Editorial: Reflections from Ireland

Responses of governance systems to change in coastal and marine ecosystems vary from country to country around the globe. Lessons can be learned from country specific case studies, as national governments strive to adapt and respond to issues of concern. This short paper highlights the benefits of a country-specific, special edition of Marine Policy, with a focus on Ireland. Despite the uniqueness of socio-ecological setting, many of the issues faced by policy makers in Ireland, such as the reconciliation of economic development and conservation needs, are shared elsewhere. This special edition was produced at the end of the ‘Celtic Tiger’ in Ireland. As a result, it reflects an era when economic development was very much a priority. The same period represented an unparalleled investment in marine science since the foundation of the State in 1922. Despite this, the papers in the Special Edition point to varying degrees of progress in policy integration and implementation. Papers covering a range of sectors (fisheries, ocean energy, conservation and fisheries) and disciplines (economics, science and management) will be of interest to academics, policy makers, students and practitioners of marine policy.     

美国卓越海洋教育中心简介

<正>美国卓越海洋教育中心成立的背景2000 年, 美国国家科学基金会(NSF)组织美国中小学教育工作者、海洋科学家、信息技术专家和高校教师代     

Editorial: Naming of undersea features

Editorial: Naming of undersea features     

海洋微生物技术

海洋生物技术学（ＭａｒｉｎｅＢｉｏｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ,或称海洋生物工程学）兴起于本世纪８０年代。海洋微生物技术是海洋生物技术学的一个组成部分。文中就抗生素、抗心血管化合物、抗病毒及抗肿瘤化合物、海洋生物毒素及酶等海洋生物活性物质,生物粘膜和生物污着,海洋污染的生物治理及水产养殖动物病害诊断与防治等海洋微生物技术的最新进展作了比较全面的综述。     

Geotechnical Engineering Issues in Ocean Waste Disposal: A Review

Marine pollution has received considerable attention during the past few years as the news media has focused on such topics as contaminated seafoods, algae blooms, fish and mammal kills, and dirty beaches. The source of these pollution problems are many and include: sewage outfalls, industrial discharges, storm runoff from agricultural lands and metropolitan areas, waste sludges, dredge materials, and highly concentrated chemical and radioactive wastes. Although the United Nations has banned marine dumping, there is still the problem of legacy wastes and low level discharges into the coastal zone. Disposal of these wastes in the marine environment typically involves either: their placement directly on or within the seabed or dilution in the water column. If wastes are diluted in the water column, they have the potential to be adsorbed onto the surface of sediment particles which are settling to the seabed. As particles settle through the water column they are subjected to extensive dispersal and may eventually be injested by bottom-feeding organisms or bio-accumulation by plankton and, thus, enter the food chain. Geotechnical engineers working as members of multidisciplinary teams apply quantitative knowledge about the behavior and physical performance of earth materials toward designing systems for disposing of these wastes in the oceans and aid in monitoring waste disposal sites. In dredged material disposal geotechnical engineers assist in selecting disposal equipment, predict stable characteristics of dredged material mounds, design mound caps, and predict erodibility of the material. With sewage outfalls, geotechnical engineers design foundation and anchor elements, estimate scour potential around the outfalls, and determine the stability of deposits made up of discharged materials. Geotechnical engineers also consider the influence that pollutants have on the engineering behavior of marine sediment and the extent to which changes in behavior affect the performance of structures founded on the sediment. In each of these roles, careful application of geotechnical engineering principles can contribute toward more efficient and environmentally safe disposal operations.     

Geotechnical Engineering Issues in Ocean Waste Disposal: A Review

Marine pollution has received considerable attention during the past few years as the news media has focused on such topics as contaminated seafoods, algae blooms, fish and mammal kills, and dirty beaches. The source of these pollution problems are many and include: sewage outfalls, industrial discharges, storm runoff from agricultural lands and metropolitan areas, waste sludges, dredge materials, and highly concentrated chemical and radioactive wastes. Although the United Nations has banned marine dumping, there is still the problem of legacy wastes and low level discharges into the coastal zone. Disposal of these wastes in the marine environment typically involves either: their placement directly on or within the seabed or dilution in the water column. If wastes are diluted in the water column, they have the potential to be adsorbed onto the surface of sediment particles which are settling to the seabed. As particles settle through the water column they are subjected to extensive dispersal and may eventually be injested by bottom-feeding organisms or bio-accumulation by plankton and, thus, enter the food chain. Geotechnical engineers working as members of multidisciplinary teams apply quantitative knowledge about the behavior and physical performance of earth materials toward designing systems for disposing of these wastes in the oceans and aid in monitoring waste disposal sites. In dredged material disposal geotechnical engineers assist in selecting disposal equipment, predict stable characteristics of dredged material mounds, design mound caps, and predict erodibility of the material. With sewage outfalls, geotechnical engineers design foundation and anchor elements, estimate scour potential around the outfalls, and determine the stability of deposits made up of discharged materials. Geotechnical engineers also consider the influence that pollutants have on the engineering behavior of marine sediment and the extent to which changes in behavior affect the performance of structures founded on the sediment. In each of these roles, careful application of geotechnical engineering principles can contribute toward more efficient and environmentally safe disposal operations.     

贝类神经内分泌和免疫系统对环境胁迫的响应

贝类养殖在中国海水养殖业中占有重要的地位，其产量占中国海水养殖总量的80%以上，也是出口创汇的主要对象。近年来栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)等贝类的大规模死亡制约了相关产业的发展，而导致栉孔扇贝(C.farreri)大规模死亡的直接病因是一种球形病毒(贺桂珍等， 2003；王崇明等，2002)，养殖海区生态环境的胁迫作用是其大规模死亡的重要诱因(张福绥等，1999)。在多种胁迫因子的协同作用下，贝类抗病力下降、病原体大量繁殖，从而引起大规模死亡。因此，系统地研究贝类神经内分泌和免疫系统对环境胁迫作用的响应是十分必要的。 胁迫反应指胁迫因子引起的机体在生物体、组织及分子水平上的行为学、细胞学和生化反应，包括神经内分泌反应、免疫反应以及多种行为反应(Bayne et al.，1975)。贝类胁迫反应尤其是神经内分泌反应及免疫反应的研究刚刚起步，国内相关报道很少。本文作者综述了国际有关贝类神经内分泌反应及免疫反应的研究进展，以期为国内在此领域的研究提供参考依据。