抽出-处理技术抽出污染地下水——抽出效率及抽出终点

针对抽出-处理技术修复污染地下水过程中抽水井抽出效率随时间逐渐降低、抽出-处理技术运行终点（以下简称"抽出终点"）难以确定的问题,提出通过评估抽水井抽出效率,以分段、多次优化抽水方案提高抽出效率、降低修复成本、减少修复时间为工作思路,利用层次分析法和专家打分法实现方案优化时间节点选择。以青海某铬盐厂为例,通过建立抽水方案优化时间节点评价指标体系,可定量分析方案优化时间节点,合理确定抽出终点。结果显示：第1次优化结果为抽水井抽出效率在20%~40%时应重新布设抽水方案（P₃）,即采用原抽水方案抽水100 d后需重新布设抽水井;第2次优化结果为抽水井抽出效率在20%~40%时应与其他修复技术联用（P₇）,即采用一次优化后抽水方案继续抽水300 d后需联合其他修复技术开展治理。经评估,2次优化可有效提高抽水井抽出效率,使修复时间缩短600 d,相同时间内含水层中六价铬去除率增加8.31%。     

复合体在煤田钻探中的实用性

近十年来世界上主要经济发达国家的金刚石钻进技术发展比较迅速。美国从1966—1976年钻头寿命平均提高40％,钻进效率提高25％单位进尺金刚石消耗量降低26％。苏联自1958年开始推广金刚石钻进以来,其工作量与经济指标都有较大进展（表1）。      

甲魁煤田绳索取心液动锤钻进施工技术

甲魁煤田地质构造复杂,岩层破碎胶结松散,换层频繁,断层破碎带多。在钻探施工中导致孔内事故多、岩（矿）心采取率低、钻进效率低等问题。通过使用绳索取心液动锤钻进技术,解决了在该矿田钻探施工中遇到的技术难题,减少了辅助时间,提高了钻进效率和岩（矿）心采取率,保证了钻孔质量。     

国内外火山碎屑岩的分类命名历史及现状

1981年国际地科联火成岩分类分会委托瑞士学者施米德提出的那个分类表比较简明,但还有些问题值得商榷。50年代末笔者提出了国内第一个岩性分类表。近30年来,充分吸取了国内外学者分类表的优点,在实践中不断修改充实,最近又提出了一个修订的岩性分类表,尚需进一步完善。当前火山碎屑岩分类命名由岩性分类重点转向成因分类。我们参考了国内外学者有关成因分类的新见解,初步提出了一个火山碎屑岩成因分类方案,以供大家讨论。     

褶皱复杂程度的分形分类

本文根据褶皱的白相似性特征,引用分形概念,分析褶皱的分形分布特性,并利用MichaelBamsley（1986）的分形插值理论首次模拟褶皱的复杂形态,主要利用插值点（x、y）和褶皱扰动系数d模拟各种褶皱,在此基础上,提出褶皱复杂程度的分形分类方案。这种新的分类方案即褶皱形态的传统分类名称附缀分形分类名称,解决了传统分类方法不能区分褶皱复杂性的难题。这种方法使褶皱的形态分析达到较精确的定量描述和分类,分形分类方法是对褶雏形态分类的一个补充。     

煤层气井注水泥顶替效率研究

煤层低压、易塌、易漏造成煤层段井眼不规则,扩径严重,使注水泥过程顶替效率降低,影响水泥浆的封固效果。运用CFD数值模拟方法,结合鹤岗煤层气井测井数据,模拟了煤层段不同扩径长度、扩径率、井斜角、套管居中度、水泥浆流变参数及顶替流态下的体积顶替效率及截面顶替效率值;分析了各因素对顶替效率的影响规律。结果表明,扩径段长度增加,顶替效率提高;扩径率、井斜角及偏心度增加,顶替效率降低;宾汉流体及幂率流体均存在顶替效率最高的流变参数值,顶替流态建议采用塞流顶替。研究成果为煤层气井安全优质固井提供了技术指导。      

某水电站表孔溢洪道消力池段结构优化的试验研究

通过对新疆某水电站表孔溢洪道的模型试验研究,发现在原设计消力池通过设计流量(30 a一遇洪水)1 856.2 m³/s时,消力池内水流波动剧烈,表现在池长和边墙高度均不能满足泄洪要求。因此文章通过对多种修改方案的试验研究,提出了在消力池内设置趾墩—消力墩—尾坎的方案四为最优修改方案。试验结果表明：方案四有效的改善了池内水流流态,同时缩短了池长、降低了池深,节省了工程造价,解决了下游冲刷问题,试验成果对于同类工程设计具有借鉴意义。     

基于数字钻进技术和量子遗传-径向基函数神经网络的围岩类别超前识别技术研究

围岩类别超前分类是隧道施工过程中必须开展的一项工作,其直接关系到后续的开挖及施工支护方案。为有效地进行隧道围岩类别超前分类,提出了基于数字钻进技术和量子遗传（QGA）-径向基函数（RBF）神经网络的围岩类别超前分类方法。以数字钻进技术为基础,从钻进参数中提取有用信息,构建围岩类别超前分类指标体系。采用量子计算原理对遗传算法进行改进,通过量子位编码和量子旋转门更新种群,以此来确定RBF神经网络的参数,建立了基于QGA-RBF神经网络的围岩类别超前识别系统。最后将该方法应用于青岛胶州湾海底隧道的围岩类别超前识别中,结果表明,该方法具有较高的准确性,其结果为围岩类别超前分类提供了一种新思路。     

密松水电站泄洪消能体型优化试验研究

在1:60溢流坝表、中泄水孔断面模型上对密松水电站泄水建筑物的布置方案进行了泄流能力、流速流态、压力分布等相关水力学问题的试验,并通过十多个方案的比较优化,提出了基本可行的泄水建筑物体型和消力池型式。研究成果表明:表孔采用合适的宽尾墩形式,对增加消能率、缩短消力池池长有利,但无法消除宽尾墩形成的水翅击打两侧导墙现象;表孔取消宽尾墩,采用跌坎式消力池方案,可有效降低底流消能时的池底板流速,同时消除宽尾墩形成的水翅击打两侧导墙现象,达到较满意的消能效果。本文中十数个消能方案的研究成果,对类似工程的设计和科研均有参考价值。     

金刚石钻探中几个值得注意的技术问题

自推广小口径金刚石钻探工艺以来，管理水平、操作技术不断提高，钻进效率、台年进尺、钻头进尺等各项技术经济指标显著增长，事故减少，成本降低。但还存在一些值得引起深切注意的技术问题，提出来供同志们分析、解决。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861