尼日尔三角洲盆地深水区逆冲构造演化特征

关于尼日尔三角洲盆地陆坡深水区的逆冲构造,其逆冲背景下的构造演化阶段及古地貌变迁特征,是一个需要深入研究的问题。以尼日尔三角洲盆地某深水研究区为例,基于三维地震资料解释,识别了3个关键界面和4种构造样式,将新生界划分为3个超层序,进一步分析了SSQ_1超层序内部的泥岩滑脱面;厘定了中新统逆冲构造的演化阶段,并分析了不同阶段内的地貌特征。形成于构造活动期的超层序(SSQ_3)可进一步划分为3个三级层序,自下而上依次由逆冲断层、泥底辟和披覆沉积所主控,对应3个不同的构造演化阶段:①逆冲断层主控阶段。在重力滑脱作用下,逆冲断层沿不同深度滑脱面发育,所产生的位移差导致构造变换带内地层受到剪切应力而发育撕裂断层,其走向与逆冲断层近垂直;剪切破裂面的存在使地层抗应力强度大幅降低,在地层超压作用下,构造变换带内沿撕裂断层发育泥底辟褶皱;顺陆坡倾向搬运的重力流沉积物受到逆冲相关褶皱阻挡而发生沉积,导致重力流岩性圈闭集中分布于逆冲断层上盘的地貌低部位。②泥底辟主控阶段。在差异负荷作用下,塑性超压泥岩向逆冲相关褶皱与撕裂断层相关褶皱核部集中,形成大型滑脱褶皱;泥岩的塑性变形主要发生在由不同深度滑脱面所限定的地层单元内;滑脱褶皱的存在使其两侧形成了沿陆坡倾向展布的地貌低部位,并成为重力流储层发育的有利场所。③构造平静阶段。构造活动明显减弱,在填平补齐作用下地貌逐渐趋于平缓。     

尼日尔三角洲盆地泥收缩构造发育特征及对沉积的控制

泥收缩构造是发育在尼日尔三角洲盆地深水区的典型构造样式,属重力滑脱冲断构造,主要构造类型有冲断裂、塑性泥构造及相关褶皱和正断裂。基于地震地质解释,结合构造发育史分析,认为泥收缩构造主要受塑性泥构造控制,在中新世托尔托纳(Tortonian)晚期开始活动,中新世墨西拿期(Messinian)—上新世赞克勒期(Zanclean)达到最强,之后构造活动逐渐减弱,但至今仍在活动。通过古构造恢复,结合沉积展布分析,认为中新世托尔托纳晚期沉积开始受构造活动控制,托尔托纳阶上部及以上地层具有明显的同沉积特征,泥收缩构造相关的冲断裂上升盘厚度明显小于下降盘厚度,褶皱两翼的地层厚度明显厚于中间背斜顶部的地层厚度。     

逆冲断层前锋带的构造样式

由于逆冲断层产出构造环境和规模的不同，其前缘可以有拆离型，褶皱型，前冲型，反冲型等多种样式；每种样式又可具不同特征。此外，逆冲前缘还常伴生一些重力构造，盆地构造和不同方向的反转构造。各种构造样式可以相互转化和过渡而共存于同一逆冲带，或发育于不同逆冲带中。它们是研究塑冲作用的动力状态，，扩展方式和发展阶段的重要依据。     

尼日尔三角洲深水区层序地层及地震相研究

中新世至上新世,研究区发育深海平原和陆坡坡脚沉积。缺少反映海平面变化的上超特征和削截现象,很难利用地震反射终止类型（上超、顶超、削截）进行层序界面识别。文中利用深水区沉积旋回的地震相特征差异进行层序界面识别,并建立了研究区层序演化模式:低位体系域发育重力流沉积（块状搬运复合体、浊积扇）———海侵高位体系域深海泥质发育。以层序为格架进行地震相和沉积相在时间和空间分布特征分析。研究区识别出两类叠加地 震相样式:杂乱反射块状搬运复合体———丘形水道—堤岸复合体（浊积扇）———平行反射深海泥质沉积;丘形水道—堤岸复合体（浊积扇）———平行反射深海泥质沉积。     

燕山板内造山带中生代逆冲构造样式及形成过程

逆冲推覆构造是燕山板内造山带的重要构造形迹之一,我们曾对其总体特征进行了研究并同前陆褶冲带逆冲推覆构造作了比较。      

尼日尔三角洲的沉积-构造特征

尼日尔三角洲位于非洲大陆西海岸的几内亚湾,由尼日尔河注入大西洋形成的,是世界上最大的三角洲之一。它发育于冈瓦纳大陆裂解形成的中、西非裂谷系和大西洋被动大陆边缘交汇部位,主体位于大西洋洋壳之上,部分位于非洲前寒武纪结晶基底之上。中、西非中生代裂谷系通过控制贝努埃-尼日尔河系的发育,间接控制三角洲的形成演化。尼日尔三角洲是一个进积型三角洲,具有典型的进积三角洲沉积序列,自下而上依次是海相页岩(Akata组)、近海三角洲相砂岩-页岩互层(Agbada组)和陆相冲积砂岩(Benin组)。三个岩石地层单位均规律性穿时,向洋方向变新。尼日尔三角洲层序中发育一大型重力滑动构造。该重力滑动构造的主滑脱面位于Akata海相页岩中,可以划分出前缘挤压构造变形区和后缘拉张伸展构造变形区。挤压构造变形区发育褶皱冲断带,伸展构造变形区发育堑垒构造,两者之间的过渡带发育滑脱褶皱。尼日尔三角洲的重力构造伴生有广泛发育的泥构造。重力动构造的形成可能与新生代喀麦隆火山带(Cameroon volcanic line)有一定的关系。     

胶东东部中生代走滑逆冲构造带的超微构造研究

胶东东部区域上处于秦岭-大别-苏鲁造山带的东端,是中生代的走滑逆冲构造带.进行超微构造研究有利于解决岩石的变形机制问题.应用偏光显微镜和透射电子显微镜方法,进行了胶东东部走滑逆冲构造带显微构造及超微构造研究.研究认为主要走滑逆冲剪切带的石英位错亚构造以线位错为主,并常见位错环、位错弓弯、位错壁、位错列、位错网及亚晶粒等构造型式颗粒等.石英超微位错构造总体反映的是中温或低温塑性变形环境;石岛剪切带、荣成剪切带、牟平剪切带的平均古差异应力值呈现逐渐降低的趋势,跟温度呈反相关的关系.     

尼日尔三角洲的重力滑动构造

位于南大西洋东岸被动大陆边缘之上的尼日尔三角洲发育一大型重力滑动构造。自非洲大陆向南大西洋方向,该重力滑动构造可以划分出前缘挤压构造变形区和后缘拉张构造变形区。前缘挤压构造变形,形成褶皱冲断带;后缘拉张构造变形,形成堑垒构造;两者之间的过渡带发育滑脱褶皱。三角洲沉积的时代为始新世—第四纪,地层剖面自下而上依次是海相页岩（Akata组）、近海三角洲相砂岩—页岩互层（Agbada组）和陆相冲积砂岩（Benin组）。3个岩石地层单元都是穿时的,向大洋方向变新。重力滑动构造的主滑脱面位于Akata海相页岩中。根据生长地层、不整合以及卷入变形的地层时代,重力滑动构造起始于约12 Ma,伴生有广泛发育的泥构造。重力滑动构造的形成可能与新生代喀麦隆火山带（Cameroon volcanic line）的火山活动有一定的关系。     

The influence of pre-existing structure on the growth of syn-sedimentary normal faults in a deltaic setting,Niger Delta

Three dimensional seismic-reflection data from the western Niger Delta were used to investigate the segmentation and linkage of a syn-sedimentary normal fault array and to estimate the influence of a pre-existing normal fault on the geometry and growth of younger faults. The nucleation, growth and linkage of a regional (seaward-dipping) deltaic fault system were analyzed on reflectivity time-/horizon slices and vertical seismic sections. In the deep subsurface, a master fault that consists of two segments (northwestern, NW, and southeastern, SE) grew through time into a single fault by lateral tip propagation reaching a final length of about 15 km. After attaining this length, displacement along the fault system developed non-uniformly through time. The analysis of the hanging-wall sediments of the deep-seated master fault shows two different processes of vertical linkage above the NW and SE segment. The SE segment links vertically to several younger faults contemporaneously with displacement accumulation on the master fault; in contrast, fault linkage above the NW segment occurred only after an interval of master-fault inactivity connecting the deep-seated structure upwards to a single syn-sedimentary normal fault. The observed differences in fault development suggest that although multi-segment deltaic faults form single fault systems after segment linkage, individual pre-linkage characteristics can be preserved, supporting a possibly diverse upward growth and connection to younger faults in the overburden. The geological interpretations presented highlight the influence of large deep-rooted structures on the development, location and geometry of shallow deltaic faults, documenting the influence of an older structural grain on delta tectonics.     

尼日尔Termit盆地上白垩统Madama组地震相识别与沉积相演化分析

以层序地层学及沉积学理论为指导,综合运用测井、录井以及地震资料,将尼日尔Termit盆地上白垩统Madama组划分为一个三级层序(MS),并进一步识别出低位体系域、海侵体系域以及高位体系域。在等时层序地层格架内,识别出前积反射地震相、河道充填反射地震相、平行-亚平行反射地震相以及杂乱反射地震相等四种类型,并识别出辫状河三角洲的沉积相类型。认为层序MS的低位体系域主要发育辫状河三角洲前缘亚相,高位体系域则主要发育辫状河三角洲平原亚相。Madama组整体表现为一个海退的沉积演化过程。     

深水沉积差异及其对油气分布影响

尼日尔三角洲盆地深水油气资源丰富,其中盆地东部深水区已发现的亿顿级油气田数量和累计油气可采储量均约为西部深水区的两倍,东、西部深水区油气差异巨大,开展尼日尔三角洲盆地深水沉积特征和差异研究具有重要的生产意义和学术价值。通过对该盆地大量地震、测井和岩心等资料的分析,提出了西部深水扇主要是由三角洲提供物源,通过大型峡谷的运输,在深水平原区形成树枝状发散的深水扇,又称作“有根深水扇”;东部深水扇也是由三角洲供源,但由于缺乏大型峡谷的运输,沉积物沿大陆斜坡滑移至半深海—深海平原,形成根部不发育的“扇面状”深水扇,又称作“无根深水扇”。尼日尔三角洲盆地东西部深水区油气分布差异,除构造等因素外,其最主要的原因为有/无峡谷作为物源运输通道,分别形成的不同沉积类型,进而分别形成两种样式的深水圈闭类型,最终造成东西部深水区油气分布的巨大差异。     

Distribution of heavy metals in soils of Port Harcourt and its environs,Niger Delta,Nigeria

Geochemical evaluation of the distribution of heavy metals in soils of Port Harcourt and its environs in the Niger Delta region is presented in respect of anthropogenic factor and index of geoaccumulation. Sixteen (16) soil samples were collected from two horizons (0-10 cm and 100 cm) from the various grids and analyzed. The geo-chemical analyses showed the vertical and horizontal distributions of heavy metals. The results showed the ranges of the metals determined as follows: Pb (6.86-2.49)×10-6, with an average of 4.63×10-6; Cd (0.05-0.00)×10-6, with an average of 0.02×10-6, As (0.01-0.00)×10-6, with an average of 0.00×10-6. Cu (15.36-10.80) ×10-6, with an average of 13.36×10-6, and V (1.36-0.20)×10-6, with an average of 0.94×10-6. Quantification of the degree of pollution was carried out using anthropogenic factor (AF) and index of geoaccumulation (Igeo). The Igeo values of 0.06, 0.02 and 0.00 for Pb, Cd and As, respectively indicate low-level contamination while Zn (1.14) and V (1.40) show me-dium-level contamination. The sources of contamination are attributed to urbanized anthropogenic activities. The majority of the samples analyzed show that the AF values are less than 1 with the exception of vanadium (V) whose AF values range from 2.73 to 13.60×10-6. Vanadium is more enriched than As, Cd, Pb, and Cu. The order of degrees of anthropogenic contamination and index of geoaccumulation in the soil is V >Zn >Pb >Cu >Cd >AS. Metals were retained near the top soil and their concentrations in the deepest horizons were lower and normal for uncontaminated soils. Metal concentrations in the top soil horizons were significantly related to distance from the industrial and hu-man activities.     

尼日尔三角洲高分辨率层序地层及沉积相研究——以尼日利亚M区块为例

本文采用高分辨率层序地层学理论,研究尼日尔三角洲中尼日利亚M区块的层序及沉积特征。选择基准井对全井段的岩屑资料进行细致的观察描述,确定自然伽马、声波等曲线对岩性的响应特征;解释主要钻井的岩性剖面;根据岩性剖面,参照地震剖面中揭示的钻井相对于沉积倾向剖面中所在的位置,选择相应的模型划分不同级别的基准面旋回;通过对钻井基准面旋回的形态、厚度、出现频率等属性特征的分析,进行基准面旋回对比,建立等时的层序格架。研究总结了不同级次旋回界面和旋回类型的识别特征,将研究层段分为9个长期旋回。基于对该区构造、沉积背景、物源供应状况及演化特征,分析了该区三角洲的基本类型、随层序及体系域的时空演化等要素。总结了分流河道、水下分流河道、砂坝等若干骨架沉积微相的旋回组合特征、叠加样式等,为储、盖组合及勘探目标评价提供了的依据。     

Prognostication of hydrocarbon generative potential in the onshore and offshore Niger Delta,Nigeria using TOC content and rock-eval pyrolysis techniques

This article prognosticates the hydrocarbon generation potential of core samples from fields A, B, C and D in Niger delta, Nigeria. The objectives of this study are to characterize the quality of these core samples by organic geochemical analyses. A total of ten core samples collected from fields A, B, C and D in Niger delta were analyzed using total organic carbon （TOC） content analysis, rock-eval pyrolysis technique. The analytical results of the stud- ied core samples reveal that they have generally high total organic carbon contents （TOC）, suggesting that conditions in the Niger delta favour organic matter production and preservation. There is a variation in the kerogen types and this may be attributed to the relative stratigraphic positions of the core samples within the Niger delta. The rock-eval results indicate that the samples from fields C and D contain predominantly Type II kerogen with a capacity to gen- erate oil and gas and hence have good generative potential. The samples from fields A and B contain mainly Type III kerogen and are gas-prone with moderate generative potential.     

东尼日尔Termit盆地叠置裂谷的演化:来自构造和沉积充填的制约

东尼日尔Termit盆地是中西非裂谷系中典型的中—新生代裂谷盆地。在充分应用钻井和地震解释资料的基础上,根据构造、沉积充填及主要区域性不整合面的特征,分析了该盆地的演化过程。盆地内主要发育两类断层,第一类断层形成于早白垩世,于古近纪发生继承性活动,第二类断层为形成于古近纪的新生断层。全盆地普遍存在4个主要区域性不整合面,分别位于下白垩统、上白垩统、古近系、新近系—第四系底部。下白垩统和古近系沉积特征受断层活动控制明显,上白垩统和新近系沉积中心位于盆地中部,在其沉积时构造活动较弱。构造和沉积充填特征表明,Termit盆地经历了白垩纪和古近纪—第四纪两期裂谷旋回叠置的演化过程。下白垩统和古近系沉积于同裂谷期,沉积充填受断层活动控制;上白垩统和新近系—第四系沉积于后裂谷期,以热沉降拗陷作用为主。     

Structural Styles of the Longmenshan Thrust Belt and Evolution of the Foreland Basin in Western Sichuan Province, China

The Longmenshan thrust system consists of two major groups of structural styles according to the depth of their involvement: basement thrusts-compressional fault blocks; fold-thrust system in the cover. In cross-section, the Longmenshan structural belt is divided into 5 zones. The propagation of the Longmenshan thrust system is piggy-back due to pushing at the early stage and overstep due to gravity sliding at the late stage. Balanced cross-sections and palinspastic reconstruction reveal that the total sliding displacement of the thrust system amounts to 120 km. The tectonic evolution of the Tethys domain in western Sichuan has experienced 5 stages: continental break-up; ocean-continent subduction ; continent-arc collision; orogenic thrusting; uplift of western Sichuan.