by multiple layers, with different layers liable to slide along the interfaces between them, but corroboration is needed that continents move as a whole or even drift freely. (5) The cyclic evolution theory: the development of Earth’s tectonics is not a uniform change, but a spiral forward evolution, characterized by a combination of non-uniform, non-linear, gradual and catastrophic changes; different evolutionary stages (tectonic cycles) of Earth have distinctive global tectonic patterns and characteristics, one tectonic model should not be applied to different tectonic cycles or evolutionary stages. (6) The structure and evolution of Earth are asymmetric and heterogeneous, thus one tectonic model cannot be applied to different areas of the world. (7) The polycyclic evolution of the continental crust: the continental crust is formed by polycyclic tectonics and magmatism, rather than simply lateral or vertical accretion. (8) The role of deep faults: the deep fault zones cutting through different layers of the crust and mantle usually play important roles in tectonic evolution. For example, the present-day mid-ocean ridge fault zones, transform fault zones and Benioff zones outline the global tectonic framework. Different tectonic cycles and stages of Earth’s evolution must have their own distinctive deep fault systems which control the global tectonic framework and evolutionary processes during different tectonic cycles and stages. Starting from the two mantle superplumes Jason (Pacific) and Tuzo (Africa), the study of the evolutionary process of the composition and structure of the crust and mantle during the great transformation and reorganization of the Meso-Cenozoic tectonic framework in China and the other regions of Asia is a good demonstration of theory of Multisphere Tectonics of the Earth System.     

Not so rare Earth? New developments in understanding the origin of the Earth and Moon

A widely accepted model for the origin of the Earth and Moon has been a somewhat specific giant impact scenario involving an impactor to proto-Earth mass ratio of 3:7, occurring 50-60 Ma after T₀, when the Earth was only half-accreted, with the majority of Earth's water then accreted after the main stage of growth, perhaps from comets. There have been many changes to this specific scenario, due to advances in isotopic and trace element geochemistry, more detailed, improved, and realistic giant impact and terrestrial planet accretion modeling, and consideration of terrestrial water sources other than high D/H comets. The current scenario is that the Earth accreted faster and differentiated quickly, the Moon-forming impact could have been mid- to late in the accretion process, and water may have been present during accretion. These new developments have broadened the range of conditions required to make an Earth-Moon system, and suggests there may be many new fruitful avenues of research. There are also some classic and unresolved problems such as the significance of the identical O isotopic composition of the Earth and Moon, the depletion of volatiles on the lunar mantle relative to Earth's, the relative contribution of the impactor and proto-Earth to the Moon's mass, and the timing of Earth's possible atmospheric loss relative to the giant impact.     

流体地球科学与地球系统科学

近年来,地球系统科学逐渐成为地球科学的新趋势,但固体地球科学尚难于融入其中。其根本原因在于地球系统科学属于系统科学或复杂科学的组成部分,而固体地球科学其本质上属于理想科学的范畴,以研究线性地球过程为主,或者以理想科学的手法研究非线性地球过程。流体地球科学不仅研究地球的流体系统,也研究流体系统与固体系统的强和弱相互作用,是固体地球科学融入地球系统科学的唯一途径。