Determination of the variance of rough water surface slopes by the distortion of Snell’s circle boundary

We studied the opportunities of diagnostic of the wind roughness by distortions of Snell’s circle boundary images, i.e., images of the sky observed from underwater through a rough water surface. Models of random realization and statistically average image of Snell’s circle which takes into account various condition of illumination (overcast sky, clear sky and isotropic distribution of sky radiance) have been developed. Formulas for definition of slope variance of the sea surface by distortion of Snell’s circle boundary for one-dimensional roughness have been received. Dependence of accuracy of definition of slope variance on time of image averaging, depth of receiver diving, wind speed, range of waves forming the roughness, have been analyzed by the method of computer modeling. It has been shown on the basis of numerical calculation and experimental data that waves with length from millimeters to meters can be shown in the image of Snell’s circle depending from depth of receiver diving, receiver resolution and water turbidity.     

On observing underwater objects through a wavy water surface: A new algorithm for image correction and laboratory experiment

The possibility of correcting refraction distortions in images of the sea bottom or an underwater object observed through a wavy water surface is studied. A fast-operating algorithm of recovering the “regular” image by its random realization and spatial distribution of surface slopes at the instant of observation has been proposed and approbated. A technique of determining surface slopes by the surface image with the following correction of the underwater object image based on the data about the surface slopes has been developed under conditions of a laboratory experiment.     

A comparison of inter-frame feature measures for robust objectclassification in sector scan sonar image sequences

This paper presents an investigation of the robustness of an inter-frame feature measure classifier for underwater sector scan sonar image sequences. In the initial stages the images are of either divers or remotely operated vehicles (ROV's). The inter-frame feature measures are derived from sequences of sonar scans to characterize the behavior of the objects over time. The classifier has been shown to produce error rates of 0%-2% using real nonnoisy images. The investigation looks at the robustness of the classifier with increased noise conditions and changes in the filtering of the images. It also identifies a set of features that are less susceptible to increased noise conditions and changes in the image filters. These features are the mean variance, and the variance of the rate of change in time of the intra-frame feature measures area, perimeter, compactness, maximum dimension and the first and second invariant moments of the objects. It is shown how the performance of the classifier can be improved. Success rates of up to 100% were obtained for a classifier trained under normal noise conditions, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) around 9.5 dB, and a noisy test sequence of SNR 7.6 dB     

A detection model of underwater topography with a series of SAR images acquired at different time

underwater topography is one of oceanic features detected by Synthetic Aperture Radar. Underwater topography SAR imaging mechanism shows that tidal current is the important factor for underwater topography SAR imaging. Thus under the same wind field condition, SAR images for the same area acquired at different time include different information of the underwater topography. To utilize synchronously SAR images acquired at different time for the underwater topography SAR detection and improve the precision of detection, based on the detection model of underwater topography with single SAR image and the periodicity of tidal current, a detection model of underwater topography with a series of SAR images acquired at different time is developed by combing with tide and tidal current numerical simulation. To testify the feasibility of the presented model, Taiwan Shoal located at the south outlet of Taiwan Strait is selected as study area and three SAR images are used in the underwater topography detection. The detection results are compared with the field observation data of water depth carried out by R/V Dongfanghong 2, and the errors of the detection are compared with those of the single SAR image. All comparisons show that the detection model presented in the paper improves the precision of underwater topography SAR detection, and the presented model is feasible.     

Crucial physical characteristics of sea ice in the Arctic section of 143°-180°W during August and early September 2008

潮流是水下地形SAR成像的决定性因素之一,潮流的周期性变化使水下地形SAR成像与潮流场有密切的关系,同一水下地形不同时刻SAR影像不同。以台湾浅滩为例,基于5景不同时相的ERS-2 SAR影像和台湾浅滩实测水深数据,开展了水下地形SAR成像与潮流场的相关性分析。为了排除SAR影像自身成像质量对研究的影响,首先对5景SAR影像的成像质量进行评价,然后通过潮汐潮流数值计算确定SAR成像时刻的潮流场以及基于QuikScat散射计数据确定SAR成像时刻的海面风向。在上述基础上开展了SAR影像后向散射系数与实测水深的相关性分析,总结出水下地形SAR成像与潮流场的关系,结果表明,潮流场与水下地形SAR成像密切相关,当潮流流向与水下地形梯度方向一致或接近时,水下地形SAR成像效果最佳;对于同一水下地形,流向相反的两种潮流对应的SAR影像后向散射系数恰好相反,即SAR影像中的明暗条纹不同。相对于潮流流向的顺流与逆流风向的不同对水下地形SAR成像无影响。     

水下地形SAR成像与潮流场的相关性分析示例

潮流是水下地形SAR成像的决定性因素之一,潮流的周期性变化使水下地形SAR成像与潮流场有密切的关系,同一水下地形不同时刻SAR影像不同。以台湾浅滩为例,基于5景不同时相的ERS-2 SAR影像和台湾浅滩实测水深数据,开展了水下地形SAR成像与潮流场的相关性分析。为了排除SAR影像自身成像质量对研究的影响,首先对5景SAR影像的成像质量进行评价,然后通过潮汐潮流数值计算确定SAR成像时刻的潮流场以及基于QuikScat散射计数据确定SAR成像时刻的海面风向。在上述基础上开展了SAR影像后向散射系数与实测水深的相关性分析,总结出水下地形SAR成像与潮流场的关系,结果表明,潮流场与水下地形SAR成像密切相关,当潮流流向与水下地形梯度方向一致或接近时,水下地形SAR成像效果最佳;对于同一水下地形,流向相反的两种潮流对应的SAR影像后向散射系数恰好相反,即SAR影像中的明暗条纹不同。相对于潮流流向的顺流与逆流风向的不同对水下地形SAR成像无影响。     

海气热通量算法的改进及应用

COARE模型是国际上常用的计算海气热通量的算法,其风速适用范围可达20m/s,但未包含飞沫等高风速下的影响因子,将其直接扩展到20m/s以上风速的海况存在不合理性。本文提出了适合各种风速条件下的包含飞沫影响的海面动力粗糙度长度参数化方案,并利用该方案改进了COARE 3.0模型。利用南海浮标的观测数据,根据改进的COARE 3.0模型计算了海气热通量,分析了飞沫对海气热通量的影响。结果表明,在0～20m/s风速范围内,感热通量与潜热通量主要由海气温差和海气湿差决定,与波龄的相关性很小,飞沫对热通量无显著影响。当风速大于20m/s,感热通量和潜热通量与海气温差和海气湿差的相关性减小,与波龄的相关性增加,潜热通量与波龄呈现负相关。考虑飞沫的效应后,总热通量明显增加,飞沫所增加的感热通量平均可占界面感热通量的38.89%,飞沫所增加的潜热通量平均占界面潜热通量的39.19%。     

蒸发波导条件下风速风向对电磁波传播的影响

海洋蒸发波导是重要的军事敏感要素,严重影响着海上电磁波的传播。风向、风速是决定蒸发波导强弱的重要因素,为精确模拟蒸发波导条件下的电磁波传播,准确评估预报雷达、通信等电子设备的性能,文中利用抛物线方程模型,结合粗糙度参数和蒸发波导条件下大气修正折射指数廓线模型来求解电磁波波动方程,基于电磁波传播的数值模拟结果,重点研究蒸发波导条件下风速和风向对电磁波传播的影响。并得到如下结论:在同一传播距离处,风速越大,海面粗糙度越大,海面电磁波传播损耗就越大;当电磁波传播方向与风向夹角为0°时,其传播路径损耗远远大于在45°或90°条件下,即顺风条件下电磁波传播损耗大于侧风。     

基于MISR多角度光学遥感影像的海面风速估算实验

太阳耀光是来自粗糙海面的直接太阳反射光,其强度与海面粗糙度密切相关,而海面粗糙度主要受海面风场影响。因此,包含太阳耀光信息的光学遥感影像在海洋动力过程和海面风速探测中具有积极意义。本文利用2016年2月到2017年3月期间成像的25幅Terra卫星MISR(Multi-angle Imaging Spectro Radiometer)传感器的多角度遥感影像,分别提取了太阳的高度角和方位角、正视和后视影像的卫星观测角、方位角等信息,校正获得正视和后视影像的太阳耀光辐射强度,进一步反演海表面粗糙度信息,进而计算海面风速。最后利用ECMWF(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts)的模式风速数据与反演获得的风速结果进行对比验证。结果表明,两者的相关系数较高(R=0.745),均方根误差和平均绝对偏差值分别为1.514 m·s^-1和1.319 m·s^-1。初步实验结果表明,利用MISR多角度光学遥感影像估算海表面风速是可行性的。     

一种基于平稳小波变换的海底管线边缘检测方法

海底影像存在着对比度低、噪声污染严重、图像质量差等问题，采用传统算子的海底管线边缘图像中含有大量的无用和断裂边缘信息。文中将多尺度边缘检测和匹配跟踪相结合，提出利用平稳小波变换的海底管线边缘检测方法；在提取边缘的同时利用匹配跟踪手段对噪声干扰进行抑制，提高图像目标边缘检测质量。通过对海底管线和测试图像边缘检测实验表明，文中所提出的方法在抑制图像噪声的干扰、提高水下目标边缘完整性方面明显优于传统的边缘提取算子，证明该算法的有效性。     

Probability Distribution of Surface Wave Slope Derived Using Sun Glitter Images from Geostationary Meteorological Satellite and Surface Vector Winds from Scatterometers

The probability distribution of the sea surface slope has been estimated using sun glitter images derived from the visible wavelength radiometer on the Geostationary Meteorological Satellite (GMS) and surface vector winds observed by spaceborne scatterometers. The brightness of the visible images is converted to the probability of wave surfaces which reflect the sunlight toward GMS in grids of 0.25° × 0.25° (latitude × longitude). The slope and azimuth angle required for the reflection of the sun's rays toward GMS are calculated for each grid from the geometry of GMS observation and location of the sun. The GMS images are then collocated with surface wind data observed by three scatterometers. Using the collocated data set of about 30 million points obtained in a period of 4 years from 1995 to 1999, the probability distribution function of the surface slope is estimated as a function of wind speed and azimuth angle relative to the wind direction. The results are compared with those of Cox and Munk (1954a). The surface slope estimated by the present method shows a narrower distribution and much less directivity relative to the wind direction than that reported by Cox and Munk. It is expected that their data were obtained under conditions of growing wind waves. In general, wind waves are not always developing, and the slope distribution might differ from the results of Cox and Munk. Most of our data are obtained in the subtropical seas under clear-sky conditions. This difference in the conditions may be the reason for the difference of slope distribution. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

星载SAR对雨团催生海面风场的观测研究

雨团或对流雨是热带与亚热带地区的主要降雨形式,较易被高分辨率星载合成孔径雷达（SAR）探测到。SAR图像上的雨团足印是由大气中雨滴的散射与吸收、下沉气流等共同导致形成的。本文以RADARSAT-2卫星100 m分辨率的SAR图像上雨团引起的海面风场及其结构反演与解译作为实例进行分析。使用CMOD4地球物理模式函数,分别以NCEP再分析数据、欧洲MetOp-A卫星先进散射计（ASCAT）和中国HY-2卫星微波散射计的风向为外部风向,进行了SAR图像的海面风场反演。反演的海面风速相对于NCEP、ASCAT和HY-2的均方根误差（RMSE）分别为1.48 m/s,1.64 m/s和2.14 m/s。SAR图像上一侧明亮另一侧昏暗的圆形信号图斑被解译为雨团携带的下沉气流对海面风场（海面粗糙度）的改变所致。平行于海面背景风场其通过雨团圆形足印中心的剖面上的风速变化可拟合为正弦或余弦曲线,其拟合线性相关系数均不低于0.80。背景风场的风速大小、雨团引起的风速大小以及雨团足印的直径可利用拟合曲线获得,雨团足印的直径大小一般为数千米或数十千米,本文的8例个例解译与分析均验证了该结论。     

Correcting underwater images distorted by surface waves

An experiment on the correction of underwater images distorted by waves at the air-water interface was conducted using a laboratory modeling installation intended for experimental examination of light and image transfer across a water surface covered with waves. A digital color camera was used for the simultaneous formation of the image of the underwater test object through the disturbed surface and of the superimposed glitter pattern. Both images are spectrally separated. Processing the glitter pattern makes it possible to obtain the values of the surface slopes at a limited number of points and to use these slopes for retrieval of image fragments. The total corrected image is formed by integration of about 300 partially corrected fragments. This image is close to that obtained through a wave-free water surface.     

A New Video and Digital Camera System for Studies of the Dynamics of Microtopographic Features on Tidal Flats

A newly developed video and camera system for tidal flat microtopographic studies is presented. It consists of a SONY handy cam placed in an underwater housing mounted on a frame about 70 cm above the sediment surface. A rectangular surface area of 30 ×40 cm is imaged by the camera. The camera records video sequences and/or digital images at predetermined time lapses. The total number of images is about 540, and a similar number of 10-second long video sequences can be recorded. The camera is programmed with a PC before deployment, and the total deployment time depends on the time lapse between recordings. The camera is connected to an external power supply (12 volt), and a halogen projector pointing towards the sediment surface ensures that the system is operable on a 24-hours scale. The system has been tested in the Danish Wadden Sea. It has proved to be a very useful tool in studies of topographic effects of erosion and deposition sequences, and for studies of benthic organisms-sediment interactions. The test site was further equipped with sensors for water and seabed measurements, which proved to be indispensable regarding the interpretation of recorded image time-series.     

粗糙度与风浪特征量关系的研究

在实验室风浪槽中观测风浪和风速,研究粗糙度与波面特征量的关系,发现风浪谱宽度增加,粗糙度增大。在窄谱时,粗糙度随谱宽的增加变化不明显,当波陡降低,粗糙度降低;在宽谱时,当谱宽度增加,即使波陡降低,粗糙度仍可增大。这一结果表明,波陡不足以完全决定粗糙度。当风浪波龄增加,粗糙度呈下降趋势,但由于谱宽度对粗糙度的影响,当波龄增加,部分波浪可有较大的粗糙度。由于这一因素,在粗糙度与波龄关系的观测结果中,数据点的散落不完全由观测误差造成。     

用陆地卫星─5近红外图像观测胶州湾海况

对海洋上空卫星测得的近红外波段辐射所反映的信息进行理论分析，表明卫星近红外波段图像上反映的是海况信息。1986年11月5日陆地卫星TM6图像显示胶州湾海表温度的波状分布，TM2，TM3，TM4波段彩色合成图显示胶州湾的悬浮泥沙含量分布和泥沙运动。TM4图像显示在海洋波动和风力作用下的海况，并用实测潮汐资料、气象信息解译胶州湾海况。在胶州湾中、西部，悬浮泥沙含量较高，而TM4波段辐射值较低，图像阴暗，较高的泥沙含量并没有提高TM4波段的辐射值。胶州湾东部，悬浮泥沙含量较低，而TM4波段辐射值较高，图像明亮。TM4波段辐射值并不反映泥沙含量和海底深度，它们仅提供海洋表面粗糙度或海况信息。     

海上不同高度风速换算关系的研究

本文用海上石油平台上观测的风梯度资料,计算了在不同风况下海面摩擦速度和粗糙高度。结果表明,海面摩擦速度u_*与海上10m高度处风速u_(10)的关系为u_*=0.055u_(10)-0.058。在4—5级风时,海面平均摩擦速度为50cm/s,粗糙度为0.022m,它相当于陆上的平均粗糙高度。在风速为2—3级时,二者与海上通常采用的数据接近。文中最后给出了上述两种风况下海上不同高度的换算系数。     

A New Empirical Formula for the Aerodynamic Roughness of Water Surface Waves

A new empirical formula for the aerodynamic roughness of water surface waves has been derived from laboratory experimental results using dimensional analysis. The formula has different forms according to wind speed: at moderate wind speeds the formula is a function of the friction velocity of wind, the surface tension, the water density, the kinematic viscosity of water and the acceleration of gravity; at strong winds the formula is expressed by the Charnock relation. The aerodynamic roughness does not depend on such wave state parameters as the spectral peak frequency or the steepness of waves, unlike almost all parameterizations that have been proposed to date. The drag coefficient at moderate winds depends on the surface tension of water and the water temperature through the temperature dependence of the kinematic viscosity of water.     

A New Video and Digital Camera System for Studies of the Dynamics of Microtopographic Features on Tidal Flats

A newly developed video and camera system for tidal flat microtopographic studies is presented. It consists of a SONY handy cam placed in an underwater housing mounted on a frame about 70?cm above the sediment surface. A rectangular surface area of 30?×40?cm is imaged by the camera. The camera records video sequences and/or digital images at predetermined time lapses. The total number of images is about 540, and a similar number of 10-second long video sequences can be recorded. The camera is programmed with a PC before deployment, and the total deployment time depends on the time lapse between recordings. The camera is connected to an external power supply (12?volt), and a halogen projector pointing towards the sediment surface ensures that the system is operable on a 24-hours scale. The system has been tested in the Danish Wadden Sea. It has proved to be a very useful tool in studies of topographic effects of erosion and deposition sequences, and for studies of benthic organisms-sediment interactions. The test site was further equipped with sensors for water and seabed measurements, which proved to be indispensable regarding the interpretation of recorded image time-series.     

基于SAR图像雨团足印的海面风向提取方法

利用地球物理模式函数进行SAR海面风速反演时,需以风向作为地球物理模式函数的输入。本文应用了一种利用SAR图像上雨团足印顺风一侧比逆风一侧明亮的图像特征的海面风向提取方法,以进行海面风速反演。4景RADARSAT-2卫星SAR示例数据风向提取结果相对于ASCAT散射计的风向均方根误差满足不大于16°。分别以本文方法提取的风向和ASCAT散射计风向作为输入,利用地球物理模式函数CMOD5进行海面风速的SAR反演,两者的风速反演结果基本一致,其均方根误差差值不超过0.3 m/s。本文利用SAR图像雨团足印信息的风向提取方法准确可靠,可应用于SAR海面风速反演。