Petrology of a new basalt occurrence in Hungary

Summary A new occurrence of basalt (minimum K/Ar age 57.9 ± 2.2 m.y.) is reported from Budaliget, near Budapest. Major and minor element concentrations show that the basalts are alkaline and potassic in nature ranging from olivine tholeiite to moderately undersaturated basanite. High mg-values and concentrations of Ni and Cr indicate that some of the samples may represent primary compositions. High pressure accidental xenoliths, xenocrysts and cognate megacrysts are frequent and the chemical zoning patterns of olivine and pyroxene phenocrysts indicate a complex evolution and polibaric conditions for the crystallization. The discovery of the new basalt occurrence is important from a geodynamical point of view: prior to the last two major geodynamical events (Plio-Pleistocene rifting with associated alkali basaltic volcanism and collision of microplates with associated Miocene calk-alkaline volcanism) the continental lithosphere below NE Transdanubia may have experienced another rifting period in the Paleocene or Upper Cretaceous.With 7 Figures     

Fluid evolution in the Kolar Gold Field: evidence from fluid inclusion studies

Gold mineralization in the Kolar schist belt of the Dharwar craton occurs dominantly in the form of a sulfide-poor Au-quartz lode (the Champion lode exposed in the Mysore and other mines) and sulfide-rich auriferous lodes (from the Nundydroog mine). Fluid inclusion microthermometric experiments were conducted on primary inclusions in quartz intimately associated with Au-mineralization. Homogenization studies on aqueous-biphase (L + V), aqueous polyphase (L + V+ halite) and aqueous-carbonic (L_CO2± V_CO2 + L_aq) inclusions from the Champion lode furnish a temperature range of 120 to 420 °C. Freezing of aqueous biphase inclusions and dissolution of halite in the aqueous polyphase inclusions provide salinity of 5 to 50 wt.% NaCl equivalent. Fluid inclusion thermobarometry from the total homogenization of aqueous-carbonic inclusions and from intersecting isochores of coeval pure-carbonic (L_CO2± V_CO2) and pure-aqueous inclusions constrain the P-T path of evolution of the fluid in the Champion lode. Gold precipitation was likely to have been brought about in response to a sharp fall in pressure with attendant unmixing of liquid-CO₂ from the parent H₂O-CO₂ fluid of possible metamorphic origin. This would imply transportation of gold by some pressure-sensitive complex such as the Au-carbonyl. Fluid characteristics are different in the sulfide-rich auriferous lodes, as indicated by the virtual absence of the CO₂-bearing and the halite-bearing inclusions. The fluid evolution path, as evident from the crude positive colinearity of temperature and salinity, is due to mixing of a low (≤200 °C) temperature-low saline (≤7 wt.% NaCl equivalent) fluid with a high temperature (≥400 °C)-high saline (≥50 wt.% NaCl equivalent) fluid. The lack of CO₂ and association of Au with sulfides indicate a different mode of gold transport, as chloride or bisulfide complexing, deposition of which was possibly brought about by fluid mixing. Received: 17 April 1997 / Accepted: 30 June 1998     

超高压变质作用过程中的流体——来自苏鲁超高压变质岩岩石学、氧同位素和流体包裹体研究的限定

苏鲁造山带超高压变质岩岩石学、氧同位素、流体包裹体和名义上无水矿物的研究表明,流体-岩石相互作用在大陆地壳的俯冲与折返过程中起到多重的重要作用,并形成了复杂的流体演化过程：（1）大陆表壳岩通过与高纬度大气降水的交换作用被广泛水化,并获得了异常低的氧同位素成分;（2）在水化陆壳物质的俯冲过程中发生了一系列的进变质脱水反应,所释放的流体主要结合进了高压、超高压含水矿物和名义上无水超高压矿物;（3）在超高压变质过程中,以水为主的变质流体通过选择性的吸收使其盐度逐渐升高,并在峰期出现高密度、高盐度的H2O或CO2-H2O流体。有机质的分解反应在局部形成了以CO2、N2、CH4或它们的混合物为主要成分的变质流体;（4）名义上无水超高压矿物的结构水出溶是早期退变质流体的主要来源,并在局部富集形成了高压变质脉体;（5）透入性的中、低盐度水流体活动使超高压变质岩通过一系列的水化反应转变成角闪岩相变质岩;（6）沿韧性剪切带和脆性破碎带的强烈水流体活动为绿片岩相退变质作用和低压石英脉的形成提供了变质流体;（7）可变盐度的H2O或CO2-H2O流体是整个超高压变质岩形成与折返过程中的主要流体,但局部的流体．岩石相互作用形成了非极性的变质流体。     

浅变质烃源岩生物标志物地球化学—以漠河盆地漠河组为例

漠河盆地漠河组发育有浅变质烃源岩,目前还未见对其生物标志物地球化学的公开报道。为了探讨其生标特征,应用生标参数判识烃源岩的沉积环境、有机母质来源和热演化程度而展开本项研究。结果表明：（1）饱和烃碳数分布范围为C11~C27,以C17为主峰;轻重比（∑C21-/∑C22+）为4.0~6.3,平均为5.3;OEP为1.23~1.37,平均为1.31;Pr/Ph为0.9~1.4,平均值为1.2;伽马蜡烷指数为0.23~0.30,平均为0.27;升藿烷指数为0.04~0.06;（2）萜烷中藿烷的相对含量最高,其次为三环萜烷,四环萜烷的相对含量最低;规则甾烷的相对含量为C29>C27>C28,C27、C28、C29ααα-规则甾烷（20R）的相对峰高呈“V”字型;（3）重排甾烷和重排藿烷的相对含量较低;β-胡萝卜烷、奥利烷和25-降藿烷的峰形特征明显。综合多项生标参数并结合沉积环境和构造演化特征分析认为,漠河组浅变质烃源岩沉积于强还原的湖泊环境、沉积水体具有一定的盐度,有机质为陆生高等植物和低等水生生物双重来源,现已热演化至高成熟阶段。     

Quench textures in pillow basalt from the Andaman-Nicobar Islands,Bay of Bengal,India

Tholeiitic pillow basalt from the South Andaman island, an integral part of the outer sedimentary arc of the Sunda-Burmese double chain arc system in the Bay of Bengal, is characterized by the occurrence of several morphologies of quenched crystals of plagioclase and pyroxene. Plagioclase shows a swallow tail, belt-buckle, rosette and closely spaced fan-spherulites pattern while pyroxene has elongate parallel chain, dendritic, spherulitic and finely ornamented feathery spherulitic habit. Most of these textures are identical to those reported from submarine basalts, lunar basalts, spinifex textured rocks and experimentally produced textures. The occurrence of these quench textures in the Andaman basalt suggests that they were formed by rapid cooling at 30–70°C/h in a submarine environment.     

Fluid inclusion studies in apatite from carbonatites of the Wasaki area of western Kenya

Apatites from the carbonatites contain relatively large (up to 120μ), aqueous, CO₂-rich, saline inclusions. Homogenisation temperature determinations show that the minimum formation temperature of these apatites ranged from 200°C to 484°C. The mode of homogenisation of inclusion in the Wasaki sövite apatites indicates that these apatites crystallised from a supercritical fluid. A higher estimate of the formation temperature of the apatites from this sample (500°C–590°C) was obtained from the solution temperature of a transient phase (probably Na₂CO₃) precipitated from the inclusion-fluid at elevated temperatures. These fluids are considered to represent trapped portions of a fluid carbonatite magma.     

Pumpellyites in two low grade metamorphic terranes North of Newcastle,NSW Australia

Microprobe analyses of pumpellyites from rocks of variable chemistry formed under similar metamorphic conditions in two Palaeozoic, low grade metamorphic terranes show that they have an extreme range in composition (FeO^*=0.9–22.96) and that Fe²⁺Mg²⁺ and Fe³⁺Al³⁺ are the dominant substitutions. A less extreme variation in composition of pumpellyites has been noted in samples taken from a metamorphosed differentiated metadolerite. On an A1-Fe^*-Mg diagram, these pumpellyites extend through the fields of high pressure to low pressure terranes, indicating that pumpellyite compositions should be used with caution when determining metamorphic conditions.Bulk chemical composition of the host rock does not appear to be a controlling factor in determining pumpellyite compositions. Rather, intensity of alteration, particularly of opaque mineral phases, fluid chemistry and variation in oxidation potential are considered to be more important variables. Coexisting epidote and composition of the precursor mineral also appear to be important in some rocks.     

江西大吉山钨多金属矿床流体包裹体研究

大吉山钨矿床是赣南地区的一个大型钨多金属矿床,由石英脉型钨矿体和花岗岩浸染型钨、钽、铌、铍矿体构成.在详细的岩相学观察的基础上,文章采用“流体包裹体组合”法,对石英脉型矿体和花岗岩浸染型矿体石英中的流体包裹体进行了显微测温和拉曼探针分析.研究表明,与石英脉型矿体成矿相关的流体为中-高温、中-低盐度的NaCl-H2O-CO2-CH4±N2体系,与花岗岩浸染型矿体成矿相关的流体为高温、中-低盐度的NaCl-H2O±CO2±CH4体系,两者流体的性质不同.笔者认为,在流体体系冷却过程中,所发生的以CO2逸失为特征的流体不混溶作用是石英脉型矿体的主要形成机制,而花岗岩浸染型矿体中金属元素的沉淀则主要由流体体系的冷却作用所致,这两类矿体的成矿流体的来源可能不同.     

Genesis of carbonate aggregates in lamprophyres from the northeastern Transdanubian Central Range, Hungary: Magmatic or hydrothermal origin?

Summary Carbonate aggregates in Late Cretaceous lamprophyre dikes of the northeastern Transdanubian Central Range (TCR) in Northwest Hungary have been classified into three genetic groups. Type-I dolomite + calcite ± magnesite aggregates have petrographic and geochemical features similar to ocelli described by other workers. Fluid inclusions in Type-I aggregates homogenize between 77 and 204 °C and are of hydrothermal origin. Type-II aggregates are characterized by a polygonal shape and are mostly dolomite. Based on their shape and primary fluid inclusions which homogenize between 95 and 172 °C, these carbonate aggregates are interpreted to fill vugs produced by the dissolution of olivine phenocrysts. Type-III carbonate aggregates show an irregular to polygonal shape and distinct compositional zonation and contain secondary aqueous fluid inclusions. Homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions are below 104 °C, and zonation patterns suggest partial recrystallization. These carbonate aggregates are most likely xenoliths and xenocrysts from the wall rocks of the lamprophyre melt conduits.     

泰国西部比洛克(Pilok)锡钨矿流体包裹体研究及矿床成因

对泰缅毗邻区比洛克锡钨矿区含矿石英脉进行了流体包裹体分析。包裹体岩相学研究表明,流体主要为富液相包裹体和H₂ O-CO₂三相包裹体。显微测温分析结果显示,均一温度为200~350℃,盐度(w (NaCl))为0.43%~12.42%,石英脉中H₂ O-CO₂三相包裹体成矿压力为102~350mPa,估算成矿深度在0.34~1.37 km。这些数据表明,石英脉型钨锡矿主要形成于岩浆演化晚期的中高温岩体顶部。结合前人稳定同位素等分析结果,认为比洛克锡钨矿存在4个矿化阶段:(1)早期高温产于细粒花岗岩内的黑钨矿±锡石±黄铁矿矿化;(2)与石英±钾长石脉有关的黑钨矿矿化;(3)叠加在中期钾化和钨矿化上的云英岩型锡矿化;(4)晚期中高温(220~350℃)低盐度(< 5% NaCl_eq.)混合流体为主的石英脉型钨锡矿化。结合研究区的区域构造演化及岩浆演化特征研究,建立了比洛克锡钨矿的找矿模型,并对该区进一步找矿提出建议。     

湖南锡田钨锡多金属矿床流体包裹体研究

锡田钨锡多金属矿床是南岭钨锡成矿带的重要组成部分。文章主要针对石英脉型钨锡矿和云英岩型钨矿中的石英流体包裹体进行了显微测温和激光拉曼光谱分析,流体包裹体分为4类:富液相两相水溶液包裹体(L型)、富气相两相水溶液包裹体(V型)、V_(CO_2)-L_(CO_2)-L_(H_2O)三相包裹体(C型)和含子晶三相包裹体(S型)。石英脉型钨锡矿均一温度为240~440℃,ω(NaCl_(eq))为1.4%~9.5%,云英岩型钨矿均一温度为370~470℃,且富锡石样品均一温度(t_h:310~420℃,ω(NaCl_(eq))为4.3%~9.5%)略高于富黑钨矿样品(t_h:240~340℃,ω(NaCl_(eq))为1.4%~7.7%)。流体包裹体气相成分主要为CO_2、CH_4、N_2。结合流体包裹体显微测温、激光拉曼光谱分析结果和野外矿床地质特征,探讨了成矿流体中N_2、CH_4的源区、W和Sn的赋存状态以及其成矿机制。W以一系列钨酸、钨酸根离子、碱金属钨酸盐赋存于流体中,Sn主要赋存状态为Sn(+2价)-Cl络合物。石英脉型钨锡矿因流体上升至花岗岩体或围岩的构造裂隙中,成矿流体与围岩相互反应以及与地壳流体与大气水混合,其p、t急剧下降以及流体pH值变化,导致黑钨矿沉淀,成矿流体从还原环境转为氧化环境致使锡石沉淀成矿。云英岩型钨矿有效成矿机制是流体沸腾或不混溶。     

湖南芙蓉锡多金属矿床流体包裹体地球化学研究

湖南芙蓉锡多金属矿床是中国最近发现的具有巨大找矿潜力的锡矿田，本文对白蜡水矿区和狗头岭矿区中主要的4种矿化类型（矽卡岩型、蚀变花岗岩、锡石硫化物型、云英岩型）进行了系统的流体包裹体研究，研究表明：该矿床中流体包裹体类型复杂，包括富含CO₂包裹体、气液包裹体、含子晶包裹体和气相包裹体。成矿流体为富含CO₂、CH₄等挥发分的高盐度、高温度的岩浆期后热液，成矿流体压力为1800~179 bar。锡成矿过程早期曾发生过流体不混溶和沸腾作用。CO₂相的分离导致热液流体的pH值升高，低盐度、低温大气降水的混入，导致成矿流体的温度进一步降低和锡石的沉淀。     

Fluid inclusion studies of the polymetallic hydrothermal ore deposits in bolivia

Homogenization temperature and salinity were determined for fluid inclusions in mostly quartz and partly sphalerite, cassiterite, and barite from the 28 tin-polymetallic ore deposits in Bolivia. Generally, the homogenization temperatures and salinities of these fluid inclusions are comparatively high for ore deposits formed by cassiterite mineralization, such as Morococala and Avicaya in the Oruro district, frequently indicating a temperature higher than 300°C and salinity higher than 20 equiv. wt% NaCl. Particularly, it is quite possible that tin deposits associated with the W-Bi and tourmaline mineralizations such as Viloco and Caracoles have been produced by such high-temperature hypersaline fluid ranging up to 500°C and 56 equiv. wt% NaCl, similar to the porphyry copper type. This feature reveals that the hydrothermal fluid related to the Sn-W-Bi mineralization may be of magmatic origin. Homogenization temperatures for the Pb-Zn deposits with no tin minerals are low, mostly ranging 170°–300°C. At the Avicaya-Bolivar mining area in the Oruro district as well as at the Tasna and Chocaya-Animas mining areas in the Quechisla district temperature gradients consistent with the zonal distributions of ore minerals were confirmed.     

大厂锡多金属矿田铜坑-长坡矿床流体包裹体研究

铜坑-长坡锡石硫化物矿床是桂西北大厂矿田中的一个超大型矿床,由浅部的脉状矿体和中-深部的层状矿体组成。文章应用显微测温和激光拉曼光谱分析对铜坑-长坡矿床进行了系统的流体包裹体参数和成分的测试。结果显示,铜坑-长坡矿床脉状和层状矿体的流体包裹体具有相同特征,包裹体的类型主要有CO2型和NaCl-H2O型。3个成矿阶段的均—温度分别为：270～365℃,210～240℃和140～190℃。早阶段(Ⅰ、Ⅱ阶段)成矿流体成分主要为CO2和H2O,含少量CH4和H2S,密度为0．324～1．093g／cm^3,盐度w(NaCleq)主要集中于1％～7％;晚阶段(Ⅲ阶段)成矿流体成分主要为H2O,且Ca^2 和Mg^2 含量增加,密度为0．893～0．972g／Cm^3,盐度w(NaCleq)主要集中于3％～10％。流体包裹体特征和He、Ar、S同位素组成共同表明,铜坑-长坡矿床脉状及层状矿体具有相同的成矿物质来源和相同的成因,成矿作用与燕山期构造、岩浆热事件有关。基于^3He／^4He比值高和富CO2流体的存在,认为在铜坑-长坡矿床成矿过程中有深部地幔流体的参与。     

Imprints of hydrocarbon-bearing basinal fluids on a karst system: mineralogical and fluid inclusion studies from the Buda Hills,Hungary

Calcite veins and related sulphate–sulphide mineralisation are common in the Buda Hills. Also, abundant hypogenic caves are found along fractures filled with these minerals pointing to the fact that young cave-forming fluids migrated along the same fractures as the older mineralising fluids did. The studied vein-filling paragenesis consists of calcite, barite, fluorite and sulphides. The strike of fractures is consistent—NNW–SSE—concluding a latest Early Miocene maximum age for the formation of fracture-filling minerals. Calcite crystals contain coeval primary, hydrocarbon-bearing- and aqueous inclusions indicating that also hydrocarbons have migrated together with the mineralising fluids. Hydrocarbon inclusions are described here for the first time from the Buda Hills. Mixed inclusions, i.e., petroleum with ‘water-tail’, were also detected, indicating that transcrystalline water migration took place. The coexistence of aqueous and petroleum inclusions permitted to establish the entrapment temperature (80°C) and pressure (85 bar) of the fluid and thus also the thickness of sediments, having been eroded since latest Early Miocene times, was calculated (800 m). Low salinity of the fluids (<1.7 NaCl eq. wt%) implies that hydrocarbon-bearing fluids were diluted by regional karst water. FT-IR investigations revealed that CO₂ and CH₄ are associated with hydrocarbons. Groundwater also contains small amounts of HC and related gases on the basin side even today. Based on the location of the paleo- and recent hydrocarbon indications, identical migration pathways were reconstructed for both systems. Hydrocarbon-bearing fluids are supposed to have migrated north-westward from the basin east to the Buda Hills from the Miocene on.     

Fluid inclusion studies of a new type of ore deposit: Porphyry tungsten occurrence in China

Lianhuashan mine in South China represents a new type of tungsten ore which can be described as a porphyry tungsten deposit. It is associated with a quartz porphyry stock of Yenshanian age (about 70–135 m. y.). The ore occurs in zone surrounding the contact of the quartz porphyry with Jurassic sandstone and extends into both rock bodies. The ore occurs either as the matrix of breccia or in the form of a very fine network of cross cutting veinlets. The major tungsten minerals are wolframite and scheelite associated with sulfide minerals of Mo, Fe, Cu, Pb and cassiterite. The minerals are fine-grained. There is zoned alteration in the wall rocks. From the center of the quartz porphyry toward the wall rocks one finds: potassic alteration, silicification-sericitization, and chloritization. All these features are similar to those of porphyry copper mineralization. Fluid inclusion studies show three types of inclusion: liquid-rich (Type I), gas-rich (Type II), and polyphase with daughter minerals (Type III) fluid inclusions. The homogenization temperatures of Type I range from 210° to 380°C, with a salinity of 2–15 wt.% NaCl equiv., those of Type II from 270° to 420°C, and those of Type III from 240° to 400°C with a salinity of 31–33 wt.% NaCl equiv. The closely associated group of gas-rich and daughter mineral-bearing fluid inclusions homogenized at almost the same temperatures. Such results indicate boiling of oreforming fluids. These fluid inclusion data indicate that low salinity (Type I) and high salinity fluids (Type III) responsible for porpb yry copper deposits are the same as those for porphyry tungsten ore deposits. These observations suggest that the Lianhuashan tungsten ore deposit is a porphyry tungsten deposit and was formed by hydrothermal fluids similar to those responsible for the well-known porphyry copper deposits.     

新疆地区侏罗系中低变质煤储层吸附特征及煤层气资源前景

利用高压吸附仪对新疆主要沉积盆地侏罗系煤储层的甲烷吸附能力进行了测试。测试结果表明中低变质煤的吸附能力普遍较低 ,且吸附能力随煤镜质组反射率值的增加而增加 ,随煤中水分的增加而减小 ,其原因与煤的微孔特征有关。根据煤储层的吸附兰氏体积 ,新疆侏罗系煤储层可分为 4类区 ,并认为新疆具有煤层气资源前景的地区分布在煤的吸附兰氏体积大于 12m3 /t的第三类区及第四类区     

西藏冈底斯中段雄村铜金矿床流体包裹体研究

对西藏雄村铜金矿开展了系统的流体包裹体岩相学研究、显微测温和单个包裹体拉曼光谱分析。研究揭示雄村铜金矿床流体包裹体均一温度范围为121～382℃,成矿主体温度范围为150～250℃,均一压力范围为1.94×105～45.92×105Pa;铜矿化阶段盐度范围为1.23%～36.61%,总体盐度分布表现为3个不连续区间;铜矿化阶段存在高盐度流体,金矿化阶段为低温低盐度流体。雄村矿床温度、压力特征与浅成热液矿床基本一致,但盐度偏高,成矿流体组成以高Ca2+和富含CO2、N2、CH4为特征,主要离子组成为Na+_Ca2+_K+_Cl-_SO2-4。雄村铜金矿床成矿流体为一复杂的不混溶体系,至少存在3种流体端员,即富CO2_N2_CH4气体端员、低盐度水溶液端员和高盐度水溶液端员,流体不混溶是雄村矿床金属沉淀的一个重要机制。雄村矿床兼具高硫化和低硫化浅成热液矿床某些典型特征,但与典型的高硫化和低硫化浅成热液矿床又存在差异,为一“较为特殊的浅成热液矿床”。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东北缘高头窑地区中侏罗世植物群的发现

系统研究了鄂尔多斯盆地东北缘高头窑一带的中侏罗统延安组植物化石，18属31种。其组成特征表明，当前植物群属于典型的Coniopteris-Phoenicopsis植物群，其时代为中侏罗世。与植物群伴生的昆虫化石的研究提供了一致的时代意见。