低勘探程度盆地模拟研究——以南黄海盆地北部坳陷为例

盆地模拟已成为当前沉积盆地研究的重要工具。南黄海盆地北部坳陷自裂陷期演化以来沉积了巨厚的中-新生代碎屑沉积,近年来的地质调查获取的数据为其盆地模拟研究提供了条件,本次研究在收集相关基础数据的基础上,首先对盆地构造热演化史进行了模拟,重建了盆地热史,模拟结果显示其古热流在中-晚侏罗世平均值约为61mW/m²,在约145-74Ma间不断上升至约80 mW/m²,随后缓慢下降至65 mW/m²,并持续到渐新世末期,据此将盆地演化阶段划分为裂前期、裂陷期及裂后期。盆地模拟结果显示北部坳陷在白垩纪逐步进入强裂陷演化阶段并经历快速沉积过程,至晚白垩纪裂陷发育程度中等,在此基础上,对研究区进行了三维盆地模拟,结果显示北部坳陷生烃门限深度大致位于古近系阜宁组顶部,下伏的侏罗系及白垩系烃源岩基本完成生排烃过程,其中侏罗系烃源岩生排烃主要发生在盆地发育的裂陷期及裂后期,而白垩系及古近系烃源岩生排烃主要发生在裂后期。尽管研究区尚处在低勘探程度阶段,但盆地模拟结果已能为研究区下一步的勘探提供重要的信息,此外,本次研究对模拟过程中的主要不确定性也进行了分析。     

北黄海盆地中生代地层的地质特征和油气潜力(英文)

位于山东半岛东北部的北黄海盆地沿东北方向可以延伸到朝鲜的西朝鲜湾盆地和安州盆地 ,而沿西南方向可以延伸到中国的胶莱盆地。长期以来该盆地的找油重点为第三系 ,结果收效甚微。2 0世纪 80年代末朝鲜在西朝鲜湾靠北黄海盆地一侧钻井数口且在中生代地层中发现了商业性油气流 ,自此中生代地层替代新生代第三纪地层成为人们关注的焦点 ,人们希望在北黄海盆地的中生代地层中也能找出商业性油气流。本文以李四光 ( 1 979)划分的新华夏系第二隆起带理论为指导 ,将胶莱盆地、北黄海盆地、西朝鲜湾盆地和安州盆地作为一个整体进行考虑 ,在详细分析了安州盆地、西朝鲜湾盆地和胶莱盆地的中生代地层分布、油气潜力及其类比关系后认为 ,北黄海盆地在基底结构及其上覆盖层的沉积特征上应具有与安州盆地、西朝鲜湾盆地和胶莱盆地相似的特征。目前 ,西朝鲜湾盆地和胶莱盆地在中生代地层中已取得重要的油气发现和油气显示 ,而它们主要是由下白垩统和上侏罗统组成。因此 ,我们有理由相信 ,北黄海盆地的中生代地层很可能成为有远景的勘探靶区。     

北黄海盆地地质构造特征及其演化

北黄海地区是我国研究程度最低的海区,各种情况表明,本区油气前景乐观。为了弄清北黄海盆地地质构造特征及其演化,在前人研究成果基础上,对北黄海盆地原有二维地震资料和重磁资料进行了重新处理和解释。资料处理采用了地震多次波压制技术、精细速度谱分析、位场延拓、小波多尺度分析、区域场和剩余场分解、方向导数分析以及重震联合反演等多种处理技术,对地球物理资料进行了综合解释。北黄海盆地结晶基底北低南高。褶皱基底呈NE向格局,埋深起伏变化较大。盆地主要发育NE向和NW向两组断裂。盆地被两条NE向的边界断裂所控制。NW向断裂是盆地内的次级断裂,控制了盆地内坳陷和隆起的分布范围和形态,使北黄海盆地形成三坳两隆的构造体系。规模较小的NE向3级断裂分布在坳陷内部,将坳陷分为不同规模的局部凹陷和局部隆起。火成岩主要分布在西部隆起带的南端和南部隆起带上,火成岩对坳陷内部影响不大。     

Lower Cretaceous lacustrine successions,North Yellow Sea Basin,eastern China: Rift basin sequence stratigraphy and stacking patterns in response to magmatic activity

A series of Mesozoic rift basins formed in eastern China were associated with magmatic activity and subduction along the Eurasia, Izanagi and Pacific plate margins. The impact of magmatic activity on lacustrine sequence development was documented with well-log and 3-D seismic data from the Jupiter Depression in the North Yellow Sea Basin. We identified key surfaces, retrogradational and progradational parasequence sets, and defined the characteristics of systems tracts and the internal sequence components for the Lower Cretaceous (K₁SQ1). A 2-D SEDPAK numerical stratigraphic forward modeling was used to further constrain sequence development in the Jupiter Depression by considering different modeling parameters and the spatial-temporal characteristics of magmatic activity. Modeling results were compared and matched with the sequence architecture observed from seismic and well interpretations. Magmatic activity impacts on the development of the K₁SQ1 sequence in the North Yellow Sea Basin include topographic variation, lake level fluctuation, and sediment supply ratios. Results suggest that magmatic upwelling uplifted the northwestern area of the Jupiter Depression and formed its slope break during the late Jurassic or early Cretaceous. Along with uplifting, relative lake level dropped sharply and lake accommodation was reduced, but with increased sediment supply. Therefore, sediment accumulated along the slope break as a lowstand systems tract. Later on, as lake level continuously rose, transgressive and highstand systems tracts were developed. The proposed stacking pattern provides an analog, and a useful model, for lacustrine sequence development in response to magmatic activities in eastern China and other rift basins of similar tectonic setting.     

Jurassic to Early Cretaceous basin configuration(s) in the Fingerdjupet Subbasin,SW Barents Sea

The Fingerdjupet Subbasin in the southwestern Barents Sea sits in a key tectonic location between deep rifts in the west and more stable platform areas in the east. Its evolution is characterized by extensional reactivation of N-S and NNE-SSW faults with an older history of Late Permian and likely Carboniferous activity superimposed on Caledonian fabrics. Reactivations in the listric NNE-SSW Terningen Fault Complex accommodated a semi-regional rollover structure where the Fingerdjupet Subbasin developed in the hangingwall. In parallel, the Randi Fault Set developed from outer-arc extension and collapse of the rollover anticline.N-S to NNE-SSW faults and the presence of other fault trends indicate changes in the stress regime relating to tectonic activity in the North Atlantic and Arctic regions. A latest Triassic to Middle Jurassic extensional faulting event with E-W striking faults is linked to activity in the Hammerfest Basin. Cessation of extensional tectonics before the Late Jurassic in the Fingerdjupet Subbasin, however, suggests rifting became localized to the Hammerfest Basin. The Late Jurassic was a period of tectonic quiescence in the Fingerdjupet Subbasin before latest Jurassic to Hauterivian extensional faulting, which reactivated N-S and NNE-SSW faults. Barremian SE-prograding clinoforms filled the relief generated during this event before reaching the Bjarmeland Platform. High-angle NW-prograding clinoforms on the western Bjarmeland Platform are linked to Early Barremian uplift of the Loppa High. The Terningen Fault Complex and Randi Fault Set were again reactivated in the Aptian along with other major fault complexes in the SW Barents Sea, leading to subaerial exposure of local highs. This activity ceased by early Albian. Post-upper Albian strata were removed by late Cenozoic uplift and erosion, but later tectonic activity has both reactivated E-W and N-S/NNE-SSW faults and also established a NW-SE trend.     

南黄海盆地中、古生界油气地质条件研究

南黄海盆地在以中、新生界为主开展的油气勘探历时近30年,至今未获工业油气流。而盆地中、古生界石油勘探程度很低．目前仅只有少数钻井钻遇中、古生界,对其基本油气地质条件认识存在不足。此文运用含油气系统理论和盆地模拟技术,利用钻井资料,类比下扬子陆区石油地质条件研究成果,对下扬子南黄海盆地中、古生界海相地层烃源岩、储层和盖层条件进行了初步研究,为该盆地中、古生界下一步油气勘探指出了有利方向。     

南黄海盆地北部坳陷北凹油气成藏特征的再认识

南黄海盆地北部坳陷北凹是一个大中型的中、新生代沉积凹陷,经过四十余年的油气勘探,至今仍无商业油气发现,仅发现诸城1-2一个含油气构造.北凹的油气勘探存在诸多问题,其中是否发育优质烃源岩、烃源岩能否生烃、油气是否运移至储层是关系到北凹油气勘探的基础地质问题.在对北凹主要烃源岩分析评价的基础上,采用流体包裹体系统分析技术,对北凹油气成藏特征展开研究.研究认为,北凹存在白垩系泰二段主力烃源岩,为中深湖相,生烃指标较好,分布面积较大,且现今已经成熟并排烃,生烃中心位于ZC-A井区.油气通过断裂发生垂向运移,已充注至始新统戴南组储层.流体包裹体荧光观察结果及显微测温结果均表明戴南组至少存在两期油充注,第一期发生在35 Ma左右,第二期为现今.     

黄海中部营养盐的贯跃层输运

黄海中部层化季节上下混合层的温差远高于其他近岸海区,温跃层较强,但通过湍流卷挟仍存在贯跃层物质输运。根据从能量平衡出发的混合层理论模型,计算了黄海中部上、下层的卷挟速度,根据3个航次调查资料,定量估计了层化季节贯跃层的营养盐输运。结果表明:下层黄海冷水团是真光层的营养盐储库,通过湍流卷挟夏季可带来15.9mgC·m-2·d-1的新生产,半个月之内它可以更新上层海洋的营养盐,与大气氮输入作用同量级,远大于大气磷输入;春秋两季贯跃层输入比大气氮输入更为重要,春秋季前者带来的新生产分别为初级生产力的21%和30%,而大气氮输入带来的新生产春季为初级生产的5.7%,秋季为初级生产的9.5%。在整个层化季节营养盐的贯跃层输运带来的新生产在整个初级生产中可能占有很大份额。秋末强风过程带来的强湍流卷挟,可在一周之内更新上层海洋的营养盐,并在风停后刺激上层初级生产的增加。     

Bottom-up control of phytoplankton growth in spring blooms in Central Yellow Sea,China

The source and significance of three nutrients – nitrogen, phosphorous and silicon – were investigated by a modified dilution method performed on seawater samples from the Central Yellow Sea (CYS), in spring blooming period of 2007. This modified dilution method accounted for the phytoplankton growth rate, microzooplankton grazing mortality rate, the internal and external nutrient pools, as well as nutrients supplied through remineralization by microzooplankton grazing. The results indicate that phytoplankton growth during the bloom is mostly contributed by internal nutrient pools (K_I=0.062–1.730). The external nutrient pools (K_E=<0–0.362) are also of importance for phytoplankton growth during the bloom at some sampling sites. Furthermore, the contribution of the recycled-nutrient pool by remineralization (K_R=<0–0.751) is significant when microzooplankton grazing rate was higher than 0.5 d⁻¹ during the spring phytoplankton blooms in the Central Yellow Sea. Compared with internal phosphorus, internal nitrogen and silicon contribute more to the phytoplankton production at most sampling stations.     

黄海海域的中朝造山带与沉积盆地

根据近年国内外在黄海海域的钻井和地震勘探,认为黄海海域发育一条“中朝造山带”,是秦岭-大别造山带向海域的自然延伸。“中朝造山带”两侧分别发育北黄海盆地与南黄海盆地,形成了明显不同的区域地质背景和盆地演化特征。盆地内前新生界发育有多套烃源岩,具有良好的油气资源远景。     

应用合成地震记录确定南黄海北部盆地中生代地层的分布

黄海海域是我国近海目前唯一尚未获得商业性油气发现的海域,海域内发育了3个中新生代含油气盆地,目前已在北部盆地中生代泰州组地层中发现了油气显示。过去由于受资料所限,对盆地的油气资源评价,多关注于第三纪盆地,忽视了中生代盆地的油气资源远景。作者通过对南黄海北部盆地已钻遇中生代泰州组地层的钻井和过井数字地震剖面的追踪对比,结合4km×8km地震测网和重、磁资料综合解释,认为中生代盆地同样具有良好的含油气远景,特别是盆地的东北凹,中生代地层沉积厚度大,分布范围广,具有较好的油气资源远景。     

南黄海海相地层速度的提取及其特征

南黄海盆地特殊的地震地质条件导致准确获得海相地层速度存在困难。基于本区的多道地震资料,联合使用多数据质控速度分析、初至波层析反演及层控网格层析反演3种方法,提取出了较为可靠的海相中-古生界速度信息。结合提取的地震速度及下扬子区已有钻井信息,总结了南黄海主要海相地层的速度分布。本区海相地层速度整体呈高低相间分布结构,存在速度的突变和倒转。海相下构造层速度高,不同地层间速度差异较小。由于海相下构造层无钻井资料约束,获得的速度信息仍存在不确定性。     

南黄海和中国东海中挥发性卤代烃的分布与海气通量

Distributions and sea-to-air fluxes of five kinds of volatile halocarbons(VHCs) were studied in the southern Yellow Sea(SYS) and the East China Sea(ECS) in November 2007. The results showed that the concentrations of 1,1,1-trichloroethane(C2H3Cl3), 1,1-dichloroethene(C2H2Cl2), 1,1,2-trichloroethene(C2HCl3), trichloromethane(CHCl3) and tetrachloromethane(CCl4) in the surface water were 0.31–4.81, 2.75–21.3, 1.21–17.1, 5.02–233 and 0.045–4.47 pmol/L, respectively, with the average values of 1.89, 12.20, 6.93, 60.90 and 0.33 pmol/L. On the whole, the horizontal distributions of C2H3Cl3, C2H2Cl2 and CCl4 were affected mainly by anthropogenic activities, while C2HCl3 and CHCl3 were influenced by biological factors as well as anthropogenic activities. In the study area, the concentrations of VHCs(except C2HCl3) exhibited a decreasing trend from inshore to offshore sites, with the higher values occurring in the coastal waters. The sea-to-air fluxes of C2H3Cl3, C2HCl3, CHCl3 and CCl4 were calculated to be-56.00–(-5.68),-7.31–123.42, 148.00–1 309.31 and-83.32–(-1.53) nmol/(m2·d), respectively, with the average values of-6.77, 17.14, 183.38 and-21.27 nmol/(m2·d). Our data showed that the SYS and ECS in autumn was a sink for C2H3Cl3 and CCl4, while it was a source for C2HCl3 and CHCl3 in the atmosphere.     

南黄海盆地中、古生界地质特征及勘探方向

南黄海广泛发育海相中、古生界,资源量丰富,勘探潜力大,但一直未取得勘探突破。通过与上扬子四川盆地类比,最大的差异在于后期构造改造的强度不同。南黄海盆地遭受多期次强烈的后期改造,致使早期生成的油气被破坏和改造,不利于油气保存,在南黄海区内寻找构造相对稳定的区带,是南黄海盆地中、古生界取得油气突破的关键;综合南黄海残留地层分布、石油地质条件、构造变形特征等的研究结果,对南黄海中、古生界最具现实勘探意义的区域进行了优选,认为崂山隆起中南部弱变形区是南黄海中、古生界实现勘探突破最有利区带,下古生界是下一步重点的勘探层系。     

南黄海中部MIS6期以来沉积物稀土元素组成及其物源指示意义

对南黄海中部SYSC-1孔0～30 m段岩芯稀土元素（REE）和粒度进行分析,结合年代测定,研究了沉积物REE组成特征及其影响因素,并对其物质来源变化进行了探讨。结果表明,∑REE含量为111.66～231.12 μg/g,垂向分布变化较大,均值与中国黄土∑REE均值比较接近。∑REE与粒度变化有一定的相关性,但(La/Yb)N、(Gd/Yb)N和(δEu)N等参数受粒级影响较小。稀土元素分异参数有效示踪了物质来源,与周边河流对比发现,SYSC-1孔沉积物(La/Yb)N和(δEu)N散点图分布位置与黄河和长江较为一致,而与朝鲜半岛河流有明显不同。REE判别函数（DF）的物源区分结果表明,钻孔MIS6期经历了一次大的物源转换,沉积物由长江源（27.98～30 m）转为黄河源（24.24～27.98 m）。MIS5.5—MIS5.1期间（24.24～16.98 m）发育了浅水陆架冷水团沉积,主要是长江源细颗粒沉积物被古黄海暖流由南往北携带而来,并在冷涡区附近沉积下来。MIS5.1—MIS1期间（16.98～3 m）的低海平面时间较长,主要发育了一套滨浅海相-河口/潮坪相-三角洲相沉积,随着海平面急剧下降,陆架可容纳空间缩小,导致黄河、长江入海口向陆架区移动,黄河沉积物质控制了钻孔所处的南黄海北部区域。MIS1中晚期,山东半岛沿岸流的形成将黄河沉积物质主要控制在南黄海西部附近海域,而黄海暖流将济州岛西南部泥质区的长江源细颗粒物质搬运至SYSC-1孔附近的冷涡区沉积下来。总体来说,MIS6期以来南黄海中部海域沉积演化是西太平洋边缘海河海相互作用的一个典型范例,海平面波动和海洋环流变化在物源转换过程中发挥了重要作用。     

北黄海盆地东部坳陷不同物源影响下储层的成岩演化

以北黄海盆地东部坳陷中生界碎屑岩储层为研究对象,运用岩石薄片光学显微鉴定、阴极发光和扫描电镜等技术方法和手段分析成岩特征,探讨不同物源-沉积体系控制下储层的成岩演化。研究认为,东部坳陷中生界储层主要处于中成岩阶段A期,发育的主要成岩作用类型为压实作用、胶结作用、凝灰质脱玻化作用、交代作用、蚀变作用和溶蚀-溶解作用,其中,东部地区压实作用强度要高于西南和北部地区,北部地区碳酸盐胶结物的含量明显高于其他地区,东部地区以凝灰质胶结为特征并发生凝灰质脱玻化作用,西南部以黏土矿质胶结为特征并发生明显的黏土矿物转化现象,西南和北部地区的溶蚀/溶解作用的发育程度要好于东部地区。综合分析认为,研究区不同物源沉积区储层具有差异的成岩特征,表现为不同的储层序列,从而影响储层的成岩演化。     

Top-down control of spring surface phytoplankton blooms by microzooplankton in the Central Yellow Sea,China

Phytoplankton growth and microzooplankton grazing were studied during the 2007 spring bloom in Central Yellow Sea. The surveyed stations were divided to pre-bloom phase (Chl a concentration less than 2 μg L⁻¹), and bloom phase (Chl a concentration greater than 2 μg L⁻¹). Shipboard dilution incubation experiments were carried out at 19 stations to determine the phytoplankton specific growth rates and the specific grazing rates of microzooplankton on phytoplankton. Diatoms dominated in the phytoplankton community in surface waters at most stations. For microzooplankton, Myrionecta rubra and tintinnids were dominant, and heterotrophic dinoflagellate was also important in the community. Phytoplankton-specific growth rates, with an average of 0.60±0.19 d⁻¹, were higher at pre-bloom stations (average 0.62±0.17 d⁻¹), and lower at the bloom stations (average 0.59±0.21 d⁻¹), but the difference of growth rates between bloom and pre-bloom stations was not statistically significant (t test, p=0.77). The phytoplankton mortality rate by microzooplankton grazing averaged 0.41±0.23 d⁻¹ at pre-bloom stations, and 0.58±0.31 d⁻¹ during the blooms. In contrast to the growth rates, the statistic difference of grazing rates between bloom and pre-bloom stations was significant (after removal of outliers, t test, p=0.04), indicating the importance of the top-down control in the phytoplankton bloom processes. Average potential grazing efficiency on primary productivity was 66% at pre-bloom stations and 98% at bloom stations, respectively. Based on our results, the biomass maximum phase (bloom phase) was not the maximum growth rate phase. Both phytoplankton specific growth rate and net growth rate were higher in the pre-bloom phase than during the bloom phase. Microzooplankton grazing mortality rate was positively correlated with phytoplankton growth rate during both phases, but growth and grazing were highly coupled during the booming phase. There was no correlation between phytoplankton growth rate and cell size during the blooms, but they were positive correlated during the pre-bloom phase. Our results indicate that microzooplankton grazing is an important process controlling the growth of phytoplankton in spring bloom period in the Central Yellow Sea, particularly in the “blooming” phase.     

声电成像测井在北黄海盆地中生界油气勘探中的应用

北黄海盆地是海域油气勘探新区,经历了多期次的构造演化,地质条件复杂、勘探难度大.利用声电成像测井资料对该盆地东部坳陷某区块的岩性、层理类型、裂缝、古水流及地应力方向进行了分析研究.结果表明：区内中生界岩性主要为砂砾岩、细砂岩、粉砂岩和泥岩;泥岩段水平层理发育,砂岩段则多见楔状交错层理、板状交错层理、小型波状层理;下白垩统、侏罗系的古水流方向在不同并区差异小,总体上呈东偏南向;中生界裂缝不甚发育,多数集中在侏罗系,倾角普遍较大,主要分布于泥岩或泥质粉砂岩,多属无效缝;地应力分析结果指示,研究区最大水平主应力为近东西向.上述研究为该区进一步勘探部署提供了可靠的基础资料.     

Hydrothermal indications of Early Cretaceous red beds in lacustrine successions,North Yellow Sea Basin,eastern China

Controversies over the origin of globally distributed Cretaceous red beds have mainly focused on climate vs. weathering with potential hydrothermal influence. In comparison to Cretaceous Oceanic Red Beds, Cretaceous lacustrine red beds exhibit chronological inconsistencies and their diverse tectonic settings suggest differing genetic mechanisms. In this paper, Early Cretaceous red beds in the North Yellow Sea Basin, one of Mesozoic rift basins in eastern China that are associated with multi-phase magmatic activities, was chosen to document potential hydrothermal impact. Geological and geochemical analyses show that these red beds were syndepositional products developed in shallow to moderately deep lacustrine environments and that they were influenced by hydrothermal activity. Major and trace elements, including enhanced Al₂O₃-normalized Fe₂O₃ and Fe₂O₃ (total) values, Al/(Al + Fe + Mn) and (Fe + Mn)/Ti ratios, Ni-Co-Zn and Fe-Mn-(Ni + Co + Cu)*10, ∑REE-La/Yb, the concentrations of hydrothermally-related ions, invalid redox indicators of trace elements, abnormally high Fe₂O₃ (total) content, positive Eu anomaly, correlation of Fe₂O₃ (total) and Eu anomaly, and vitrinite reflectance (Ro) vs. total organic carbon (TOC), all show strong hydrothermal fluid influence and heating effects. By integrating and comparing data from previous studies, we propose a hydrothermally affected sedimentation model for Cretaceous red beds and associated sediments in magma-activated lacustrine basins, and conclude that the enriched metallic ions introduced by the hydrothermal fluids may be the most significant reason for the deposition of the red beds, and the flushed ferric ions, accompanied by hydrothermal fluid, are the main ions that are hosted inside hematite causing the red sediment. This model can be applied to similar lacustrine basins that experience strong magmatic activity.     

南黄海中部海区海底地貌特征

利用南黄海中部海区重点区域进行的多波束全覆盖勘测数据,并结合周边最新的水深资料编制了南黄海中部海区1：50万的海底地形图(略)及海底地貌图。依据此地貌图,对该区域的地貌类型及区域地貌特征进行了分析研究,在此基础上对地貌进行综合分级分类。