数字露头实景三维Web平台研究与云端地质考察应用

露头是地质考察的重点,结合无人机倾斜摄影测量技术构建数字露头实景三维模型并实现露头可视化研究能够为解决传统地质研究中存在的效率低、危险性高和数据复用性差等问题提供全新的思路。论文研究了倾斜影像三维建模、数字露头三维可视化和全景影像可视化等三维技术,并基于Cesium开源三维地球引擎研发了数字露头实景三维Web平台。平台实现了高精度露头实景三维模型的可视化,并将露头相关的描述、图片、视频、全景、文献、观察点、地质标绘等信息与露头三维模型有效结合,实现了露头三维模型上传与实景漫游、露头相关地质信息自主提供、分享、互动与可视化展示。论文通过实例证明了平台云端地质考察应用的有效性和新颖性。该平台作为第21届国际沉积学大会虚拟野外地质路线考察的首选,已成功应用于15条路线中的12条。相比传统地质研究手段,露头云端三维可视化研究能够帮助地质学者更加全面、直观地理解露头地质现象的时空展布和地质特征,并且支持数字环境下露头资源的共建、共享,节省了地质考察的时间和成本。     

基于三维激光扫描的空间地物建模

利用地面三维激光扫描仪获取的空间数据,进行了三维空间地物建模研究。以建筑物建模为例,首先从原始数据中分离提取建筑物,然后对得到的建筑物数据进行去噪处理,再通过整体匹配纠正并对原始测量数据进行重新采样和拼接配准,建立了由三角网构成的三维表面模型。结果表明,所构建的三维表面模型较好地表达了建筑物的几何特征,户外实验也验证了上述过程可以实现对建筑物快速三维建模。     

基于误差理论的产状测量精度评定

以边坡为研究对象,针对基于罗盘、免棱镜全站仪、激光测距仪、三维激光扫描仪和数字摄影测量工作站的5种产状测量方法,采用误差理论进行产状测量精度评定。研究表明,罗盘产状测量的倾向、倾角中误差分别为±4°和±3°,其精度评定既可以提高对罗盘产状测量精度的认识,也可为其他4种非接触类产状测量方法的精度评定提供验算数据。利用罗盘只能进行高陡边坡下部结构面的产状测量,测量范围有限且高耗低效;非接触类产状测量方法则可以解决人员难以到达的高陡边坡上部结构面的产状测量问题。其中,三维激光扫描和数字近景摄影测量方法可以获取边坡岩体大量随机结构面上的产状信息,为基于随机动力学的边坡稳定性评价提供重要的基础数据。     

High precision analysis of an embryonic extensional fault-related fold using 3D orthorectified virtual outcrops: The viewpoint importance in structural geology

Image-based 3D modeling has recently opened the way to the use of virtual outcrop models in geology. An intriguing application of this method involves the production of orthorectified images of outcrops using almost any user-defined point of view, so that photorealistic cross-sections suitable for numerous geological purposes and measurements can be easily generated. These purposes include the accurate quantitative analysis of fault-fold relationships starting from imperfectly oriented and partly inaccessible real outcrops. We applied the method of image-based 3D modeling and orthorectification to a case study from the northern Apennines, Italy, where an incipient extensional fault affecting well-layered limestones is exposed on a 10-m-high barely accessible cliff. Through a few simple steps, we constructed a high-quality image-based 3D model of the outcrop. In the model, we made a series of measurements including fault and bedding attitudes, which allowed us to derive the bedding-fault intersection direction. We then used this direction as viewpoint to obtain a distortion-free photorealistic cross-section, on which we measured bed dips and thicknesses as well as fault stratigraphic separations. These measurements allowed us to identify a slight difference (i.e. only 0.5°) between the hangingwall and footwall cutoff angles. We show that the hangingwall strain required to compensate the upward-decreasing displacement of the fault was accommodated by this 0.5° rotation (i.e. folding) and coeval 0.8% thickening of strata in the hangingwall relatively to footwall strata. This evidence is consistent with trishear fault-propagation folding. Our results emphasize the viewpoint importance in structural geology and therefore the potential of using orthorectified virtual outcrops.     

三维激光扫描装置设计与数据处理

三维激光扫描仪克服了传统的单点测量方式,可以方便地对实物进行复制建立立体模型。笔者简单介绍了三维激光扫描仪构造及其实现的原理,利用自行购买的激光雷达、相机和电控平台等部件搭建三维激光扫描平台,利用串口通讯实现对激光雷达、相机和电控平台等硬件控制,进一步完成三维激光扫描点云生成及图像获取,并对生成的点云进行了精度校正,最后基于特征点拼接多幅扫描图像并成功地实现了扫描点云和图像的匹配融合,其中点云精度和图像融合效果较好。     

基于综合改进ICP算法的三维激光扫描技术在露天矿边坡测绘中的应用

以先后发生过两次大规模滑坡的中煤平朔公司东露天矿边坡为研究背景,利用三维激光扫描技术测绘速度快、测量精度高、数据量大的特点,对该露天矿边坡进行三维激光扫描,尤其是对发生过滑坡的两个重点区域进行精细扫描。基于综合改进ICP算法,将扫描得到的多站点云数据进行拼接处理,完成了长约2 km的露天矿边坡三维模型重建。研究结果表明,三维激光扫描结果符合工程实际特征,是一种快速建立矿山边坡数字模型的有效手段。     

Application of a 3D photorealistic model for the geological analysis of the Permian carbonates (Khuff Formation) in Saudi Arabia

Three dimensional (3D) photorealistic models of geological outcrops have the potential to enhance the teaching of earth sciences by providing scale models in a virtual reality environment. These models can be run on low-cost desktop computers. Photorealistic models for geological outcrops are a digital illustration of outcrop photographs with either a point cloud representation or Triangular Irregular Network (TIN) mesh of the outcrop surface. The level of detail for these models is dependent on the target resolutions (physical and optical) that were used during data acquisition. In addition, the technique in which the data is rendered as a digital model affects the level of detail that can be observed by the geologists. A colored point cloud representation is suitable for large-scale features, but fine details are lost when the geologist zooms in to view the model close up. In contrast, a photorealistic model that is constructed from photographs draped onto a triangle mesh surface derived from Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) point clouds provides a level of detail that is restricted only by the resolution of the photographs.     

三维激光扫描技术在青岛市房地产开发中的应用

三维激光扫描技术是一种先进的全自动高精度立体扫描技术,又称为＂实景复制技术＂,是继GPS空间定位技术后的又一项测绘技术革新,使测绘数据的获取方法、服务能力与水平、数据处理方法等进入新的发展阶段。该文结合工程实例,对该项技术用于三维精准地形测绘的方法进行了实践与研究,并对该技术存在的一些问题做了一些探讨。     

基于无人机倾斜摄影的数字露头实景三维模型构建

地质露头在地质研究中具有极其重要的地位。传统地质露头野外数据采集多以相机拍照、人工测量为主,存在诸多局限性。基于无人机的倾斜摄影技术及其配套的快速三维建模技术是近年发展起来的高新技术。本文将无人机倾斜摄影技术引入地质露头数据采集中,研究了基于无人机倾斜摄影的数字露头实景三维模型构建方法并详细论述了工作流程。文章以鄂尔多斯盆地大石头井沟剖面和二道沟剖面为例进行了案例分析。研究表明：基于构建的数字露头实景三维模型可进行剖面量测、岩层岩性分析、岩层走向分析、岩层叠覆情况分析等多种地质分析。相较于传统地质露头数据采集方式,该方法具有真实全面、高效易用的特点。     

Close-range terrestrial digital photogrammetry and terrestrial laser scanning for discontinuity characterization on rock cuts

This paper reviews the application of close-range terrestrial digital photogrammetry and terrestrial laser scanning for discontinuity characterization on rock cuts. Terrestrial remote sensing techniques are being increasingly used as a complement to traditional scanline and window mapping methods. They provide more comprehensive information on rock cuts, allow surveying of inaccessible outcrops, and increase user safety. Selected case studies are used to estimate the accuracy of several 3D model registration approaches and the most time-, effort- and cost-effective methods are highlighted. It is shown that simple registration networks are able to provide adequate measurement of discontinuity orientation for engineering purposes. The case studies presented also illustrate the effects of sampling bias and limitations related to discontinuity characterization using remote sensing techniques. Vertical orientation bias and occlusion can be of particular concern when persistent discontinuities dip at the same angle as the camera/scanner line-of-sight. Major advantages of the techniques are presented illustrating how terrestrial remote sensing techniques provide rapid spatial measurements of discontinuity location, orientation and curvature and are well suited to the quantification of persistence magnitudes greater than 3 m.     

Estimation of 2-D and 3-D Fracture Densities from 1-D Data - Experimental and Field Results

2-D and 3-D densities of fractures are commonly used in mining safety design, natural gas and oil production in fractured reservoirs, and the characterization of subsurface flow and transportation systems in fractured rocks. However, many field data sets are collected in 1-D frequency (f) (e.g., scanlines and borehole data). We have developed an ARC/ INFO-based technology to calculate fracture frequency and densities for a given fracture network. A series of numerical simulations are performed in order to determine the optimal orientation of a scanline, along which the maximum fracture frequency of a fracture network can be obtained. We calculated the frequency (f) and densities (both D1 and D2) of 36 natural fracture trace maps, and investigated the statistical relationship between fracture frequency and fracture density D1, i.e. D1=1.340f+ 0.034. We derived analytical solutions for converting dimensional density (D1) to non-dimensional densities (D2 and D3) assuming that fracture length distribution f     

多媒体技术在地铁隧道变形监测中的应用

简述了通过摄像机、照相机、测量机器人、三维激光扫描仪和其他图形图像采集设备采集隧道变形数据的方法,提出了多媒体变形监测数据的数学处理流程,讨论了多媒体变形监测数据的存储、查询调用、分析和管理方法。研究表明,采用现代多媒体数据采集技术和数据库技术,建立隧道变形监测系统,能以数字、曲线、图形和图像等方式,来反映隧道的实时变...     

Three-dimensional sedimentary architecture of Quaternary sand and gravel resources: a case study of economic sedimentology (SW Germany)

Quaternary sands and gravels form important, yet often highly heterogeneous economic deposits. Detailed 3-D analysis of the sedimentary structure and stratigraphy of these deposits allows for an accurate estimation of exploitable material. This paper presents a case study in SW Germany reconstructing the 3-D distribution of glacial sediments based on a high-resolution, process-orientated sedimentary facies classification and lithostratigraphy integrated within the geo-modelling package gOcad. Situated along the maximal ice-extent of the Rhine glacier during the last glaciation, the study area is characterised by a morphologically prominent terminal moraine and its associated sandur, which form the stratigraphically youngest sediments of a glacial basin, partially exposed in two gravel pits. These outcrops helped to reconstruct the complex sedimentary architecture of the northern part of the glacial basin. The regional analysis is based on core data, as well as geoelectric and geomagnetic surveys. All data were integrated into km-scale, high-resolution geological 3-D models, depicting the large-scale dynamics of multiple glacier advances and retreats during the Early to Late Pleistocene. These models allow quantifying the thickness and volume distribution of exploitable sandy gravel and help to evaluate the occurrence of non-exploitable interbedded diamicton horizons. The high quality and quantity of gravels particularly north of the terminal moraine classifies the investigated area as very prospective for raw materials exploitation in the future.     

MAPSUV数字测图成果3D模拟系统的设计

数字测图系统在城市地理信息系统建设中有着广泛的应用.根据MAPSUV生成的SUV文件数据, 基于二维电子地图的平面位置, 通过虚拟现实技术, 直接将测量得到的地物空间、属性信息直观清晰地显示成三维虚拟地图, 从而实现测图成果的表现方式由二维到三维的转变.对数字测图成果三维模拟系统的设计原则整体结构、数据组织、系统功能做了详细的探讨.介绍了系统数据源、数据处理、模型库和纹理库建立以及三维可视化成果图的显示和输出.该系统集成了GIS、VRML、测绘等理论和技术, 具有数据建模, 场景漫游、属性查询等功能, 再现了二维数字地图的三维景观.测图成果3D模拟系统建模周期短, 工作量小, 可应用于城市规划、测绘、交通等许多领域.      

基于GIS空间分析的虚拟钻孔确定与实现方法

在三维地质建模过程中,通过引入一定数量的虚拟钻孔,对地层分界面几何形态更加精确的控制,不仅能够明显改善地质分界面网格的质量,而且能够提高模型精度和可视化效果。现有虚拟钻孔的引入途径主要通过手工添加实现,受人为主观因素影响较大,且自动化水平低,耗时、费力,针对这一问题,提出了一种基于GIS空间分析的虚拟钻孔确定与实现方法。以地质勘查获取的钻孔数据和地质剖面图为数据源,在ArcGIS平台的支持下,综合运用自动矢量化（Arc Scan）、要素转点（Feature To Point）、创建TIN （Create Tin）、TIN转三角形（Tinto Triangle）、泰森多边形（Create Thiessen Polygons）和相交（Intersect）等空间分析和文件转换工具,分别生成断层构造和建模区域内的二维（2D）虚拟钻孔点;而后,在利用插值工具生成各地层栅格表面的基础上,结合图形插值（Interpolate Shape）工具将2D虚拟钻孔点投影为三维（3D）虚拟钻孔;然后,利用Model Builder可视化建模工具设计了生成虚拟钻孔的模型,实现虚拟钻孔创建的自动化;最后,将获得的3D虚拟钻孔应用于三维地质建模,并进行了建模对比实验,结果表明,该方法具有一定有效性、实用性和可操作性。     

基于三维扫描与打印的岩体自然结构面试样制作方法与剪切试验验证

无法大量制作表面形态完全一致的含自然结构面的剪切试样一直是困扰岩石结构面力学试验深入研究的难题之一。借助最新发展的3D打印和表面快速扫描技术,提出了岩石自然结构面试样制作新方法。该方法采用三维扫描仪获得岩石自然结构面表面形态的高精度点云数据,然后通过逆向工程软件重构自然结构面的表面形态和含自然结构面的虚拟剪切模型,进而通过3D打印技术制作含自然结构面的PLA（绿色环保材料聚乳酸）塑材模具,最后借助PLA结构面模具在制样盒内通过相似材料浇筑成型出剪切试样,从而实现批量制作结构面形貌完全一致的相似材料结构面剪切试样,满足多种组合试样方案下岩石自然结构面的深入分析。采用这一方法针对3种岩石自然结构面进行了批量制作和剪切试验测试表明：（1）浇筑制作成试样的结构面表面高程与原始结构面高程之间的误差分析显示,岩石自然结构面可以高精度地复制到剪切试样中;（2）相同剪切试验条件下多个剪切试样的剪切位移-剪切力曲线的重合度非常高,表明制作的结构面剪切样的一致性好且试验结果离散性小;（3）通过剪切结构面试样在剪切前后的表面形态扫描分析发现,相同试验条件下自然结构面的剪切破坏形态具有非均匀性。     

基于钻孔数据的地层三维建模与可视化研究

地质体三维建模是地学信息系统核心课题之一,对现有建模方法进行分析,结合地层特点,提出首先引入虚拟钻孔,利用Kriging插值方法建立地层三维模型;其次把虚拟钻孔参数的调试结果及专家知识等资料在建模流程中予以充分体现,从而建立相对精确的三维地层模型;最后基于本文建模方法开发了一个三维地层模型,并用实际资料进行了验证,能有效满足工程需求。     

虚拟地理环境研究进展与理论框架

阐述虚拟地理环境的形成、发展与研究现状,并从"虚拟现实技术"与"虚拟现实"的相互关系探讨虚拟地理环境基本概念.从基本思想、系统结构、在线参与者社会组织水平、与GIS/数字地球的关系等角度,分析虚拟地理环境的特征.从数据、模型、表现以及协同4个方面,讨论了虚拟地理环境系统建设的关键技术与研究前沿.尝试建立了一个虚拟地理环境基本理论初步研究框架,认为在地理哲学思想层次应该重点研究复杂性人地系统、地理虚/实关系论、地理/遥感信息本体论,在地理/地理信息科学层次需要重点研究地理认知与思维、地理相似原理、地理计算模拟;同时讨论虚拟地理环境与面向"人"的地理信息科学、基于虚拟地理环境地理科学方法论,以及可计算人地关系的相关理论问题.     

岩体结构面三维网络的计算机模拟

岩体结构面三维网络的计算机模拟,是近代计算机技术在岩石力学领域应用的一个重要方面。从现场观测得到的结构面数据只具有一维或二维的分布特征,而且通常包含采样误差。所以必须经过处理,消除采样误差后,才能用体视学的方法推求三维结构面的分布参数。岩体结构面三维网络的数据是根据三维结构面的分布参数,通过蒙特卡罗法抽样生成的。而结构面三维网络的图形显示可用Visual C++结合OpenGL技术实现。因而归纳了最新的对结构面参数测量误差校正的研究成果,并通过一工程实例说明了岩体结构面三维网络模拟的实现步骤。