Fatigue Test of Homemade Z Direction Steel Welded T Tubular Joints

This paper introduces the process and result of fatigue test of steel (Z direction steel) welded T tubular joints used in offshore engineering. Detailed measurement of stress concentration factor, stress distribution, fatigue life and crack development has been performed. Through analysis, an empirical formula of stress concentration factor for T tubular joints, fatigue S-N curve and crack propagation rule are obtained.     

Truss Spar平台桁架管节点疲劳分析

Truss Spar平台在风、浪、流的作用下,结构受力十分复杂,准确分析其疲劳强度相当困难。通过建立Truss Spar平台三维有限元模型,利用HydroD软件进行载荷预报、波浪搜索,得到产生最大应力幅响应的最不利浪向和相位角。运用Sestra软件进行整体有限元分析,得到的结果作为桁架管节点细化模型的边界条件,再用Nastran软件进行局部分析求得节点的热点应力,修正壁厚影响。最后根据DNV规范的S-N曲线计算了管节点的疲劳寿命。     

Optimum design of ice-resistant offshore jacket platforms in the Bohai Gulf in consideration of fatigue life of tubular joints

Economy and ice-resistance are two factors that must be considered in the design of offshore oil platforms in the Bohai Gulf. This paper focuses on the optimal design of ice-resistant offshore jacket platforms in the Bohai Gulf in consideration of fatigue life of tubular joints, with the minimum initial weight and satisfying dynamic properties. An efficient fatigue analysis procedure based on spectral analysis is proposed, in which a hybrid finite element model is adopted to simulate the jacket platform and the tubular joints, and the pseudo-excitation method is used to calculate the power spectral density of the hot spot stress. Finally, a practical jacket platform with an ice-breaking cone in the Bohai Gulf is optimized, and the results demonstrate that the fatigue life of tubular joints could be improved and the weight of jackets decreased simultaneously.     

Probabilistic analysis of the DoB in axially-loaded tubular KT-joints of offshore structures

The degree of bending (DoB) characterizing the through-the-thickness stress distribution has a profound effect on the fatigue behavior of tubular joints commonly found in steel offshore structures and the determination of DoB values is essential for improving the accuracy of fatigue life estimation. Probability density functions of the involved random variables are necessary for the fatigue reliability analysis of offshore structures. The objective of present research was the derivation of probability density function (PDF) for the DoB in tubular KT-joints commonly found in jacket-type offshore platforms. A total of 162 finite element (FE) analyses were carried out on 81 FE models of KT-joints subjected to two types of axial loading. Generated FE models were validated using experimental data, previous FE results, and available parametric equations. Based on the results of parametric FE study, a sample database was prepared for the DoB values and density histograms were generated for respective samples based on the Freedman-Diaconis rule. Thirteen theoretical PDFs were fitted to the developed histograms and the maximum likelihood (ML) method was applied to evaluate the parameters of fitted PDFs. In each case, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to evaluate the goodness of fit. Finally, the Generalized Extreme Value model was proposed as the governing probability distribution function for the DoB. After substituting the values of estimated parameters, six fully defined PDFs were presented for the DoB in tubular KT-joints subjected to two types of axial loading.     

KK型管节点应力集中系数几何敏感性分析

KK型管节点是自升式平台桁架式桩腿中的一种管节点,其应力集中系数是影响桩腿疲劳寿命的重要参数。应力集中系数与管节点的几何形式密切相关,为分析KK型管节点应力集中系数对几何参数的敏感性,利用ANSYS软件对某KK型管节点进行几何参数化建模,利用有限元数值模拟方法对各工况下的热点应力进行分析,并分别计算各相应工况下的名义应力,然后将热点应力与名义应力相比得到不同几何参数下的热点应力集中系数。对计算结果进行整理分析,得到了KK型管节点应力集中系数对无量纲几何参数的敏感性规律。结果表明,应力集中系数与撑杆受力状态、管节点结构形式有关,在满足结构布置、建造工艺和其他安全性指标的前提下,分析结果能够为KK型管节点的结构设计和疲劳分析提供技术支撑。     

An Improved Formulation for the Ultimate Static Strength of Tubular Joints subjected to Combined Loads

"The effect of interaction of loads on the ultimate static strength of tubular joints of offshore fixed platforms, is a practical problem. But there is still absence of rigorous theory to explain available experimental data and empirical criteria for the static strength of tubular joints. The idea of yield at hot spot of tubular joints is introduced in this paper. The interaction equations of plastic capacity for the tubular joints under combined loads (two and three different kinds) are derived. Thereafter the Yura's test data and empirical criteria of ultimate static strength for the tubular joints can be explained. The idea of classification of category of loads in accordance with experimental data and the present theory is suggested. Finally, the improved ultimate capacity equations for tubular joints are recommended. The physical significance of the coefficient of plastic reservation Qp is discussed.     

非常规管节点疲劳寿命分析与计算

对非常规管节点的疲劳寿命进行了分析研究，用SESAM计算疲劳载荷，应用精细有限元分析计算热点应力，用规范的S—N曲线计算管节点的疲劳寿命。通过实例计算表明，这些处理对非常规管节点疲劳寿命分析与计算是很有效的。     

平台钢焊接接头在海洋中的腐蚀疲劳研究

随着近海石油开采事业的迅猛发展,我国已自行设计和建造了许多固定式导管架钢结构海上平台,它们在海洋环境中承受着波浪引起的交变载荷作用,与惰性环境中承受交变载荷条件下得到的疲劳结果相比,交变载荷与侵蚀性环境的联合作用往往导致疲劳性能显著下降。这种损伤可能是疲劳开裂和腐蚀性破坏的简单叠加,也可能是这两者之间某些更为复杂的协同交互作用的结果(贾斯克,1989)。钢结构海上平台是由钢构件(如钢管、钢板、角钢等)焊接而成,海水腐蚀疲劳裂缝大都产生于焊缝区的焊趾处,该部位存在焊接残余应力,以及焊接缺陷和儿何缺陷,形成应力集中。本文通过对海上平台用钢板在空气中、海水中和海水中有阴极保护三种条件下腐蚀疲劳性能的研究,探讨了钢材在海上平台不同部位、不同保护状况下的腐蚀疲劳寿命,为海上采油平台设计与选择提供了理论依据。     

高强度钢54SiCrV6超高周疲劳研究

介绍了用2万Hz超声波振动疲劳试验机对高强度钢54SiCrV6的超高周（10亿周）疲劳强度研究，结果发现，该种材料的高周直到超高周区间，疲劳强度随材料寿命的加大呈明显减小，即S－N曲线呈明显下降，这一结果与传统的假说完全不同。传统的假说认为该区间的疲劳强度为水平渐近线或为一定值，本文建议该种材料的高周及超高周区间疲劳强度用延长线代替水平渐近线，并给出实际结果与传统假说间差别，借助于电子显微镜对试件微观组织的观察及对引起疲劳破坏起始处进行化学分析，发现这种材料的寿命在10^7周附近疲劳机理出现突变，即小于10^7周的试件的初始疲劳裂纹在表面，达到10^7周附近的 件的初始疲劳裂纹在内部，并发现试件的断裂有些是由于其中心有钙化物等杂质，另一些则是由于材料内部空洞引起。     

TY型管节点局部柔度的参数分析及试验研究

由于海洋平台管节点的局部柔度对平台结构的静动力性能有重要影响，如何确定各类管节点的局部柔度成为一个重要的研究课题。本文用半解析方法计算了海洋平台中一类常见的管节点──ＴＹ型管节点的局部柔度，并用回归方法得出了计算ＴＹ型管节点局部柔度矩阵中各元素的参数公式。本文还介绍了对一组ＴＹ型管节点ＰＶＣ塑料模型进行的局部柔度试验。参数公式计算结果与模型试验结果的比较表明，本文得出的参数公式是基本可靠的，建议可在海洋平台总体结构分析中使用。     

Parametric Analysis and Experimental Study on Local Flexibility of TY-Type Tubular Joints

Loal flexibility of tubular joints has important effect on the static and dynamic behaviour of offshore platforms, therefore, the determination of it becomes an important research subject in the field of offshore engineering. In this paper, the local flexibility of TY-type tubular joints, which are widely used in offshore platforms, is calculated by using semi- analytical method. Based on the calculated results, parametric formulae for evaluating element in the local joint flexibility matrix of TY- type tubular joints are derived by regression. A test on PVC models of TY-type tubular joints to measure the local joint flexibility is also reported. A comparison of the results calculated from the parametric formulae presented in this paper with those measured from the model test shows that the parametric formulae are reliable. It is recommended that these formulae be used in the global structural analysis of offshore platforms.     

Regression Formulations for the Stress at Hot Spot of Multiplanar Tubular DT Joints

- Stress concentration analysis of multiplanar tubular DT joints plays an important role in the fatigue design of offshore platforms. A semi-analytic method for stress analysis under the condition of any loads is briefly introduced in the paper. Nineteen multiplanar tubular DT joints with one of two braces of the same dimension subjected to axial loads and out- of- plane bending moments are computed for parametric stress analysis by using the present method. The influence of geometrical parameters on the stresses of multiplanar tubular DT joints is discussed and compared with corresponding uniplanar T joints. The regression formulae for the stress at hot spot of multiplanar DT joints are found by modification of SCF of corresponding uniplanar T joints. The parametric formulae for the maximum stress by superposition. Finally, the influences of stiffening effect and load-interaction effect on the maximum stress of DT joints are discussed.     

基于实测应力的半潜平台疲劳损伤分析

疲劳破坏是海洋结构物发生破坏的一种主要形式,深水半潜平台在海上运输、作业、停滞时会受到交变的风、浪、流载荷作用,进而引起结构关键节点处的疲劳损伤,影响平台安全性。以"海洋石油981"半潜钻井平台为研究对象,利用光纤光栅应变传感器对结构高应力区进行应力监测,获取测点处应力时历数据。将监测位置划分为四个监测板块,采用四点雨流计数法对测点应力进行处理,得到以离散形式给出的应力循环幅度与相应循环周次。参照DNV《海上钢结构疲劳设计规范》推荐的S-N曲线,基于Miner线性疲劳累计损伤原则,得到各个测点处的总体疲劳损伤度。选取具有最大疲劳损伤度的危险测点,并结合海上实测总时长,预测半潜平台的总体疲劳寿命。     

Prediction of Static Strength of Tubular T and X Joints Subjected to Axial Compression

-The formulation of ring analogy method for the prediction of static strength (ductile collapse) of tubular T, X joints under axial compression based on the limit analysis of the ring with some assumptions is presented in this papaer. The regression formula for the effective length of the chord based on test results is established by means of the least square method. The results computed by the present semi-analytic formula are compared with previous results and test data. They are quite close to each other. The accuracy of the present formula depends on the reasonable selection of the effective length of the chord, which requires numerous test data.     

焊接节点低温疲劳试验与低温主S-N曲线的构建

为了拓展主S-N曲线法,使之更好地适用于低温、极地环境下船舶与海洋工程结构物的疲劳评估,进行了EH36材料T型焊接接头的低温疲劳性能试验,收集了国内外多个焊接节点低温疲劳数据,建立了疲劳试验试件的有限元模型,运用等效结构应力法,计算焊接节点的等效结构应力,构建低温环境下焊接节点的主S-N曲线。使用该曲线,预测低温疲劳试验的寿命,并与疲劳试验结果、常温主S-N曲线、常温中值D曲线的预测结果进行了比较,结果表明,所提低温主S-N曲线预测方法具有较高精度,可用于低温环境下船舶与海洋结构物疲劳寿命的预测。     

Fatigue Crack Propagation in Steel A131 Under Ice Loading of Crushing,Bending and Buckling

Three types of ice loading, which are most commonly present when ice acts on structures, are chosen and simulated for use of fatigue crack propagation tests on offshore structural steel A131. The three types of ice categorized in accordance with the failure modes when acting on structures called crushing ice, bending ice, and buckling ice, respectively. This paper presents an experimental investigation on the fatigue crack propagation behavior of widely used high strength steel A131 for offshore jackets in the loading environment of ice crushing, bending, and buckling. The test results of fatigue crack propagation in steel A131 under these simulated ice loading at temperature 292K. are presented and analyzed in detail in this paper. The amplitude root mean square stress intensity factor is optimized to be the fundamental parameter of fatigue crack propagation for all types of ice loading histories. The results are also compared with constant amplitude fatigue crack propagation conclusions as in wave loa     

冰区自升式平台桩腿动强度的安全评估

应用ANSYS软件建立了自升式平台和冰相互作用的数学仿真模型,对自升式平台进行了动力分析和桩腿的极限强度和疲劳强度校核。应用本模型对渤海某自升式平台桩腿进行的强度校核和不同海冰参数下平台桩腿的冰激疲劳损伤实例分析表明,本文的研究结果为自升式平台冰激疲劳设计提供了一个有效的方法,并为自升式平台在冰区的使用提供了依据。     

Experimental research on fatigue property of steel rubber vibration isolator for offshore jacket platform in cold environment

Jacket platform is the most widely used offshore platform. Steel rubber vibration isolator and damping isolation system are often used to reduce or isolate the ice-induced and seismic-induced vibrations. The previous experimental and theoretical studies concern mostly with dynamic properties, vibration isolation schemes and vibration-reduction effectiveness analysis. In this paper, the experiments on steel rubber vibration isolator were carried out to investigate the compressive properties and fatigue properties in different low temperature conditions. The results may provide some guidelines for design of steel rubber vibration isolator for offshore platform in a cold environment, and for maintenance and replacement of steel rubber vibration isolator, and also for fatigue life assessment of the steel rubber vibration isolator.     

海洋平台的灌浆卡箍技术研究

在国内外文献研究的基础上，对钢质近海结构物的修理，加固方法做了较为深入的研究，利用丹麦学者N．S．Ottosen提出的多轴应力状态下混凝土强度理论Ottosen破坏准则，建立了钢与混凝土组合结构T型灌浆卡箍管节点的轴向受控，受压和面内弯矩作用下的非线性有限元计算模型，采用分级加载计算分析了相应的极限承载能力，并与试验结果进行比较分析，计算结果表明，经灌浆卡箍维修后的管节点应力分布，变形和极限承载能力都得到了明显的改善，所得结果较好地反映了实际结构的力学特性。     

Residual compressive strength of inclined steel tubular members with local corrosion

In jacket-type offshore structures, corrosion damage affects the structural performance under compressive loading, which is created by the working and design loads of the main system. In this study, the effects of corrosion damage on the compressive structural behavior and strength of steel tubular members were investigated. Artificial corrosion damage was applied to the tubular specimens via mechanical processing and hand drilling to replicate the inclined nature of jacket-type offshore structures. The damage was applied to either half or all of the circumference of the specimens. The compressive failure modes of the artificially corroded tubular members were affected by the corrosion conditions. The compressive strengths were also affected by the level of corrosion. From the results of this study, the residual compressive strengths of corroded tubular steel members can be estimated based on the condition of the damaged sectional areas.