海洋溶藻功能菌作用机理研究的若干进展

基于“菌—藻关系”的理念,深入探讨海洋溶藻功能细菌作为潜在的有效防治有害藻华的微生物,已成为学者们的研究热点.但大多的研究主要涉及菌株的分离、鉴定及功能活性物质的纯化,溶藻机理的研究鲜有报道.主要概述了当前国内外海洋环境中溶藻功能细菌溶藻机理的研究进展,并探讨分析了利用海洋溶藻功能细菌防治有害藻华的未来发展方向,提出了该领域今后的重点研究任务.     

“我国近海有害赤潮发生的生态学、海洋学机制及预测防治”研究进展

介绍国家重点基础研究发展计划项目（“973”项目）“我国近海有害赤潮发生的生态学、海洋学机制及预测防治”的研究背景和主要研究内容,即以我国赤潮高发区东海作为主要研究海域,重点开展重要有害赤潮种的生物学特征及生态适应策略研究;近海赤潮高发区有害赤潮与富营养化的关系研究;近海赤潮高发区有害赤潮生消关键物理过程、数值模拟与预测研究;有害赤潮的危害机理及防治机理研究等。简要报道了项目通过现场综合航次获得的东海大规模赤潮发生前后水文、化学和生物学等诸多要素的变化特征,以及结合实验室模拟研究,在探索重要赤潮生物种群变化的动力学过程及其调控机理等方面取得的进展。另外,对项目的研究前景进行了展望。     

花岗岩风化壳中的微生物及其对稀土元素的浸出作用

对广东共和稀土矿花岗岩风化岩风化壳剖面下不同深度的样品进行微生物培养，发现在0．2－12m深度范围的样品均有微生物存在，在0．2－3m深度范围微生物种类较多。微生物类型有细细菌（包括牙胞杆菌属、肠杆菌属、埃希氏菌属、产碱杆菌属等杆菌，奈瑟氏球菌属、葡萄球菌属等球菌以及梭状芽胞杆菌属厌氧菌）、真菌（包括曲霉属黑曲和黄曲、青霉属、毛霉属、酵母菌）和放线菌。利用风化壳中的各种微生物及其发酵产物对稀土矿样进行稀土浸出实验，并与蒸馏水和不加菌液的培养液作对比，实验结果表明：①混合微生物及其代谢产物浸矿，稀土元素的浸出量明显增加，浸泡液的pH值降低；②真菌类（毛霉属、酵母菌、曲霉属、青霉属）对稀土的浸出量最高，然后依次为发酵芽胞杆菌、葡萄球菌属、放线菌、发酵芽胞杆菌属；③细菌类对稀土的浸出作用主要与其代谢产物改变介质的pH值有关；而真菌类对稀土的浸出作用主要与其直接吸附和吸收稀土元素以及其代谢产物与稀土元素的络合作用有关；④与硫酸铵的浸出结果相比，微生物所浸出的稀土元素δCe较大、δEu值较小、（La/Sm)N和（Gd/Yb)N)的比值较低，结果与稀土元素在华南风化壳稀土矿风同间面中不同层位的变化规律一致。实验结果说明微生物及其代谢产物对风化壳中稀土元素的活化迁移和分异作用具有积极的贡献。     

石墨对污泥中厌氧微生物代谢产物及其性能的影响

矿物材料对废水厌氧处理及厌氧污泥改性具有十分重要的作用,而微生物代谢产物是生物处理系统的重要组分,在提高污染物去除率和甲烷产量等方面也起到非常重要的作用。本研究对矿物材料石墨和厌氧微生物共存体系内溶解性微生物产物(soluble microbial product,SMP)和胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substances,EPS)进行了分析表征。结果表明,石墨对EPS和SMP的组成和含量影响显著,主要是由于石墨的吸附作用及其对石墨颗粒的环境毒性所致。红外光谱分析表明,添加石墨体系内SMP与EPS的基团种类并未发生明显改变,但含量有所改变。三维荧光分析结果显示,SMP的主要荧光类物质为色氨酸类似物和腐殖质(辅酶NADH),而EPS的主要荧光类物质为色氨酸类似物和腐殖酸,石墨能明显降低色氨酸类似物及腐殖酸类物质的产生。石墨会减弱微生物的相对疏水性,提高表面自由能,有利于微生物团聚体的形成。     

退化喀斯特植被恢复过程中土壤生态肥力质量评价——以贵州花江喀斯特峡谷地区为例

应用多元统计分析方法,建立能够揭示退化喀斯特植被恢复对土壤微生态影响效果的生物学指标评价体系.研究结果表明:细菌、真菌、放线菌、微生物总数等微生物活性指标在评价土壤生物学肥力质量时具有十分重要的作用;氨化细菌数量、微生物熵、代谢熵等微生物活性指标在土壤生物学肥力评价中也具有一定的作用,但对土壤肥力质量评价的影响较小.利用土壤综合肥力指标值综合评价结果表明,不同退化喀斯特植被恢复阶段土壤生物学肥力具有明显的垂直变化特征,均表现A层>B层的特点,这说明各恢复阶段的土壤生物学肥力具有随土壤层次加深而下降的变化趋势.同时,从裸地阶段→草本群落阶段→灌木群落阶段一乔木群落阶段,由于土壤物质循环逐渐加快,微生物活性逐渐增强,土壤生物学肥力逐步提高.      

人工回灌地下水微生物生态与水质(以上海为例)

研究环境改变后微生物生态系统结构与环境中某些物质的相互关系,即物质在微生物生态系统中的代谢转化及其它集过程是微生物生态系的一个重要方面。对区域性或局部地区的微生物生态研究,有助于查明物质运移规律,以便为控制污染提供理论依据。在微生物生态范围内,微生物对某些物质的转化降解以及对环境的自然作用,Dugan(1974)进行了研究并发表了专著。     

长石微生物风化作用的研究现状与展望

矿物—微生物相互作用是地球表生环境下重要的地质作用类型,由于硅酸盐矿物的微生物风化影响着地球物质循环及地貌的形成和演变,尤其受到地质地球化学领域的关注。作为地球表层分布最广的硅酸盐矿物类型,长石在风化分解过程中,微生物通常会以流体模式、生物膜及真菌菌丝等方式与矿物表面发生作用。而长石在微生物作用下的分解机制主要包括质子交换和配体络合作用。微生物生理活动、微生物及代谢产物种类、生长条件,以及长石的种类、结构、成分及表面特征等均会影响其风化速率和风化程度。由于长石在硅酸盐矿物中的代表性,因此对长石—微生物作用模式、机理、影响因素等方面的研究,可以大大促进硅酸盐的微生物地质学的发展。     

一株岩生真菌对方解石风化的初步研究

微生物对矿物的风化作用主要是通过微生物的生长繁殖及代谢产物使矿物中一部分物质溶出,或通过导致矿物发生成岩变化、氧化或还原作用来溶解岩石组分[1,2].     

土壤中特异性微生物与重金属相互作用机制与应用研究进展

随着经济的发展,矿产资源的开采和利用程度越来越高,一方面发现有地表露头矿床的几率越来越小,另一方面其造成的重金属污染严重危害环境和人类健康。自然界中的微生物与扩散到环境中的重金属会产生相互作用,具有这种特异性的细菌既可应用于指示隐伏金属矿床,亦可应用于重金属污染生物修复。本文从特异性微生物与重金属相互作用微观机制、微生物找矿、重金属污染土壤的微生物修复三个方面,对其研究现状和进展进行了评述,重点对特异性微生物与重金属离子发生的吸附、累积与转化过程,微生物改变重金属元素分布、赋存状态和毒性作用机理,蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)与金的作用机制及其在寻找隐伏金矿的应用潜力,特异性微生物通过代谢产物吸附去除土壤中重金属元素及其辅助植物修复重金属污染等方面进行了介绍和阐述。     

双河洞放线菌多样性和抗菌活性的初步研究——以阴河洞和杉林洞为例

放线菌是微生物中重要的药用菌,其产生的抗生素是20世纪医学皇冠上最耀眼的明珠,但随着抗生素滥用,抗生素耐药现象日趋严重,因此从特殊生态环境中发现新放线菌物种和新抗生素克服耐药是科研人员正在尝试的途径之一,文章初步探究双河洞系统中阴河洞和杉林洞两个支洞的放线菌多样性,并对分离菌株的抗菌活性进行筛选。以纯培养方法获得放线菌,以16S rRNA基因序列比对,分析菌株类别,获得的菌株进行液体发酵,纸片琼脂扩散法测定其发酵产物对真菌和细菌的抗菌活性,同时用PCR技术进行NRPS、PKS I和PKS II抗生素生物合成基因的探测。从两个支洞样品中分离到的放线菌分布于7个科10个属,两个洞共66株放线菌中有32株的发酵产物在至少一个抗菌活性筛选中显示阳性,总阳性率为48.5%。抗生素生物合成基因的初步探测结果显示,31株菌存在至少一个生物合成基因,NRPS 28株,PKS I17株,PKS II 21株,其中12株同时具有3种生物合成基因。初步显示了双河洞系统蕴含丰富的放线菌资源,值得深入研究。      

Harmful algal blooms and eutrophication: Nutrient sources,composition, and consequences

Although algal blooms, including those considered toxic or harmful, can be natural phenomena, the nature of the global problem of harmful algal blooms (HABs) has expanded both in extent and its public perception over the last several decades. Of concern, especially for resource managers, is the potential relationship between HABs and the accelerated eutrophication of coastal waters from human activities. We address current insights into the relationships between HABs and eutrophication, focusing on sources of nutrients, known effects of nutrient loading and reduction, new understanding of pathways of nutrient acquisition among HAB species, and relationships between nutrients and toxic algae. Through specific, regional, and global examples of these various relationships, we offer both an assessment of the state of understanding, and the uncertainties that require future research efforts. The sources of nutrients potentially stimulating algal blooms include sewage, atmospheric deposition, groundwater flow, as well as agricultural and aquaculture runoff and discharge. On a global basis, strong correlations have been demonstrated between total phosphorus inputs and phytoplankton production in freshwaters, and between total nitrogen input and phytoplankton production in estuarine and marine waters. There are also numerous examples in geographic regions ranging from the largest and second largest U.S. mainland estuaries (Chesapeake Bay and the Albemarle-Pamlico Estuarine System), to the Inland Sea of Japan, the Black Sea, and Chinese coastal waters, where increases in nutrient loading have been linked with the development of large biomass blooms, leading to anoxia and even toxic or harmful impacts on fisheries resources, ecosystems, and human health or recreation. Many of these regions have witnessed reductions in phytoplankton biomass (as chlorophylla) or HAB incidence when nutrient controls were put in place. Shifts in species composition have often been attributed to changes in nutrient supply ratios, primarily N∶P or N∶Si. Recently this concept has been extended to include organic forms of nutrients, and an elevation in the ratio of dissolved organic carbon to dissolved organic nitrogen (DOC∶DON) has been observed during several recent blooms. The physiological strategies by which different groups of species acquire their nutrients have become better understood, and alternate modes of nutrition such as heterotrophy and mixotrophy are now recognized as common among HAB species. Despite our increased understanding of the pathways by which nutrients are delivered to ecosystems and the pathways by which they are assimilated differentially by different groups of species, the relationships between nutrient delivery and the development of blooms and their potential toxicity or harmfulness remain poorly understood. Many factors such as algal species presence/abundance, degree of flushing or water exchange, weather conditions, and presence and abundance of grazers contribute to the success of a given species at a given point in time. Similar nutrient loads do not have the same impact in different environments or in the same environment at different points in time. Eutrophication is one of several mechanisms by which harmful algae appear to be increasing in extent and duration in many locations. Although important, it is not the only explanation for blooms or toxic outbreaks. Nutrient enrichment has been strongly linked to stimulation of some harmful species, but for others it has not been an apparent contributing factor. The overall effect of nutrient over-enrichment on harmful algal species is clearly species specific.     

Application of empirical and semi-analytical algorithms to MERIS data for estimating chlorophyll a in Case 2 waters of Lake Erie

Lake Erie is biologically the most active lake among the Great Lakes of North America, experiencing seasonal harmful algal blooms (HABs). The early detection of HABs in the Western Basin of Lake Erie (WBLE) requires a more efficient and accurate monitoring tool. Remote sensing is an efficient tool with high spatial and temporal coverage that can allow accurate and timely detection of the HABs. The WBLE is heavily influenced by the surrounding terrestrial ecosystem via rivers such as the Sandusky River and the Maumee River. As a result, the optical properties of the WBLE are influenced by multiple color producing agents (CPAs) such as phytoplankton, colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), organic detritus, and terrigenous inorganic particles. The diversity of the CPAs and their non-linear interactions makes these waters optically complex, and the task of optical remote sensing for retrieving estimates of CPAs more challenging. Chlorophyll a, which is the primary light harvesting pigment in all phytoplankton, is used as a proxy for algal biomass. In this study, several published remote sensing algorithms and band ratio models were applied to the reflectance data from the full resolution MERIS sensor to remotely estimate chlorophyll a concentrations in the WBLE. Efficiency of the sensor and the algorithms performance were tested through a least squares regression and residual analysis. The results indicate that, among the suite of existing bio-optical models, the Simis semi-analytical algorithm provided the best model results for measures of algal biomass in the optically complex WBLE with R ² of 0.65, RMSE 0.85 μg/l, (n = 71, P < 0.05). The superior results of this model in detecting chlorophyll a are attributed to several factors including optimizing spectral regions that are less sensitive to CDOM and the incorporation of correction factors such as absorption effects due to pure water (a _w), backscatter (b _b) from suspended matter and interference due to phycocyanin (δ), a major accessory pigment in the WBLE.     

Effects of light intensity on the growth of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cryptomonas</Emphasis> sp. (Cryptophyceae)

Laboratory culture experiments have been conducted to evaluate the effects of light intensity on the growth of Cryptomonas sp. (Cryptophyceae) and the discrepancy in absorption of iron and phosphorus under different light conditions. Results show that there is an exponential correlation between algal growth rate and light intensity. The saturating and semi-saturating light values for Cryptomonas sp. cells are 150 and 47 μmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹, respectively. More uptake of Fe, P, and other trace elements such as Zn, Mn, Co, and Mo is observed in the low light cultures, although the algal growth rates are slow. The growth rate at 10 μmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹ is only 10% of that at 150 μmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹, whereas Fe and P uptake increases by 150 and 100%, respectively. These results suggest potential implications of differentiation in absorption of iron and phosphorus at different light intensities for the occurrence of harmful algal blooms (HABs). The mechanisms of light intensity regulating nutrient uptake as well as the occurrence of HABs are also discussed.     

Multivariate Analysis of Water Quality and Plankton Assemblages in an Urban Estuary

Raritan Bay, located between the states of New York and New Jersey, has a long history of cultural eutrophication and associated harmful algal blooms (HABs). Despite striking chemical and biological alterations occurring in Raritan Bay, publications in the early 1960s were the last to report consecutive measurements of both water quality parameters and plankton species composition in this system. The objectives of this study were to characterize water quality trends and plankton composition in a eutrophic estuary, compare current environmental conditions to those documented in Raritan Bay 50 years ago (i.e., at the same six sampling sites), and to further clarify the relationship among nutrients, secondary consumers, and algal bloom generation in this system using ordination techniques. This study (monthly data collected from April 2010–October 2012) indicates that Raritan Bay continues to exhibit numerous symptoms of eutrophication, including high algal biomass, high turbidity, violations of the dissolved oxygen standard to protect fish health, and blooms of potentially harmful phytoplankton species. Altered spatial and temporal patterns for nitrate and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) over the past 50 years may suggest new, changing, or expanding sources of nutrients. A total of 14 HAB species have been identified, including Heterosigma akashiwo, which formed a bloom in the upper Raritan Bay during summer 2012 in association with hypoxic conditions. Multivariate analyses indicate that abundance of this species is positively associated with high temperature, salinity, nitrate, and SRP and negatively associated with spring river discharge rates and total zooplankton abundance in Raritan Bay.     

Interactions between algicidal bacteria and the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa: lytic characteristics and physiological responses in the cyanobacteria

Application of algicidal bacteria is a promising and environmentally friendly way to control cyanobacterial blooms. Lytic effects of the algicidal bacteria on Microcystis aeruginosa have been observed, but the interactions between algicidal bacteria and the cyanobacteria are still elusive. An algicidal bacterium Bacillus sp. B50 isolated from Lake Donghu showed a highly lytic efficiency on M. aeruginosa NIES-843 through heat-resistant extracellular substances from strain B50. The cell density of strain B50 could be maintained at high levels during the lytic process in bacteria–Microcystis system with inoculation densities of 1.9 × 10⁶ and 1.9 × 10⁷ cfu/mL, resulting in the death of M. aeruginosa NIES-843. However, the population dynamics of strain B50 was a bell-shaped curve at low inoculation densities and no lytic effect could be observed. Results of physiological responses suggested that the lytic efficiency may be mediated through inhibition of metabolism and production of reactive oxygen species.     

The economic effects of harmful algal blooms in the United States: Estimates,assessment issues,and information needs

During the last several decades, harmful algal bloom (HAB) events have been observed in more locations than ever before throughout the United States. Scientists have identified a larger number of algal species involved in HABs, more toxins have been uncovered, and more fisheries resources have been affected. Whether this apparent increase in HAB events is a real phenomenon or is the result of increased sampling and monitoring is a topic of intense discussions within the scientific community. We also have an inchoate understanding of the reasons for the apparent increase, particularly concerning the role of anthropogenic nutrient loadings as a causal factor. Whatever the reasons, virtually all coastal regions of the U.S. are now regarded as potentially subject to a wide variety and increased frequency of HABs. It is important to begin to understand the scale of the economic costs to society of such natural hazards. It is a common, but not yet widespread, practice for resource managers and scientists in many localities to develop rough estimates of the economic effects of HAB events in terms of lost sales in the relevant product or factor markets, expenditures for medical treatments, environmental monitoring and management budgets, or other types of costs. These estimates may be invoked in policy debates, often without concern about how they were developed. Although such estimates are not necessarily good measures of the true costs of HABs to society, they may help to measure the scale of losses and be suggestive of their distribution across political jurisdictions or industry sectors. With adequate interpretation, our thinking about appropriate policy responses may be guided by these estimates. Here we compile disparate estimates of the economic effects of HABs for events in the U.S. where such effects were measured during 1987–1992. We consider effects of four basic types: public health, commercial fisheries, recreation and tourism, and monitoring and management. We discuss many of the issues surrounding the nature of these estimates, their relevance as measures of the social costs of natural hazards, and their potential for comparability and aggregation into a national estimate.     

Detection of algal bloom and factors influencing its formation in Taihu Lake from 2000 to 2011 by MODIS

Time-series MODIS data were used to extract and characterize algal blooms from the Taihu Lake study area. Water quality data including total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and dissolved oxygen; local meteorology data; and global climate trends were examined to reveal the factors influencing the formation of the algal blooms. Results for the 2000–2011 study period show that the annual algal bloom typically begins between March and May in Taihu Lake. All large-scale blooms originate from northern Taihu Lake (Meiliang Bay and Zhushan Bay). Some small-scale blooms originate from southwestern Taihu Lake, but the duration of these blooms is very brief because of episodes of turbulent mixing due to high wind speed. Nutrient supply is the main factor influencing algal mass propagation during bloom periods, and temperature changes may trigger algal recovery. The algal bloom area significantly decreased when wind speed is greater than 4 m/s, causing turbulence and changes in algal buoyancy. A strong East Asian summer monsoon transporting warm air to the lake is shown to extend the duration of algal blooms in Taihu Lake, as occurred in 2007.     

藏北羌塘地区侏罗纪颗石藻化石的发现及其意义

藏北羌塘地区出现了两套代表深水相沉积的黑色岩系,成为该区研究中的又一热点。最近通过扫描电镜,首次发现黑色岩系中含有数量丰富但属种比较单一的钙质超微化石——颗石藻(Cocco-lithophore)。经鉴定,主要是Ellipsagelosphaera sp.(椭圆晶球颗石藻未定种),结合菊石化石,认为其时代归属于侏罗纪。这一重大发现标志着在西藏特提斯最东部侏罗纪地层中颗石藻化石的存在。文中初步识别了Ellipsagelosphaera sp.及其分布、时代。地球化学分析表明:含颗石藻的烃源岩有机质丰富,认为这两套深水相黑色岩系的出现特别是以颗石藻输入为主的烃源层可能是因为颗石藻的勃发。颗石藻的发现,对研究区烃源岩的空间分布可能提供了一种新的研究思路和研究方法。     

湖泊蓝藻水华生态灾害形成机理及防治的基础研究

湖泊具有供水、渔业、旅游、维持区域生态系统平衡等功能,是支撑我国经济和社会发展的重要资源之一。但是近30年来,湖泊富营养化所导致的蓝藻水华频繁暴发,生态灾害事件频发,严重影响湖泊功能的发挥, 制约区域经济可持续发展。针对国家在保障区域水安全和生态安全、保护人民健康及建设和谐社会等方面的重大需求,国家重点基础研究发展计划项目“湖泊蓝藻水华生态灾害形成机理及防治的基础研究”于2008年7月正式立项。项目拟解决的关键科学问题包括：①湖泊蓝藻水华主要衍生污染物的形成机理、迁移转化规律和毒理效应;②蓝藻水华导致湖泊生态系统结构变化和功能退化的机理;③蓝藻水华生态灾害评估及调控机理。针对上述科学问题,项目以蓝藻水华污染物的产生、湖泊生态系统结构与功能的响应以及生态灾害的评估与调控为研究主线,重点开展以下几个方面的研究：①蓝藻水华衍生污染物的产生及其环境过程;②蓝藻水华衍生污染物的毒理效应与生态和健康风险;③蓝藻水华导致湖泊生态系统结构变化与功能退化的关键过程和机制;④蓝藻水华灾害治理和调控的的技术原理和途径。项目的实施和完成将为我国湖泊蓝藻水华生态灾害的预防与控制提供理论和技术原理支撑。