新一代天气雷达雨量估测与实况的对比实现

新一代天气雷达在防灾减灾领域,特别是雨量估测方面具有广泛的应用。为了更准确有效的应用本地区雷达的雨量估测数据,本文基于．NE12．0平台,实现了雷达估测的雨量数据,和自动站雨量数据的对比软件平台研究。并给出了估测范围与对比结果的数据误差分析。结果表明,估测范围的选择对雷达估测雨量的结果,及其与自动站雨量的对比结果有很大的影响。     

利用二维极值分布模拟我国几个代表站的强降水概率特征

基于中国6个代表站5-9月的逐日降水资料,利用二维Gumbel-Logistic分布,研究了中国不同区域的过程降水量和日最大强降水雨量的联合概率特征。结果表明,各代表性台站的过程雨量和强降水雨量的联合分布均符合二维Gumbel分布。强降水雨量与过程降雨量联合分布所描述的极端事件是更小的小概率事件。相同强降水雨量条件下,过程雨量越大,重现期越长当强降水雨量增大时,同一过程雨量的重现期也延长。在同级强降水雨量出现的条件下,各地过程降雨量往往是愈往南方其条件概率愈大,而其出现的过程雨量也随之增大。这为研究强降水极端状况的全方位特征做出了新的试验．也曼加客观地揭示了极端气候事件的多方面概率特征．     

四大流域面雨量监控预报系统

基于中国气象局下发的“关于全国七大流域面雨量预报业务实施方案的通知”和河南省气象局下发的“黄河中下游面雨量预报业务实施细则”，开发了“四大流域面雨量监控预报系统”。系统程序设计采用C＋＋Builder4.0和Visual Fortran 5.0，实现了降水实况自动入库、全省站点雨量预报及四大流域面雨量预报的计算输出，达到了对四大流域面雨量进行实时预报、监控的目的。     

“93.8.4”暴雨过程分析

“９３．８．４”暴雨过程分析王正旺，庞转棠（长治市气象局０４６０００）１引　言１９９３年８月４日长治市所属１２个县区降了大一暴雨和大暴雨。雨量为２８．８～１２７。０ｍｍ，其中５个县区（襄垣、沁县、黎城、潞城、长治市城区）雨量在１００ｍｍ以上，暴雨中心...     

县域面雨量估算方法探讨

利用人工增雨点雨量，采用算术平均法计算了博兴县的面雨量，分析了县域点雨量与面雨量相关关系，探讨了将单点雨量转化为面雨量的简便方法。     

河南GPRS无线雨量查询系统的二次开发

在河南GPRS无线雨量查询系统的基础上进行二次开发,对南阳市的自动雨量站点的雨量信息进行处理,自动对网页进行刷新,在达到设置的预警雨量时,自动发出预警声音,及时提醒值班员发布暴雨预警信号。     

优化ZI关系及其在淮河流域面雨量测量中的应用

利用合肥新一代天气雷达2003年6—7月观测数据和地面观测的逐时雨量资料，得到分段最优化Z-I关系，在淠河灌区的水源地响洪甸流域和佛子岭流域进行降水测量。结果表明：强降水阶段流域面雨量，优化Z-I关系后得到的流域累积面雨量与雨量计比值从39％提高到73％，同时相关系数从0．78提高到0．8。528小时时间序列上佛子岭流域在优化Z-I关系之后，流域平均面雨量与雨量计的回归线斜率从0．4提高到0．72，lmm·h^-1以上流域平均面雨量累积值与雨量计累积值的比值从48．4％提高到了85．9％。可见，优化Z-I关系后雷达反演值更接近于雨量观测值，同时雷达定量估测流域面雨量的精度得到很大提高。     

新一代天气雷达雨量估测与实况的对比实现

新一代天气雷达在防灾减灾领域,特别是雨量估测方面具有广泛的应用.为了更准确有效的应用本地区雷达的雨量估测数据,本文基于.NET2.0平台,实现了雷达估测的雨量数据,和自动站雨量数据的对比软件平台研究.并给出了估测范围与对比结果的数据误差分析.结果表明,估测范围的选择对雷达估测雨量的结果,及其与自动站雨量的对比结果有很大的影响.     

河南GPRS无线雨量查询系统的二次开发

在河南GPRS无线雨量查询系统的基础上进行二次开发,对南阳市的自动雨量站点的雨量信息进行处理,自动对网页进行刷新,在达到设置的预警雨量时,自动发出预警声音,及时提醒值班员发布暴雨预警信号.     

南宁市区雨量分布特征及规律初探

分析2003～2004年南宁市区自动站雨量，结果得出：南宁市的降水在分布相当不均匀．年雨量、大雨日、平均每场雨的强度最大的自动站较南宁市局测站相差达3～4成．雨日最多的测站相差1成。进而分析降水来向与最大雨量中心之间的关系，得到市区雨量分布特征及规律的一些初步的结论，表明降水的强中心中主要位于城市降水来向的上风方。     

使用GMS数值化卫星资料估计梅雨锋降水的初步探讨

应用ＧＭＳ可见光和红外通道数值化资料，针对梅雨锋云系特点，选用云顶红外计数值、可见光计数值、红外计数值梯度等因子，用逐步回归法导得高层高积云、多层云和积雨云的降水与上述因子的关系。并将估计结果与理论、实测降水比较，表明该方法估计效果较好，采用云分类降水估计结果比无云分类的要好。     

基于WebGIS的沁河流域气象站雨量资料共享系统

以沁河流域气象站雨量资料共享系统为实例,从基础地理信息数据格式转换、区域站点地理信息数据文件建立、地图文档和服务的实现、Web应用开发、雨量资料处理等方面,介绍了在ArcGIS Server框架下WebGIS的快速构建过程,并介绍了沁河流域区域气象站雨量资料处理方法、WebGIS环境下的雨量监控、GIS测量工具应用及该系统在市、县气象局汛期业务、服务工作中的应用效果。     

基于WebGIS的沁河流域气象站雨量资料共享系统

以沁河流域气象站雨量资料共享系统为实例,从基础地理信息数据格式转换、区域站点地理信息数据文件建立、地图文档和服务的实现、Web应用开发、雨量资料处理等方面,介绍了在ArcGIS Server框架下WebGIS的快速构建过程,并介绍了沁河流域区域气象站雨量资料处理方法、WebGIS环境下的雨量监控、GIS测量工具应用及该系统在市、县气象局汛期业务、服务工作中的应用效果。     

Precipitation: Measurement,remote sensing,climatology and modeling

This review paper deals with four aspects of precipitation: measurement, remote sensing, climatology and modeling. The measurement of precipitation is summarized in terms of the instruments that count and measure drop sizes (defined as disdrometers) and the instruments that measure an average quantity proportional to the integrated volume of an ensemble of raindrops (these instruments are normally called rain gauges). Remote sensing of precipitation is accomplished with ground based radar and from satellite retrievals and these two approaches are separately discussed. The climatology of precipitation has evolved through the years from the traditional rain gauge data analyses to the more sophisticated data bases that result from a coalescence of data and information on precipitation that is available from several sources into amalgamated products. Recently, rain observations from both ground and space have been assimilated into regional and global numerical weather prediction models aiming at improved moisture analysis and better forecasts of extreme weather events. The current status and the main outstanding issues related to precipitation forecasting are discussed, providing a basic structure for research coordination aimed at the improvement of modeling, observation and data assimilation applicable to global and regional scales.     

Precipitation: Measurement,remote sensing,climatology and modeling

This review paper deals with four aspects of precipitation: measurement, remote sensing, climatology and modeling. The measurement of precipitation is summarized in terms of the instruments that count and measure drop sizes (defined as disdrometers) and the instruments that measure an average quantity proportional to the integrated volume of an ensemble of raindrops (these instruments are normally called rain gauges). Remote sensing of precipitation is accomplished with ground based radar and from satellite retrievals and these two approaches are separately discussed. The climatology of precipitation has evolved through the years from the traditional rain gauge data analyses to the more sophisticated data bases that result from a coalescence of data and information on precipitation that is available from several sources into amalgamated products. Recently, rain observations from both ground and space have been assimilated into regional and global numerical weather prediction models aiming at improved moisture analysis and better forecasts of extreme weather events. The current status and the main outstanding issues related to precipitation forecasting are discussed, providing a basic structure for research coordination aimed at the improvement of modeling, observation and data assimilation applicable to global and regional scales.     

CMIP6全球气候模式对中亚极端降水模拟能力的评估

本文基于NOAA再分析逐日降水数据和22个CMIP6模式的降水模拟数据,选取了6个极端降水指数,从气候态和相对变率两个角度对CMIP6模式在中亚地区极端降水方面的模拟能力开展了评估。结果表明,在气候态方面,中亚地区降水的空间分布表现为由西南向东北递增,其东南部山地迎风侧降水偏多;多模式集合对SDII(简单降水强度)和CDD(最大无雨期)模拟的平均误差分别为-5.43%和0.45%,对PRCPTOT(年总降水量)、R1mm(有雨日数)、Rx5day(最大连续五日降水)和CWD(最大雨期)的模拟结果存在明显高估,且在中亚东南部高海拔地区误差偏高。在相对变率方面,多模式集合模拟的中亚极端降水的相对变率偏小,其中对CWD的模拟效果相对较好,平均误差为-4.78%;对R1mm的模拟效果最差,平均误差为-36.16%。模式间进行比较,TaiESM1、EC-Earth3-Veg-LR和GFDL-ESM为22个CMIP6模式中模拟能力最好的前3个模式。     

6.25 km高分辨率降尺度数据对雄安新区及整个京津冀地区未来极端气候事件的预估

基于RCP4.5情景下6.25 km高分辨率统计降尺度数据,使用国际上通用的极端气候事件指数,分析雄安新区及整个京津冀地区未来极端气候事件的可能变化。首先对当代模拟结果进行评估,结果表明,集合平均模拟可以较好地再现大部分极端气候事件指数的分布,且对与气温有关的极端气候事件指数模拟效果较好。但也存在一定偏差,特别是对连续干旱日数(CDD)的模拟效果相对较差。集合平均的预估结果表明,未来在全球变暖背景下,雄安新区及整个京津冀地区均表现为极端暖事件增多,极端冷事件减少,连续干旱日数减少,极端强降水事件增多。具体来看,到21世纪末期,日最高气温最高值(TXx)和日最低气温最低值(TNn)在整个区域上都是增加的,大部分地区增加值分别超过2.4℃和3.2℃;夏季日数(SU)和热带夜数(TR)也都表现为增加,但两者的变化分布基本相反,其中SU在山区增加幅度较大,平原地区增加幅度较小,而TR在平原地区的增加值较山区更显著,两个指数未来增加值分别为20~40 d和5~40 d;霜冻日数(FD)和冰冻日数(ID)都表现为减少,减少值分别超过10 d和5 d;与降水有关的极端气候事件指数,CDD、降雨日数(R_1mm)和中雨日数(R_10mm)的变化均以减少为主,但数值较小,一般都在?10%~0之间;最大5 d降水量(R_X5day)、降水强度(SDII)和大雨日数(R_20mm)主要表现为增加,增加值一般在0~25%之间。从区域平均的变化来看,与气温有关的极端气候事件指数的变化趋势较为显著,与降水有关的极端气候事件指数变化趋势较小。两个区域对比来看,雄安新区模式间的不确定性更大,反映出模式对较小区域模拟的不足。     

Effects of climate on numbers of northern prairie wetlands

The amount of water held in individual wetland basins depends not only on local climate patterns but also on groundwater flow regime, soil permeability, and basin size. Most wetland basins in the northern prairies hold water in some years and are dry in others. To assess the potential effect of climate change on the number of wetland basins holding water in a given year, one must first determine how much of the variability in number of wet basins is accounted for by climatic variables. I used multiple linear regression to examine the relationship between climate variables and percentage of wet basins throughout the Prairie Pothole Region of Canada and the United States. The region was divided into three areas: parkland, Canadian grassland, and United States grassland (i.e., North Dakota and South Dakota). The models - which included variables for spring and fall temperature, yearly precipitation, the previous year's count of wet basins, and for grassland areas, the previous fall precipitation - accounted for 63 to 65% of the variation in the number of wet basins. I then explored the sensitivities of the models to changes in temperature and precipitation, as might be associated with increased greenhouse gas concentrations. Parkland wetlands are shown to be much more vulnerable to increased temperatures than are wetlands in either Canadian or United States grasslands. Sensitivity to increased precipitation did not vary geographically. These results have implications for waterfowl and other wildlife populations that depend on availability of wetlands in the parklands for breeding or during periods of drought in the southern grasslands.The U.S. Government right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty-free license in and to any copyright is acknowledged.     

龙岩市降水时空分布及趋势研究

利用龙岩市1960—2013年7个国家级气象站的逐日降水资料,采用Mann-Kendall趋势和突变检验法及Morlet小波功率谱分析方法,分析龙岩市降水的时空分布规律。结果表明,龙岩市年降水量呈微弱增加趋势,年际波动振幅较大。年降水量多年平均值为1 641 mm,最小值出现在1991年(1 139.9 mm),最大值则出现在1975年(2 286.9 mm),年降水时间序列存在显著的2~8 a的周期。降水主要集中在春季,春季降水量占全年降水量的38.2%左右,其次是夏季和秋季,冬季降水量最少,仅占全年降水量的11.5%。1—6月月平降水量呈现增长趋势,8—12月呈现递减趋势。北部和南部年降水量整体变化趋势基本一致,南部地区总体小于北部地区,只有极个别年份南部地区降水量大于北部地区。     

Diagnostics of subseasonal prediction biases of the Asian summer monsoon by the NCEP climate forecast system

Biases of subseasonal prediction of the Asian summer monsoon are diagnosed using daily data from the hindcasts of 45-day integrations by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction Climate Forecast System version 2. The retrospective forecasts often show apparent systematic biases, which are mostly represented by the underestimation of the whole Asian monsoon. Biases depend not only on lead time, but also on the stage of monsoon evolution. An abrupt turning point of bias development appears around late June and early July, when ensemble spread and bias growth of winds and precipitation show a significant change over the northwestern Pacific (NWP) and the South Asian summer monsoon (SASM) region. The abrupt turning of bias development of winds, precipitation, and surface temperature is also captured by the first two modes of multivariate empirical orthogonal function analysis. Several features appear associated with the abrupt change in bias development: the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) begins its first northward jump and the surface temperature over the Tibetan Plateau commences a transition from warm bias to cold bias, and a reversal of surface temperature biases occurs in the eastern tropical Indian Ocean and the SASM region. The shift of WPSH position and the transition of surface thermal bias show close relationships with the formation of bias centers in winds and precipitation. The rapid growth in bias due to the strong internal atmospheric variability during short leads seems to mainly account for the weak WPSH and SASM in the model. However, at certain stages, particularly for longer-lead predictions, the biases of slowly varying components may also play an important role in bias development of winds and precipitation.