海水pCO2测定中喷淋-鼓泡式平衡器与层流式平衡器互校

在全球变化研究中，海气交换平衡器是海水中二氧化碳分压(pCO2)直接测定的关键。作者在Inoue,H.(1987)的喷淋式平衡器和Goyet,C.(1991)的鼓泡式平衡器的基础上设计了新的喷淋-鼓泡式平衡器，并与层流式平衡器(Cooper,D.J.etal.1998)进行了互校(气相色谱法现场测定)。经显著性检验，两种平衡器之间无显著性差异。结果表明，新的喷淋-鼓泡式平衡器能很好地用于海水中pCO2的测定。     

海水pCO_2测定中喷淋-鼓泡式平衡器与层流式平衡器互校

在全球变化研究中 ,海气交换平衡器是海水中二氧化碳分压 (p CO2 )直接测定的关键。作者在 Inoue,H.(1987)的喷淋式平衡器和 Goyet,C.(1991)的鼓泡式平衡器的基础上设计了新的喷淋 -鼓泡式平衡器 ,并与层流式平衡器 (Cooper,D.J.et al.1998)进行了互校 (气相色谱法现场测定 )。经显著性检验 ,两种平衡器之间无显著性差异。结果表明 ,新的喷淋 -鼓泡式平衡器能很好地用于海水中 p CO2 的测定。     

基于浮标观测的春季青岛近岸海水pCO2变化及海-气CO2通量研究

利用海-气界面浮标观测得到的高频数据,分析了春季青岛近岸海域海表二氧化碳分压(pCO₂)的变化规律及驱动因素,并对海-气CO₂通量进行了估算。观测期间该海域由大气的碳汇转变为碳源,主要是由海表pCO₂的不断增长所致。对海表pCO₂控制因素进行分析,发现温度升高是pCO₂增长的主要驱动因素,生物过程起到一定的抑制作用。海表pCO₂呈现出日变化特征,温度和生物因素对海表pCO₂日变化的作用均与太阳辐射相关,但两者的作用相反。此外,分析发现浮标的不同采样频率会对海-气CO₂通量估算产生影响,缩短采样间隔能有效降低海-气CO₂通量估算的偏差,提高估算的准确性。     

高空间分辨率海表CO2分压的卫星遥感反演算法：机器学习在秋季象山港的应用

近海海湾受人类活动及自然变化影响大,海水碳源汇格局变化影响机制极其复杂。由于海湾空间尺度小,需要使用宽波段的高空间分辨率卫星遥感对海-气CO₂通量进行监测评估。相对于传统公里级的水色卫星资料,海-气CO₂通量定量估算的关键参数——海表CO₂分压(sea surface partial pressure of CO₂,pCO₂)遥感反演在小尺度海湾具有极大的挑战性。该文以秋季象山港为例,利用走航观测pCO₂数据及近5年哨兵2号(Sentinel-2)卫星影像,采用支持向量机(support vector machine, SVM)机器学习的方法,基于Sentinel-2遥感反射率及其比值,建立了海表pCO₂的遥感反演算法。算法验证结果显示决定系数为0.92,均方根误差为23.23μatm,遥感反演结果与实测值具有较高一致性。在此基础上,制作了2017—2021年秋季(9—11月)象山港海表pCO₂遥感产品,结果表明...     

北部湾东北部春、夏季表层海水CO2分压的24 h变化及其调控机制研究

周日观测对掌握近海碳酸盐体系变化和海-气CO₂交换过程是必要的,有助于降低碳源汇评估的不确定性。针对北部湾东北部的英罗湾-安铺港海域,于2018年4月和8月利用24 h定点逐时采样观测了该区域表层海水碳酸盐体系及相关要素,分析了春、夏季的表层海水CO₂分压(p CO₂)24 h逐时变化规律及其调控因子。观测结果表明,春、夏季p CO₂变化范围分别为530～628μatm和427～748μatm,平均海-气CO2通量分别为(1.7±0.8)mmol/(m²·d)和(1.2±0.8)mmol/(m²·d),均表现为大气CO₂的弱源。其中春季p CO₂ 24 h逐时变化受温度的影响相比夏季更显著,而夏季p CO₂对潮汐作用以及区域内沿岸河流、地下水等淡水汇入引起的生物生产和呼吸代谢过程增强的响应更明显。海水升温主导了春季区域表层高p CO₂的形成,夏季咸淡水的物理混合过程中增...     

凡纳滨对虾-硬壳蛤池塘综合养殖系统水-气界面CO2通量及其与环境因子的关系

为探究不同凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)池塘养殖系统养殖期间水-气界面CO₂通量及其环境影响因素,以凡纳滨对虾池塘单养系统(L)和凡纳滨对虾-硬壳蛤(Mercenaria mercenaria)池塘综合养殖系统(低密度硬壳蛤LM-L、中密度硬壳蛤LM-M、高密度硬壳蛤LM-H)为研究对象,采用静态箱气相色谱法逐月监测了养殖期间(5—9月)池塘的水-气界面CO₂通量,分析了CO₂通量与环境因子的关系。研究表明：(1)对虾单养系统养殖期间水-气界面平均CO₂通量为-12.66 mg·m^-2·h^-1,整体表现为CO₂的汇;(2) LM-L、LM-M和LM-H综合养殖系统养殖期间水-气界面平均CO₂通量分别为-16.02、-16.48和-36.70 mg·m^-2·h^-1,整体表现为CO₂的汇,随着硬壳蛤放养密度的增加其碳汇能力增强;...     

Unveiling controls of the latitudinal gradient of surface pCO2 in the Kuroshio Extension and its recirculation regions（northwestern North Pacific） in late spring

In the northwestern North Pacific, annual net air-sea CO₂ flux is greatest in the Kuroshio Extension（KE） zone,owing to its low annual mean partial pressure of CO₂（pCO₂）, and it decreases southward across the basin. To quantify the influences of factors controlling the latitudinal gradient in CO₂ uptake, sea surface pCO₂ and related parameters were investigated in late spring of 2018 in a study spanning the KE, Kuroshio Recirculation（KR）, and...     

考洲洋牡蛎养殖海域海-气界面CO2交换通量的时空变化

根据2018年7月、11月和2019年1月、4月对广东考洲洋牡蛎养殖海域进行4个季节调查获得的p H、溶解无机碳(DIC)、水温、盐度、溶解氧(DO)及叶绿素a(Chla)等数据,估算该区域表层海水溶解无机碳体系各分量的浓度、初级生产力(PP)、表层海水CO₂分压[p(CO₂)]和海-气界面CO₂交换通量(FCO₂),分析牡蛎养殖活动对养殖区碳循环的影响。结果表明:牡蛎养殖区表层海水中Chl a、DIC、HCO₃^–和PP显著低于非养殖区;养殖淡季表层海水中pH、DO、DIC、HCO₃^–、和CO₃^2–显著大于养殖旺季,养殖旺季的p(CO₂)和FCO₂显著大于养殖淡季。牡蛎养殖区表层海水夏季、秋季、冬季和春季的海-气界面CO₂交换通量FCO₂平均值分别是(42.04±9.56)、(276...     

夏季琼州海峡表层海水二氧化碳分压时空变化

采用船载海-气CO₂连续观测系统于2011年和2014年夏季在琼州海峡开展了现场观测,分析研究了表层海水二氧化碳分压(p CO₂)时空变化及其影响因子。2011年和2014年夏季p CO₂分别为(516±29)μatm和(533±15)μatm,海-气CO₂交换通量分别为(8.4±1.7) mmol/(m2·d)和(4.5±0.4) mmol/(m2·d),均是大气CO₂的强源,高于相邻及相似海域,主要受控于东口海域上升流和海峡中部狭管效应。2011年夏季东口上升流增大p CO₂的同时也促进了浮游植物繁殖,光合作用吸收水体CO₂,降低了p CO₂,而且受其影响,西口口门附近叶绿素a和溶解氧含量陡增,p CO₂突降。2014年夏季东口海域上升流较弱,且观测海域垂直混合作用显著,p CO₂和溶解氧分布特征与2001年夏季明显不同。海峡中部狭管效应造成水体输运速率大、混合作用...     

温度和pCO2对中肋骨条藻释放挥发性卤代烃的影响

挥发性卤代烃(volatilehalocarbon,VHCs)是大气中一类重要的臭氧层破坏者和环境污染物,海洋微藻释放是大气VHCs的重要来源,在调节全球气候中起着至关重要的作用。该研究在2个温度(T=20、25°C)和2个CO₂分压(pCO₂=395、790 mg/L)条件下,模拟研究了温度和pCO₂升高对中肋骨条藻生长和3种VHCs (CHBr₃、CHBr₂Cl和CHBrCl2)释放量的影响。研究结果表明, pCO₂=395 mg/L,T=25°C时,中肋骨条藻的生长情况最佳; pCO₂=790 mg/L, T=20°C时,中肋骨条藻的生长情况最差。温度升高时,CHBr₃、CHBr₂Cl和CHBrCl2的平均浓度分别增加了10.55%、9.45%和12.18%;pCO₂升高时, CHBr₃和CHBrCl2的平均浓度分别降低了19.29%和30....     

The international at-sea intercomparison of fCO2 systems during the R/V Meteor Cruise 36/1 in the North Atlantic Ocean

The ‘International Intercomparison Exercise of fCO₂ Systems’ was carried out in 1996 during the R/V Meteor Cruise 36/1 from Bermuda/UK to Gran Canaria/Spain. Nine groups from six countries (Australia, Denmark, France, Germany, Japan, USA) participated in this exercise, bringing together 15 participants with seven underway fugacity of carbon dioxide (fCO₂) systems, one discrete fCO₂ system, and two underway pH systems, as well as systems for discrete measurement of total alkalinity and total dissolved inorganic carbon. Here, we compare surface seawater fCO₂ measured synchronously by all participating instruments. A common infrastructure (seawater and calibration gas supply), different quality checks (performance of calibration procedures for CO₂, temperature measurements) and a common procedure for calculation of final fCO₂ were provided to reduce the largest possible amount of controllable sources of error. The results show that under such conditions underway measurements of the fCO₂ in surface seawater and overlying air can be made to a high degree of agreement (±1 μatm) with a variety of possible equilibrator and system designs. Also, discrete fCO₂ measurements can be made in good agreement (±3 μatm) with underway fCO₂ data sets. However, even well-designed systems, which are operated without any obvious sign of malfunction, can show significant differences of the order of 10 μatm. Based on our results, no “best choice” for the type of the equilibrator nor specifics on its dimensions and flow rates of seawater and air can be made in regard to the achievable accuracy of the fCO₂ system. Measurements of equilibrator temperature do not seem to be made with the required accuracy resulting in significant errors in fCO₂ results. Calculation of fCO₂ from high-quality total dissolved inorganic carbon (C_T) and total alkalinity (A_T) measurements does not yield results comparable in accuracy and precision to fCO₂ measurements.     

A new method for continuous measurements of O2 in surface water in combination with pCO2 measurements: Implications for gas phase equilibration

An autonomous system for the recording of the surface water pCO₂ in the Baltic Sea was complemented by a module for continuous O₂ measurements. An optical O₂ sensor was used and in analogy to the determination of the pCO₂, the pO₂ was determined in the headspace of an equilibrator. By this procedure the automatic periodic calibration was considerably facilitated and biofouling was avoided. Uncertainties were associated with the use of a vented equilibrator. Due to the continuous pressure equalization with the ambient atmosphere, the headspace partial pressure of any gas (e.g. pO₂, pCO₂) reflects a steady state that may deviate substantially from the equilibrium. To calculate the true equilibrium pO₂ and thus the O₂ concentration in the water sample, we derived an equation that is based on the measurement of the headspace O₂ mol fraction, x_O2, and on the assumption that the surface water was saturated with atmospheric N₂ and Ar. Model calculations indicated that deviations from this assumption are less then 2% for most of the year. The combined pO₂/pCO₂ measurement system was deployed in July 2005 on a cargo ship that commutes regularly between the southwestern Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Finland. First results showed a reasonable agreement with O₂ data obtained at a measurement platform in the vicinity of the ship's track. The spatial resolution of the O₂ measurements was similar to that of the pCO₂ system and allowed the identification of small scale (< 1 nautical mile) biogeochemical and hydrographical inhomogeneities.     

High-resolution measurement of Southern Ocean CO2 and O2/Ar by membrane inlet mass spectrometry

This paper evaluates the simultaneous measurement of dissolved gases (CO₂ and O₂/Ar ratios) by membrane inlet mass spectrometry (MIMS) along the 180° meridian in the Southern Ocean. The calibration of pCO₂ measurements by MIMS is reported for the first time using two independent methods of temperature correction. Multiple calibrations and method comparison exercises conducted in the Southern Ocean between New Zealand and the Ross Sea showed that the MIMS method provides pCO₂ measurements that are consistent with those obtained by standard techniques (i.e. headspace equilibrator equipped with a Li–Cor NDIR analyser). The overall MIMS accuracy compared to Li–Cor measurements was 0.8 μatm. The O₂/Ar ratio measurements were calibrated with air-equilibrated seawater standards stored at constant temperature (0 ± 1 °C). The reproducibility of the O₂/Ar standards was better than 0.07% during the 9 days of transect between New Zealand and the Ross Sea.The high frequency, real-time measurements of dissolved gases with MIMS revealed significant small-scale heterogeneity in the distribution of pCO₂ and biologically-induced O₂ supersaturation (ΔO₂/Ar). North of 65°S several prominent thermal fronts influenced CO₂ concentrations, with biological factors also contributing to local variability. In contrast, the spatial variation of pCO₂ in the Ross Sea gyre was almost entirely attributed to the biological utilization of CO_2, with only small temperature effects. This high productivity region showed a strong inverse relationship between pCO₂ and biologically-induced O₂ disequilibria (r² = 0.93). The daily sea air CO₂ flux ranged from − 0.2 mmol/m² in the Northern Sub-Antarctic Front to − 6.4 mmol/m² on the Ross Sea shelves where the maximum CO₂ influx reached values up to − 13.9 mmol/m². This suggests that the Southern Ocean water (south of 58°S) acts as a seasonal sink for atmospheric CO₂ at the time of our field study.     

Impacts of CO2-driven seawater acidification on survival, egg production rate and hatching success of four marine copepods

Ecological experiments were conducted to examine the effects of seawater containing elevated par- tial pressure of carbon dioxide (p CO2 800 × 10 -6 , 2 000 × 10 -6 , 5 000 × 10 -6 and 10 000 × 10 -6 ) on the survival and reproduction of female Acartia pacifica, Acartia spinicauda, Calanus sinicus and Centropages tenuiremis, which are the dominant copepods in the southern coastal waters of China. The results show that the effects of elevated p CO2 on the survival rates of copepods were species-specific. C. sinicus, which was a macro-copepod, had a higher survival rate (62.01%-71.96%) than the other three species (5.00%-26.67%) during the eight day exposure. The egg production rates of C. sinicus, A. spinicauda and C. tenuiremis were significantly inhibited by the increased p CO2 and the exposure time duration. There were significantly negative impacts on the egg hatching success of A. spinicauda and C. tenuiremis in the p CO2 2 000 × 10 -6 and 10 000 × 10 -6 groups, and, in addition, the exposure time had noticeably impacts on these rates too. This study indicates that the reproductive performances of copepods were sensitive to elevated p CO2 , and that the response of different copepod species to acidified seawater was different. Furthermore, the synergistic effects of seawater acidification and climate change or other pollutant stresses on organisms should be given more attention.     

Spatial variability in the partial pressures of CO2 in the northern Bering and Chukchi seas

In the summers of 1999 and 2003, the 1st and 2nd Chinese National Arctic Research Expeditions measured the partial pressure of CO₂ in the air and surface waters (pCO₂) of the Bering Sea and the western Arctic Ocean. The lowest pCO₂ values were found in continental shelf waters, increased values over the Bering Sea shelf slope, and the highest values in the waters of the Bering Abyssal Plain (BAP) and the Canadian Basin. These differences arise from a combination of various source waters, biological uptake, and seasonal warming. The Chukchi Sea was found to be a carbon dioxide sink, a result of the increased open water due to rapid sea-ice melting, high primary production over the shelf and in marginal ice zones (MIZ), and transport of low pCO₂ waters from the Bering Sea. As a consequence of differences in inflow water masses, relatively low pCO₂ concentrations occurred in the Anadyr waters that dominate the western Bering Strait, and relatively high values in the waters of the Alaskan Coastal Current (ACC) in the eastern strait. The generally lower pCO₂ values found in mid-August compared to at the end of July in the Bering Strait region (66–69°N) are attributed to the presence of phytoplankton blooms. In August, higher pCO₂ than in July between 68.5 and 69°N along 169°W was associated with higher sea-surface temperatures (SST), possibly as an influence of the ACC. In August in the MIZ, pCO₂ was observed to increase along with the temperature, indicating that SST plays an important role when the pack ice melts and recedes.     

白令海BR断面海-气CO2通量及其参数特征

通过对2008年夏季白令海大气和海水pCO2连续观测资料,结合BR断面上站位水体垂直采样测量,对白令海不同海区pCO2的分布特征及其与理化参数的关系进行了初步研究,结果表明,将白令海划分为4个具有不同CO2吸收能力的海区,其中陆坡流区碳通量高达-18.72 mmol/(m2·d),是海盆北区的近2倍,比海盆南区高一个量...     

南海东北部春季海表pCO_2分布及海-气CO_2通量

2013年南海东北部春季共享航次采用走航观测方式,现场测定了表层海水和大气的二氧化碳分压(pCO2)及相应参数。结合水文、化学等同步观测要素资料,对该海域pCO2的分布变化进行了探讨。结果表明,陆架区受珠江冲淡水、沿岸上升流及生物活动的影响,呈现CO2的强汇特征;吕宋海峡附近及吕宋岛西北附近海域受海表高温、黑潮分支"西伸"、吕宋岛西北海域上升流等因素影响,呈现强源特征。根据Wanninkhof的通量模式,春季整个南海东北部海域共向大气释放约4.25×104 t碳。     

Effects of CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> on Marine Fish: Larvae and Adults

CO₂-enriched seawater was far more toxic to eggs and larvae of a marine fish, silver seabream, Pagrus major, than HCl-acidified seawater when tested at the same seawater pH. Data on the effects of acidified seawater can therefore not be used to estimate the toxicity of CO₂, as has been done in earlier studies. Ontogenetic changes in CO₂ tolerance of two marine bony fishes (Pag. major and Japanese sillago, Sillago japonica) showed a similar, characteristic pattern: the cleavage and juvenile stages were most susceptible, whereas the preflexion and flexion stages were much more tolerant to CO₂. Adult Japanese amberjack, Seriola quinqueradiata, and bastard halibut, Paralichthys olivaceus, died within 8 and 48 h, respectively, during exposure to seawater equilibrated with 5% CO₂. Only 20% of a cartilaginous fish, starspotted smooth-hound, Mustelus manazo, died at 7% CO₂ within 72 h. Arterial pH initially decreased but completely recovered within 1-24 h for Ser. quinqueradiata and Par. olivaceus at 1 and 3% CO₂, but the recovery was slower and complete only at 1% for M. manazo. During exposure to 5% CO₂, Par. olivaceus died after arterial pH had been completely restored. Exposure to 5% CO₂ rapidly depressed the cardiac output of Ser. quinqueradiata, while 1% CO₂ had no effect. Both levels of ambient CO₂ had no effect on blood O₂ levels. We tentatively conclude that cardiac failure is important in the mechanisms by which CO₂ kills fish. High CO₂ levels near injection points during CO₂ ocean sequestration are likely to have acute deleterious effects on both larvae and adults of marine fishes. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

2008年夏季加拿大海盆净二氧化碳吸收量评估

The third Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition(CHINARE) was conducted in the summer of 2008.During the survey,the surface seawater partial pressure of CO_2(pCO_2) was measured,and sea water samples were collected for CO_2 measurement in the Canada Basin.The distribution of pCO_2 in the Canada Basin was determined,the influencing factors were addressed,and the air-sea CO_2 flux in the Canada Basin was evaluated.The Canada Basin was divided into three regions:the ice-free zone(south of 77°N),the partially ice-covered zone(77°–80°N),and the heavily ice-covered zone(north of 80°N).In the ice-free zone,pCO_2 was high(320 to 368μatm,1 μatm=0.101 325 Pa),primarily due to rapid equilibration with atmospheric CO_2 over a short time.In the partially ice-covered zone,the surface pCO_2 was relatively low(250 to 270 μatm) due to ice-edge blooms and icemelt water dilution.In the heavily ice-covered zone,the seawater pCO_2 varied between 270 and 300 μatm due to biological CO_2 removal,the transportation of low pCO_2 water northward,and heavy ice cover.The surface seawater pCO_2 during the survey was undersaturated with respect to the atmosphere in the Canada Basin,and it was a net sink for atmospheric CO_2.The summertime net CO_2 uptake of the ice-free zone,the partially ice-covered zone and the heavily ice-covered zone was(4.14±1.08),(1.79±0.19),and(0.57±0.03) Tg/a(calculated by carbon,1Tg=10~(12) g),respectively.Overall,the net CO_2 sink of the Canada Basin in the summer of 2008 was(6.5±1.3) Tg/a,which accounted for 4%–10% of the Arctic Ocean CO_2 sink.