Research on the deformations in Qinghai-Tibet plateau and its margins by inverting seismic moment tensors and GPS velocities

We have determined approximate average rates of deformation in the Qinghai-Tibet plateau and its margins from the GPS data for last 10 years and the moment tensors from earthquakes between 1900 and 1999. We also determined the strain rate (seismic strain rate) associated with the seismic deformation using 254Mω≥5.0 earthquakes, and estimated the shortening and extension rates for every block in the area as well. We also estimated the strain rate (geodetic strain rate) by 80 GPS sites’ velocity vectors and analyzed characteristic of kinematics by two kinds of strain rates and discussed earthquake potential in the area. As a result, the deformation rates from seismic moment tensors and from GPS velocities are basically agreed with each other. It is feasible to analyze seismic risk by comparing geodetic strain rate with seismic strain rate based on the opinion that strain energy will be released through earthquake. It is concluded that there is no strong earthquake potential (>M7) in the Qinghai-Tibet plateau and its margins, but there is earthquake potential (>M5) in middle Tibet in a few years.     

Research on the deformations in Qinghai-Tibet plateau and its margins by inverting seismic moment tensors and GPS velocities

We have determined approximate average rates of deformation in the Qinghai-Tibet plateau and its margins from the GPS data for last 10 years and the moment tensors from earthquakes between 1900 and 1999.We also determined the strain rate (seismic strain rate) associated with the seismic deformation using 254 Mw≥5.0 earthquakes,and estimated the shortening and extension rates for every block in the area as well.We also estimated the strain rate (geodetic strain rate)by 80 GPS sites' velocity vectors and analyzed characteristic of kinematics by two kinds of strain rates and discussed earthquake potential in the area.As a result,the deformation rates from seismic moment tensors and from GPS velocities are basically agreed with each other.It is feasible to analyze seismic risk by comparing geodetic strain rate with seismic strain rate based on the opinion that strain energy will be released through earthquake.It is concluded that there is no strong earthquake potential (＞M7) in the Qinghai-Tibet plateau and its margins,but there is earthquake potential (＞M5) in middle Tibet in a few years.     

喜马拉雅块体现今运动学特征的地震矩张量反演分析

利用地震矩张量反演计算了喜马拉雅块体地震主应变率、应变率主方向以及变形速率,探讨了喜马拉雅块体现今形变特征,并与GPS形变监测结果以及地质结果进行了比较分析。地震矩张量反演结果表明,喜马拉雅块体不仅有南北向的压缩变形,而且有显著的东西向拉张运动,其变形量级与GPS形变监测结果、地质资料得出的结果基本一致,与珠峰地区GPS计算结果获得的该地区的应变趋势基本一致。     

华北地区地壳形变的GPS及地震矩张量反演分析

给出了在椭球面上利用GPS速度场计算地壳应变率张量的公式,利用华北地区GPS监测网1992年、1995年和1996年观测数据所得的速度场在椭球面上进行了应变率计算,得到了其最大剪切应变率、主应变率的图像;并利用1966年以来25次大于5.0级地震的地震矩张量,由Kostrov公式计算了地震应变率,对两种数据所得的应变率进行了比较分析;结合地质构造背景探讨了华北地区现今形变特征及地震危险性地区的分布。     

新丰江精密大地测量30年与地震关系研究

介绍新丰江开展精密大地测量３０年及其精度情况,利用３０年来取得的地壳形变资料,进行“真值”与地震关系研究;从定量分析、精度评价、绝对位移探讨等角度,建立一套以“真值”研究为基础,用统一、连续、定量可比尺度表示的稳定状态分析系统。结果表明,总结位称与地震活动关系十分密切,反映了水库诱发地震的典型特征,获得一组具有预报意义瓣定量辨识指标,得到多起地震的实践检验,确立该网具有监测５级地震的能力。该网长跨     

Study of thermal IR phenomena associated with 27 February 2010 Chile Mw 8.8 earthquake using MODIS data

Stresses acting on fault systems before major earthquakes can produce thermal anomalies; these abnormalities can be observed using multi-sensor satellite data. Moderate resolution spectro-radiometer on board the terra and aqua satellites can provide thermal infrared (TIR) imaging data for land and ocean. These TIR data have recorded short-lived thermal anomaly prior to major earthquakes. It is suggested by others that these electromagnetic (EM) phenomena relate to stress build up before earthquakes. The objective of this study is to find an association between spatial extent and temporal evolution of thermal anomalies and known major earthquakes near the boundary of Nazca plate and South American plate. Our approach is to map the TIR transient fields from polar orbiting satellites and analysing those data using time series temperature plots to detect the abnormal thermal trends before the earthquake. This study concentrated on marine earthquakes to detect the changes in both land and ocean before seismic activity.     

地球主惯性矩

地球主惯性矩属于大地测量学和天文学的基本地球参数.研究地球主惯性矩及有关问题.第一节研究主惯性矩和地球扁率的计算公式;第二节研究主惯性轴坐标系中2阶位系数的计算;第三节研究地球主惯性轴方向的确定方法,第四节给出地球主惯性矩、主惯性轴方向和地球扁率的数值结果.     

Geodetic and geophysical implications of the homogeneous reduction of pole coordinates (1899–1979)

The new series ILS (H) of pole coordinates (1899.9–1979.0) computed in a homogeneous system has been employed for the determination of the period of Chandler's component of polar motion. The comparison with a value derived from a previous series ILS (VY) shows there is no significant variation in the period in spite of the known systematic errors affecting the ILS (VY) series. Any high precision geodetic network adjustment has to take account of the pole coordinates defined by the ILS (H) series. Such long series permitted the identification of another component of polar motion with a period of about 30 years. The polhode derived from the ILS (H) series shows greater regularity than previously deduced polhodes and, therefore, we can conclude that past investigations in geodesy and geophysics trying to correlated the irregularities of the polhode with different geophysical phenomena, for instance, earthquakes, may have to be revised.     

Influence of subdaily polar motion model on nutation offsets estimated by very long baseline interferometry

This paper studies the connection between the subdaily model for polar motion used in the processing of very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations and the estimated nutation offsets. By convention accepted by the International Earth Rotation Service, the subdaily model for polar motion recommended for routine processing of geodetic observations does not contain any daily retrograde terms due to their one-to-one correlation with the nutation. Nevertheless, for a 24-h VLBI solution a part of the signal contained in the polar motion given by the used subdaily model is numerically mistaken for a retrograde daily sidereal signal. This fictitious retrograde daily signal contributes to the estimated nutation, leading to systematic differences between the nutation offsets from VLBI solutions computed with different subdaily polar motion models. We demonstrate this effect using solutions for all suitable 24-h VLBI sessions over a time span of 11 years (2000–2011). By changing the amplitudes of one tidal term in the underlying subdaily model for polar motion and comparing the estimated parameters to the solutions computed with the unchanged subdaily model, the paper shows and explains theoretically the effects produced by the individual subdaily terms on the VLBI nutation estimates.     

区域地质环境稳定性大地测量监测方法及应用

全球大地测量观测系统(GGOS)已在地球变化监测中得到了广泛应用。本文系统介绍了综合大地测量各类观测数据,以及地质、地震等资料,开展区域地质环境稳定性大地测量监测和评价的方法。以环渤海区域和川滇区域为例,分别针对地面沉降显著、地震多发等不同地质环境特征,介绍了区域地质环境稳定性监测技术最新进展及应用成果。结果表明,针对不同地质环境背景,基于各类大地测量监测数据,结合地质、地震、水文等资料,可有效实现区域地质环境稳定性监测和评价,拓展了大地测量地球变化监测的应用领域,有重要的科学意义和实用价值。     

基于GNSS/InSAR/GIS的活动断层地震危险性评估系统

本文从GNSS、InSAR、重力、水准等多种大地测量资料联合确定活动断层地壳形变、应变和应力,以及与GIS相结合的角度出发,讨论了基于库仑破裂准则的活动断层地震危险性评估方法,系统阐述了活动断层地震危险性评估系统的设计。该系统主要利用各种大地测量数据联合确定活动断层区域的位移场,反演计算应变场、应力场、活动断层运动参数以及库仑应力;通过确定活动断层的临界应力值,建立地震危险性评估模型,评估可能发生地震的位置、最大震级、复发时间及其对应的概率;最后借助GIS实现断层区域的地质和构造环境、三维形变数据、应变场、应力场和地震危险性综合评价图的管理与可视化。本文最后讨论了所建系统的具体应用,讨论了汶川地震激发的同震静态库仑应力、应力扰动的持续时间和龙门山地区的地震活动率。     

Radio source instability in VLBI analysis

The source position time-series for many of the frequently observed radio sources in the NASA geodetic very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) program show systematic linear and non-linear variations of as much as 0.5 mas (milli-arc-seconds) to 1.0 mas, due mainly to source structure changes. In standard terrestrial reference frame (TRF) geodetic solutions, it is a common practice to only estimate a global source position for each source over the entire history of VLBI observing sessions. If apparent source position variations are not modeled, they produce corresponding systematic variations in estimated Earth orientation parameters (EOPs) at the level of 0.02–0.04 mas in nutation and 0.01–0.02 mas in polar motion. We examine the stability of position time-series of the 107 radio sources in the current NASA geodetic source catalog since these sources have relatively dense observing histories from which it is possible to detect systematic variations. We consider different strategies for handling source instabilities where we (1) estimate the positions of unstable sources for each session they are observed, or (2) estimate spline parameters or rate parameters for sources chosen to fit the specific variation seen in the position-time series. We found that some strategies improve VLBI EOP accuracy by reducing the biases and weighted root mean square differences between measurements from independent VLBI networks operating simultaneously. We discuss the problem of identifying frequently observed unstable sources and how to identify new sources to replace these unstable sources in the NASA VLBI geodetic source catalog.     

低阶地球引力场长期变化的确定

利用约11年的Lageos人卫激光测距（SLR）资料,反演了地球引力场系数J2和J3变化的时间序列,分析得到每年的2＝(-2.6±0.4)×10-11,3＝(-1.2±0.4)×10-11及18.6年固体潮Love数k2=0.3154±0.0070,相位滞后ε=3.1°±2.0°.由此可以对地幔滞弹和地球各圈层的动力学变化及相互作用提供高精度的天文观测约束。为了提供高精度的J2和J3变化的时间序列,可能的误差源必须考虑,如自转速率变化引起的极潮,引力场系数Jn的低阶和高阶项之间的弱的耦合等。     

Assessment of periodic sub-diurnal Earth rotation variations at tidal frequencies through transformation of VLBI normal equation systems

We present an empirical model for periodic variations of diurnal and sub-diurnal Earth rotation parameters (ERPs) that was derived based on the transformation of normal equation (NEQ) systems of Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) observing sessions. NEQ systems that contain highly resolved polar motion and UT1-TAI with a temporal resolution of 15 min were generated and then transformed to the coefficients of the tidal ERP model to be solved for. To investigate the quality of this model, comparisons with empirical models from the Global Positioning System (GPS), another VLBI model and the model adopted by the conventions of the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) were performed. The absolute coefficients of these models agree almost completely within 7.5 μ as in polar motion and 0.5 μs in UT1-TAI. Several bigger differences exist, which are discussed in this paper. To be able to compare the model estimates with results of the continuous VLBI campaigns, where signals with periods of 8 and 6 h were detected, terms in the ter- and quarter-diurnal band were included in the tidal ERP model. Unfortunately, almost no common features with the results of continuous VLBI campaigns or ERP predictions in these tidal bands can be seen.     

Transforming ellipsoidal heights and geoid undulations between different geodetic reference frames

Transforming height information that refers to an ellipsoidal Earth reference model, such as the geometric heights determined from GPS measurements or the geoid undulations obtained by a gravimetric geoid solution, from one geodetic reference frame (GRF) to another is an important task whose proper implementation is crucial for many geodetic, surveying and mapping applications. This paper presents the required methodology to deal with the above problem when we are given the Helmert transformation parameters that link the underlying Cartesian coordinate systems to which an Earth reference ellipsoid is attached. The main emphasis is on the effect of GRF spatial scale differences in coordinate transformations involving reference ellipsoids, for the particular case of heights. Since every three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system ‘gauges’ an attached ellipsoid according to its own accessible scale, there will exist a supplementary contribution from the scale variation between the involved GRFs on the relative size of their attached reference ellipsoids. Neglecting such a scale-induced indirect effect corrupts the values for the curvilinear geodetic coordinates obtained from a similarity transformation model, and meter-level apparent offsets can be introduced in the transformed heights. The paper explains the above issues in detail and presents the necessary mathematical framework for their treatment. An erratum to this article can be found at     

中国地壳运动观测网络基准站应变场变化的海潮负荷信号改正问题

利用最新的卫星测高全球Csr3.0模型，中国近海海潮数据和标准地球模型负荷格林函数，采用直接褶积积分方法研究中国地壳运动观测网络基准站应变固体潮观测的海潮负荷影响。计算25个台站8个主要潮波的负荷振幅和相位，讨论几个主要台站的负荷应变花和负荷应变随时间的变化特征。     

GPS seismology

GPS seismology uses convential geodetic models to analyze GPS data at high sampling rates, such as 1 Hz. GPS seismology results are shown for the Denali, San Simeon, Tokachi-oki, and Chuetsu earthquakes. Records for these earthquakes indicate that GPS is an excellent instrument for measuring large displacements near earthquake ruptures. GPS systems can be improved for seismic applications if their sampling rates are increased from 1 to 10 Hz.     

An analytical method to transform geocentric into geodetic coordinates

A closed-form analytical method needing no approximation and deduced from a single quartic equation is offered to transform geocentric into geodetic coordinates. It is valid at any point inside and outside the Earth including the polar axis, the equatorial plane and the Earth’s center. Comparison with the method of extrema with constraints to obtain this quartic equation is made.     

Conversion of geodetic coordinates from National Geodetic Reference Systems into Standard Earth System

The method of converting geodetic coordinates from a national geodetic reference system into the standard Earth on having known the geodetic coordinates of at least one station in common with the considered systems, is described in detail; the orientation of the Standard Earth at the initial station of the national geodetic reference system, is also determined side by side. For illustration, use has been made of the known coordinates of the Baker-Nunn station at Naini Tal, in India, being in common with the Indian Everest Spheroid and the Smithsonian Institution Standard Earth C₇ system (Veis, 1967). The method advocated is likely to be more precise than the existing ones as it does not assume the parallelism of axes of reference between the Standard Earth and the national geodetic reference systems which may not necessarily hold good in actual practice.     

An improved empirical model for the effect of long-period ocean tides on polar motion

Because the tide-raising potential is symmetric about the Earth’s polar axis it can excite polar motion only by acting upon non-axisymmetric features of the Earth like the oceans. In fact, after removing atmospheric and non-tidal oceanic effects, polar motion excitation observations show a strong fortnightly tidal signal that is not completely explained by existing dynamical and empirical ocean tide models. So a new empirical model for the effect of the termensual (Mtm and mtm), fortnightly (Mf and mf), and monthly (Mm) tides on polar motion is derived here by fitting periodic terms at these tidal frequencies to polar motion excitation observations that span 2 January 1980 to 8 September 2006 and from which atmospheric and non-tidal oceanic effects have been removed. While this new empirical tide model can fully explain the observed fortnightly polar motion excitation signal during this time interval it would still be desirable to have a model for the effect of long-period ocean tides on polar motion that is determined from a dynamical ocean tide model and that is therefore independent of polar motion observations.