Influence of natural fractures on gas accumulation in the Upper Triassic tight gas sandstones in the northwestern Sichuan Basin,China

The Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation in the northwestern Sichuan Basin, China, is a typical tight gas sandstone reservoir that contains natural fractures and has an average porosity of 1.10% and air permeability less than 0.1 md because of compaction and cementation. According to outcrops, cores and image logs, three types of natural fractures, namely, tectonic, diagenetic and overpressure-related fractures, have developed in the tight gas sandstones. The tectonic fractures include small faults, intraformational shear fractures and horizontal shear fractures, whereas the diagenetic fractures mainly include bed-parallel fractures. According to thin sections, the microfractures also include tectonic, diagenetic and overpressure-related microfractures. The diagenetic microfractures consist of transgranular, intragranular and grain-boundary fractures. Among these fractures, intraformational shear fractures, horizontal shear fractures and small faults are predominant and significant for fluid movement. Based on the Monte Carlo method, these intraformational shear fractures and horizontal shear fractures improve the reservoir porosity and permeability, thus serving as an important storage space and primary fluid-flow channels in the tight sandstones. The small faults may provide seepage channels in adjacent layers by cutting through layers. In addition, these intragranular and grain-boundary fractures increase the connectivity of the tight gas sandstones by linking tiny pores. The tectonic microfractures improve the seepage capability of the tight gas sandstones to some extent. Low-dip angle fractures are more abundant in the T₃X³ member than in the T₃X² and T₃X⁴ members. The fracture intensities of the sandstones in the T₃X³ member are greater than those in the T₃X² and T₃X⁴ members. The fracture intensities do not always decrease with increasing bed thickness for the tight sandstones. When the bed thickness of the tight sandstones is less than 1.0 m, the fracture intensities increase with increasing bed thickness in the T₃X³ member. Fluid inclusion evidence and burial history analysis indicate that the tectonic fractures developed over three periods. The first period was at the end of the Triassic to the Early Jurassic. The tectonic fractures developed during oil generation but before the matrix's porosity and permeability reduced, which suggests that these tectonic fractures could provide seepage channels for oil migration and accumulation. The second period was at the end of the Cretaceous after the matrix's porosity and permeability reduced but during peak gas generation, which indicates that gas mainly migrated and accumulated in the tectonic fractures. The third period was at the end of the Eogene to the Early Neogene. The tectonic fractures could provide seepage channels for secondary gas migration and accumulation from the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation into the overlying Jurassic Formation.     

Numerical study of multi-period palaeotectonic stress fields in Lower Cambrian shale reservoirs and the prediction of fractures distribution: A case study of the Niutitang Formation in Feng'gang No. 3 block,South China

Fractures not only control the distribution of oil and gas reservoirs, but also are key points in the research of oil and gas reservoir development programmes. The tectonic fractures in the Lower Cambrian shale reservoirs in the Feng'gang No. 3 block are effective reservoir spaces for hydrocarbon accumulation, and these fractures are controlled by palaeotectonic stress fields. Therefore, quantitatively predicting the development and distribution of tectonic fractures in the Lower Cambrian shale reservoir is important for the exploration and exploitation of shale gas in the Feng'gang No. 3 block. In the present study, a reasonable geological, mechanical and mathematical model of the study area was established based on the faults systems interpreted from seismic data, fracture characteristics from drilling data, uniaxial and triaxial compression tests and experiments on the acoustic emissions (AE) of rocks. Then, a three-dimensional (3-D) finite element method is applied to simulate the palaeotectonic stress field with the superposition of the Yanshan and Himalayan movements and used to predict the fracture distribution. The simulation results indicate that the maximum principal stress value within the study area ranged from 269.97 MPa to 281.18 MPa, the minimum principal stress ranged from 58.29 MPa to 79.64 MPa, and the shear stress value ranged from 91.05 MPa to 106.21 MPa. The palaeotectonic stress field is controlled by the fault zone locations. The fracture development zones are mainly controlled by the tectonic stress fields and are located around the faults, at the end of the fault zones, at the inflection point and at the intersection of the fault zones.     

Geology and hydrocarbon accumulations in the deepwater of the northwestern South China Sea——with focus on natural gas

The deepwater of the northwestern South China Sea is located in the central to southern parts of the Qiongdongnan Basin(QDN Basin),which is a key site for hydrocarbon exploration in recent years.In this study,the authors did a comprehensive analysis of gravity-magnetic data,extensive 3D seismic survey,cores and cuttings,paleontology and geochemical indexes,proposed the mechanism of natural gas origin,identified different oil and gas systems,and established the model of hydrocarbon accumulations in the deep-water region.Our basin tectonic simulation indicates that the evolution of QDN Basin was controlled by multiple-phased tectonic movements,such as Indochina-Eurasian Plate collision,Tibetan Uplift,Red River faulting and the expansion of the South China Sea which is characterized by Paleogene rifting,Neogene depression,and Eocene intensive faulting and lacustrine deposits.The drilling results show that this region is dominated by marineterrestrial transitional and neritic-bathyal facies from the early Oligocene.The Yacheng Formation of the early Oligocene is rich in organic matter and a main gas-source rock.According to the geological-geochemical data from the latest drilling wells,Lingshui,Baodao,Changchang Sags have good hydrocarbon-generating potentials,where two plays from the Paleogene and Neogene reservoirs were developed.Those reservoirs occur in central canyon structural-lithologic trap zone,Changchang marginal trap zone and southern fault terrace of Baodao Sag.Among them,the central canyon trap zone has a great potential for exploration because the various reservoirforming elements are well developed,i.e.,good coal-measure source rocks,sufficient reservoirs from the Neogene turbidity sandstone and submarine fan,faults connecting source rock and reservoirs,effective vertical migration,late stage aggregation and favorable structural–lithological composite trapping.These study results provide an important scientific basis for hydrocarbon exploration in this region,evidenced by the recent discovery of the significant commercial LS-A gas field in the central canyon of the Lingshui Sag.     

莱州湾凹陷东部新生代走滑构造特征及油气勘探意义

莱州湾凹陷位于渤海南部海域,为中生界基底之上发育的新生代半地堑.郯庐断裂带分东西两支穿过莱州湾凹陷东部,在新生代盖层中表现出渤海最复杂最典型的为NNE向的右旋走滑断裂特征.其中东支断裂在渐新世以后活动强烈,发育多条NNE向走滑断层及NE向伴生断层组成的复杂断裂带.走滑断裂带内断层展布符合右旋单剪作用下的脆性走滑剪切模式,地震方差切片存在右旋运动拖拽断裂证据.通过对主断裂活动期次分析表明,研究区主要有三期大的构造活动,同时形成了三期构造反转.应力分布的局域性导致了形变特征的差异性,产生了褶皱、挤压反转、掀斜断块、花状构造等典型的构造类型.研究区首次利用三维地震资料对本区构造特征进行了分析,研究认为走滑活动形成了良好的构造背景、优越的油源及运移等成藏条件,具有较大的油气勘探潜力.     

南堡凹陷4号构造带蛤坨断层特征与油气成藏关系

南堡凹陷4号构造带断裂发育,既发育沟通烃源岩的深断裂,也发育沟通浅层圈闭的次级断裂。综合利用地震、测井、岩性等资料分析断层的空间展布,计算蛤坨断层的生长指数和断层泥比率（SGR）,分析断层的活动性、封堵性,评价其输导性能,并结合其与烃源岩生排烃期的匹配关系研究断裂与油气运移、聚集的关系及控制规律。在典型油气藏剖面解剖的基础上,建立了4号构造带油气运聚成藏模式。     

松辽盆地登娄库—永安地区油气成藏模式研究

在已了解的松辽盆地登娄库—永安地区构造和沉积演化特点的基础上,利用现有钻井的岩心资料、测井资料和地震资料,对该地区的成藏模式特征从运移方式和生储盖空间组合两个方面上进行了研究和分类,分析了各自形成的主控因素.研究表明,该区域地层具有断坳双层结构,按油气运移类型划分,在断陷期主要发育两种油气成藏模式,分别为原生油气成藏模式和次生油气成藏模式;在坳陷期主要发育次生油气成藏模式和混生油气藏.从储层与烃源岩的空间组合上来看,区域内主要发育有上生下储、下生上储和自生自储这三种油气成藏模式.形成这些不同成藏模式的主要因素是该区深至基底的大型断裂构造和继承性断裂、反转构造以及固有沉积环境等.     

东海西湖凹陷深层低渗—致密砂岩气成藏的地质条件与模式

东海西湖凹陷深层具有广泛发育低渗—致密砂岩气的地质条件。广覆式深埋含煤系烃源岩持续富生烃,为深层低渗—致密气成藏提供了物质基础;宽缓海陆过渡相浅水厚层洁净砂岩为主的储集体广泛发育,且深层、超深层砂岩储层依然保持着有效的储集性能,与烃源岩和盖层呈“三明治”交互式叠置,为深层低渗—致密气成藏提供了储集空间与有利的运移和保存条件;深层普遍发育的异常高压为深层低渗—致密砂岩气成藏创造了有利条件。“充足烃源、叠合连片厚砂岩、异常压力”是西湖凹陷深层低渗—致密砂岩气大规模成藏的关键地质要素。     

琼东南盆地深水区L18气田上新统地层圈闭气田形成条件及成藏模式

近期在琼东南盆地超深水区发现了L18气田上新统地层圈闭气田,但在聚气背景、烃源岩、储层沉积成因及天然气输导体系等气田形成条件和成藏模式认识存在争议。通过对该气田形成条件的综合分析,认为上新世轴向古洼槽内地层圈闭、陵水凹陷东洼下渐新统崖城组浅海相烃源岩、上新统限制型重力流砂岩储层和渐新统-中新统断裂垂向沟源通道是形成上新统地层圈闭气田的4个基本条件。中中新世以来盆地中央继承性发育轴向古洼槽和限制型重力流沉积,随着后期地层沉积迁移、差异压实作用,上新统莺歌海组砂岩顶面在轴向洼槽内起伏,并被周边泥岩封盖、封堵,形成了地层圈闭;约3.4 Ma BP,陵水凹陷东洼下渐新统崖城组浅海相烃源岩生成了成熟天然气,沿渐新统-中新统断裂向上运移到上新统莺歌海组重力流沉积砂岩中,再侧向运移至地层圈闭中聚集成藏,具有"烃源岩、圈闭、断裂+砂岩输导层"三要素控藏的上新统地层圈闭成藏模式。     

庙西南凸起馆陶组油气差异成藏规律

针对庙西南凸起馆陶组主要成藏砂体类型与油气富集程度的差异,分析油气运聚条件及其对油气成藏的影响,总结差异成藏规律。研究表明,油田区为多断阶“脊—断”接力式油气运聚模式,油气先沿馆陶组底部区域砂岩输导脊向高部位断阶区横向运移,再由“通脊”断裂将油气分配至浅层聚集成藏。增压应力的分布与强度是影响油气运移与保存的关键,控制主要成藏砂体类型与油气富集程度。增压区利于油气保存而不利于油气运移,以厚砂体成藏为主;弱增压区、亚增压区利于油气运移但不利于油气保存,主要为薄砂体成藏。构造低部位弱增压与高部位增压型断块运移与保存条件最优,油气最为富集。同一断块内部,“脊—断”条件控制不同井区的油气丰度,“通脊”断裂切至输导脊的构造位置越高、在输导脊上累计错动面积越大,该区域的油气丰度也越高。这种油气差异成藏规律有效指导了庙西南凸起馆陶组的高效评价,同时为类似地区的油气勘探提供了重要参考价值。     

费尔干纳盆地油气成藏特征及其主控因素分析

费尔干纳盆地是位于中亚地区南天山山系中呈负向地形的坳陷,受基底断裂和区域构造活动控制,形成3个不同的构造层系。盆地基底为褶皱造山条件下形成的强烈变质的古生代地层,中部的盆地盖层沉积为中生代至古近纪拉张裂谷稳定沉降条件下形成的,最上部为新近纪至现今造山阶段形成的磨拉石建造。费尔干纳盆地主要发育中下侏罗统湖相沼泽相泥页岩、上白垩统乌斯特里奇组区域海侵层和古近系海相泥岩和泥灰岩等3套烃源岩;发育侏罗系、白垩系、古近系及新近系等4套含油气储集层系;且区域性盖层、准区域性盖层和局部盖层发育,形成了良好的生储盖组合。受构造变形和沉积环境控制,主要发育构造型、构造—地层型和地层(岩性)型3大类型油气藏(田)。第四纪早期的构造活动控制了盆地内油气田的最终分布,扭断层破坏了已有的圈闭并为烃类向上覆新近系储层的运移提供了运移通道,造成大量烃类气体散失。     

下刚果—刚果扇盆地断裂特征及其对油气成藏的影响

下刚果—刚果扇盆地油气资源丰富、油气成藏条件优越。但由于受到盐岩的活动及区域构造应力场的作用,形成了复杂的断裂系统。此文系统分析了下刚果—刚果扇盆地的断裂特征及其对油气成藏的影响,研究认为该区平面上主要发育5个断裂带,纵向上主要发育上下两套断裂系统。断裂的形成和演化可分为三个期次,相对应可将断层分为三个级别的断层。断层的形成机制主要有盐活动及盐构造、重力滑脱作用以及古地貌格局。烃源岩的排烃时间与第三期断层活动时间相匹配,非常有利于油气沿断层进行垂向和斜侧向运移。分析认为研究区主要发育沿断阶带—碳酸盐岩运聚成藏模式、沿断层垂向运聚成藏模式以及沿盐下砂体—盐窗和Focus点运聚成藏模式共三种成藏模式。断层封堵较好,油源断层高度决定了油气运移高度和油气田规模,直接控制着油气的分布层系及规模。研究成果可指导研究区或类似地区的油气勘探。     

南黄海盆地北部坳陷北凹油气成藏特征的再认识

南黄海盆地北部坳陷北凹是一个大中型的中、新生代沉积凹陷,经过四十余年的油气勘探,至今仍无商业油气发现,仅发现诸城1-2一个含油气构造.北凹的油气勘探存在诸多问题,其中是否发育优质烃源岩、烃源岩能否生烃、油气是否运移至储层是关系到北凹油气勘探的基础地质问题.在对北凹主要烃源岩分析评价的基础上,采用流体包裹体系统分析技术,对北凹油气成藏特征展开研究.研究认为,北凹存在白垩系泰二段主力烃源岩,为中深湖相,生烃指标较好,分布面积较大,且现今已经成熟并排烃,生烃中心位于ZC-A井区.油气通过断裂发生垂向运移,已充注至始新统戴南组储层.流体包裹体荧光观察结果及显微测温结果均表明戴南组至少存在两期油充注,第一期发生在35 Ma左右,第二期为现今.     

莱州湾西构造带断裂特征及其对油气成藏的控制

受古近纪莱州湾凹陷大规模断陷、郯庐断裂右旋走滑和垦东凸起大规模隆升三方面因素共同作用,莱州湾西构造带断裂系统发育,根据断裂性质及发育规模将断裂划分为3组不同方向的断裂组合,对油气的运移、聚集及保存都产生重要影响。根据莱州湾地区油气成藏规律并结合渤海其他区域近年勘探成果综合分析,莱北1号断层、斜坡区东西向反向正断层和走滑末端雁行式断层三类大规模调节断层对于油气成藏影响作用较大,这三类断层所控制的圈闭也是莱州湾凹陷及围区下一步勘探获得突破的重点区域。     

马来盆地前I群油气成藏条件及富集规律

马来盆地前I群(即J、K、L、M群,渐新统—下中新统)具有良好的油气成藏条件:①发育多期有利于成藏的构造运动:前中新世伸展断裂阶段,湖相烃源岩大量发育;早、中中新世构造沉降阶段,并伴随盆地反转,形成前I群油气系统的储盖系统;②烃源岩优越:烃源岩为湖相富含藻类的页岩,成熟度较高,有机质含量较高;③储集层丰富:K群储集层为辫状河砂岩,J群储集层为河口湾河道砂岩和潮间砂岩;④盖层良好:主要盖层为盆地海侵期沉积的前J群三角洲—浅海相泥岩,次要盖层为K、L和M群内的湖泊相泥岩;⑤油气运移通道畅通:上倾侧向运移为主;⑥有利的生储盖组合:自生自储和下生上储的组合方式有利于油气藏的形成。前I群油气系统位于马来盆地的东南部,以生油为主。分析认为盆地的油气分布主要受烃源岩的分布、质量和成熟度以及构造圈闭形成的相对时间和油气运移方式的控制。     

南海北部湾盆地乌石凹陷成藏主控因素与成藏模式

乌石凹陷发育优质烃源岩,具备优越的烃源条件,为油气的富集成藏提供了重要的前提。通过对乌石凹陷成藏主控因素深入分析,提出乌石凹陷不同构造单元的两种成藏模式。自古近纪以来,一方面乌石凹陷沉积多套不同类型的砂岩储集体,与上覆泥岩形成良好的储盖组合;另一方面,凹陷内主干断裂的发育演化不但控制了前期烃源岩的差异性沉积,同时还控制了后期已生成油气的运聚格局。在这一背景下,断裂活动与砂岩的沉积充填形成复杂的油气输导体系,加之长期差异性的油气生成控制了油气的空间分布,形成了乌石凹陷东区源内横向运移-垂向有限调节与乌石凹陷中区近源垂向运移-横向有限调节两种不同的油气成藏模式。乌石凹陷这一成藏特征的发现对后期勘探部署具有指导意义。     

临清坳陷东部火成岩对油气成藏作用的影响

临清坳陷东部中新生代爆发了大规模的火山活动,其形成与华北东部燕山期、喜山期的板块俯冲而引发的裂陷活动有关。利用钻井和物探资料对火成岩的标定和描述,分析了不同层段火成岩的空间分布情况,并探讨了火成岩与油气成藏的关系。分析表明:火成岩能提供热源,促进有机质生烃;发育气孔和微裂缝,能作为有效储层;火成岩的侵入和喷发刺穿了沉积盖层,为深源层油气的向上运移提供通道;在一定条件下,火成岩亦可作为区域盖层对油气起到遮挡作用而形成圈闭;多期热源的叠加可能对先前形成的油气结构和储集性能产生破坏作用。     

伊通盆地莫里青断陷双一段油气成藏模式

莫里青断陷为伊通盆地最南端的一个二级构造单元,古近纪以来经历了张扭、热沉降、压扭和挤压构造演化阶段。通过对莫里青断陷双一段油气特征及分布的分析,厘清了高凝油、天然气的来源,分析了油气的输导体系和成藏过程,建立成藏模式,以指导油气勘探。双一段高凝油主要分布在凹陷的东西斜坡带,其成因与烃源岩的有机质类型和环境有关,分布与有机质低成熟及运移特征有一定关系;天然气主要分布在东南高部位,具有低熟特征。双一段油气主要来源于双阳组,凹陷斜坡带的扇三角洲、湖底扇砂岩体、断层及不整合面为油气侧向运移的良好通道。凹陷的远端则可能由于运移动力的不足或者输导体系不连通而难以到达。烃源岩分布、砂体展布、断层发育和不整合面结构分布是油气成藏主控因素。伊6区块晚期基底拱张,低熟气以断层和低渗储层为通道于高部位聚集成藏。     

东海盆地X凹陷Y气田的天然气成因、成藏模式及勘探意义

本文旨在厘清东海盆地X凹陷Y气田天然气成因,建立成藏模式,以指导下步勘探部署。本文从天然气组分、烷烃气碳同位素、轻烃、凝析油生物标志化合物等分析入手,系统研究了油气成因类型及来源,并结合构造演化史、生烃史分析,建立了Y气田成藏模式,提出了大中型气田的勘探方向。主要认识如下：（1）天然气组分碳同位素、轻烃和埋藏史分析表明,Y气田天然气为凹中始新统平湖组烃源岩在龙井运动期（距今13 Ma）生成的高成熟煤型气;（2）凝析油姥鲛烷/植烷、规则甾烷等特征,反映了凹中区平湖组烃源岩发育于弱氧化−弱还原潮坪、潟湖沉积环境,生烃母质中存在一定数量的低等水生生物;（3）Y气田具有“凹中区平湖组烃源岩、花港组大型水道砂储集体、挤压构造作用”时空耦合的成藏模式,明确了凹中挤压背斜带是X凹陷大中型气田勘探的主攻方向。     

埃斯皮里图桑托盆地盐上油气成藏特征及主控因素分析

大坎波斯盆地是世界深水沉积勘探的热点盆地,但针对其北段的埃斯皮里图桑脱盆地盐上油气富集规律的系统研究尚未展开。为进一步指导埃斯皮里图桑脱盆地盐上的油气勘探,综合利用钻井、测井和地震资料,对该盆地的油气成藏特征和主控因素进行了综合分析。研究表明：①埃斯皮里图桑托盆地发育盐下湖相和盐上海相2套烃源岩,且储层主要为盆地北部上白垩统—新近系深水水道砂岩;②依据盐岩层滑脱变形的构造特征,可将盐上构造格局划分为盐滑脱带、盐底辟带和盐推覆带;③盐滑脱带成藏模式表现为盐下和盐上烃源岩生成的油气分别通过盐窗和盐相关断裂运移,最终在盐滑脱形成的滚动背斜等圈闭中成藏;④盐底辟带成藏模式表现为盐上烃源岩生成的油气通过盐相关断裂运移,最终在盐底辟相关背斜和盐侧翼遮挡的圈闭中成藏;⑤储层、盐相关铲式断层和盐岩活动是油气成藏的主控因素。     

渤海湾盆地黄河口凹陷中洼断裂生长及其对新近系油气富集的控制作用

黄河口凹陷是渤海海域重要的富烃凹陷,区域主要的烃源岩沙三段在明化镇组沉积时期开始大规模生排烃,此时研究区内断裂发育,活动强度较高,因此,断裂有效性分析是确定区域油气输导体系、判断油气输导运移成藏的重要研究内容。通过三维地震数据及钻井分析,对黄河口凹陷中洼断裂分布、活动性及生长演化进行了系统的分析,结合区域烃源岩分布及钻井油气分布特征,总结断裂对新近系油气富集的控制作用。研究表明,黄河口凹陷中洼断裂活动生长具有“先变弱再变强”的特征−从沙河街组沉积时期到馆陶组沉积时期断裂活动强度逐渐减弱,断裂活动区域逐渐缩小;明化镇组沉积时,中洼断裂活动增强,区域内断裂全面活跃。研究区早期断裂多以长度短、断距小为特征;晚期洼陷中心联结组合形成大型断裂,油源断裂沟通源储,大部分油气沿着断裂运移至浅层馆陶及明化镇组砂体中,再向两侧砂体构造高部位运移,而南部缓坡带和北部陡坡带因为断裂活动速率不同而具有不同的油气聚集特征;南部缓坡带断裂晚期活动速率不高,能够对油气进行有效封堵,自深凹而来的油气沿着砂体构造脊在缓坡带馆陶及明化镇组砂体中聚集成藏;而北部陡坡带晚期断裂活动速率高,油气在断裂附近合适的明化镇组浅层圈闭中成藏。