原地生成宇宙成因核素^10Be和^26Al样品采集及处理

着重介绍原地生成宇宙成因核素^10Be和^26Al理想样品的特点、野外采集注意事项、实验室分离与纯化以及加速器质谱测量用靶样制备等。     

西域砾岩宇宙成因核素26Al/10Be埋藏定年探索

西域砾岩是分布于青藏高原北缘天山、昆仑山一带的一套晚新生代砾石堆积地层, 获知其可靠的年代信息对于理解高原隆升及地貌演化过程尤为关键。宇宙成因核素 26Al/10Be埋藏测年是近年来发展起来的同位素测年新技术。本文对帕米尔高原西昆仑山山前的两个西域砾岩剖面采集的砾石样品进行了 26Al/10Be埋藏测年分析。简单快速埋藏模式计算获得亚马勒剖面西域砾岩下部混合砾石样品的埋藏年龄>3.5Ma, 对该剖面西域砾岩上部5个样品加权平均得到的年龄为2.11+0.60/-0.46Ma; 另一处奥依塔克西域砾岩生长地层底部砾石样品的埋藏年龄在0.46~7.12Ma。研究表明, 研究区的西域砾岩堆积具有穿时性。本文是 26Al/10Be埋藏测年方法应用于西域砾岩年代学研究的一次有益探索和尝试, 并对在西域砾岩 26Al/10Be埋藏测年中存在的问题进行了探讨。     

陨石中宇宙成因核素~(10)Be和~(26)Al的化学分离纯化

陨石离开其小行星母体直至降到地球表面期间,受到宇宙射线的照射,产生一系列包括10Be和26Al等的放射性核素。10Be和26Al的含量及其比值记录了宇宙射线辐照历史,而陨石降落到地球表面后,它们的衰变又提供了测定其降落时间,即居地年龄的方法。10Be和26Al由加速器质谱测定,样品需分离纯化。为此,开展了陨石样品Be和Al的分离纯化实验。通过模拟样品的条件实验,建立了Be和Al分离纯化的化学流程,其回收率分别达到89%和70%。在此基础上,分离并测定了一个降落型普通球粒陨石(吉林陨石)非磁性部分的10Be和26Al的含量。结果显示,吉林陨石26Al/10Be的比值为5.005,远大于两者的饱和比值(2.72),说明吉林陨石经历了短期的暴露辐射,这一结果与吉林陨石第二阶段的暴露年龄0.4Ma一致。整个化学流程的10Be/9Be和26Al/27Al空白分别为(4.33±0.46)×10-14和(6.59±4.66)×10-15,其中前者接近于该仪器的空白测量值,而后者则接近于仪器的检测限2.3×10-15。     

26Al/10Be埋藏测年及其在洞穴沉积年代学研究中的应用

长期暴露于地表的石英砂被快速搬入洞穴或埋藏,不再接受宇宙射线辐射,埋藏前所积累的陆地宇生核素26 Al 和10 Be 随时间指数衰减。据此用加速器质谱计测定沉积物中石英样品现存的26 Al /10 Be可计算其埋藏年代。用此方法本文对周口店第一地点的下部地层年代作了初探。此次研究表明自第10层以下的沉积物其年代很可能≥ 1 Ma。      

Marine biogeochemistries of Be and Al: A study based on cosmogenic10Be, Be and Al in marine calcite, aragonite, and opal

The geochemical behaviors of Be and Al in ocean waters have been successfully studied in recent years using natural, cosmogenic, radioactive¹⁰Be and²⁶Al as tracers. The present day dissolved concentrations and distribution of the stable and radioactive isotopes of Be and Al in ocean waters have revealed their short residence times and appreciable effects of exchange fluxes at the coastal and ocean-sediment interfaces. It follows that concentrations of these particle-active elements must have varied in the past with temporal changes in climate, biological productivity and aeolian flux of continental detritus to the oceans. We therefore investigated the feasibility of extending the measurements of Be and Al isotope concentrations in marine systems to the 10³–10⁶ y BP time scale. We report here the discovery of significant amounts of intrinsic Be and Al in marine foraminiferal calcite and coral aragonite, and of Al in opal (radiolarians) and aragonite (coral), which makes it possible to determine¹⁰Be/Be and²⁶Al/Al in oceans in the past. We also report measured¹⁰Be/⁹Be in foraminiferal calcite in Pacific Ocean cores, which reveal that the concentrations and ratios of the stable and cosmogenic isotopes of Be and Al have varied significantly in the past 30 ky. The implications of these results are discussed.     

10Be Exposure Ages Obtained From Quaternary Glacial Landforms on the Tibetan Plateau and in the Surrounding Area

In situ terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide (TCN) exposure dating using ¹⁰Be is one of the most successful techniques used to determine the ages of Quaternary deposits and yields data that enable the reconstruction of the Quaternary glacial history of the Tibetan Plateau and the surrounding mountain ranges. Statistical analysis of TCN ¹⁰Be exposure ages, helps to reconstruct the history of glacial fluctuations and past climate changes on the Tibetan Plateau, differences in the timing of glacier advances among different regions. However, different versions of the Cosmic‐Ray‐prOduced NUclide Systematics on Earth (CRONUS‐Earth) online calculator, which calculates and corrects the TCN ages of Quaternary glacial landforms, yield different results. For convenience in establishing contrasts among regions, in this paper, we recalculate 1848 ¹⁰Be exposure ages from the Tibetan Plateau that were published from 1999 to 2017 using version 2.3 of the CRONUS‐Earth calculator. We also compare the results obtained for 1594 ¹⁰Be exposure ages using different versions (2.2, 2.3 and 3.0) of the CRONUS‐Earth calculator. The results are as follows. (1) Approximately 97% of the exposure ages are less than 200 ka. A probability density curve of the exposure ages suggests that greater numbers of oscillations emerge during the Holocene, and the peaks correspond to the Little Ice Age, the 8.2 ka and 9.3 ka cold events; the main peak covers the period between 12 and 18 ka. (2) In most areas, the newer versions of the calculator produce older ¹⁰Be exposure ages. When different versions of the CRONUS‐Earth calculator are used, approximately 29% of the ¹⁰Be exposure ages display maximum differences greater than 10 ka, and the maximum age difference for a single sample is 181.1 ka.     

10Be and 26Al exposure‐age dating of bedrock surfaces on the Aran ridge,Wales: evidence for a thick Welsh Ice Cap at the Last Glacial Maximum

This paper presents results of the analysis of paired cosmogenic isotopes (¹⁰Be and ²⁶Al) from eight quartz‐rich samples collected from ice‐moulded bedrock on the Aran ridge, the highest land in the British Isles south of Snowdon. On the Aran ridge, comprising the summits of Aran Fawddwy (905 m a.s.l.) and Aran Benllyn (885 m a.s.l.), ²⁶Al and ¹⁰Be ages indicate complete ice coverage and glacial erosion at the global Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Six samples from the summit ridge above 750–800 m a.s.l. yielded paired ¹⁰Be and ²⁶Al ages ranging from 17.2 to 34.4 ka, respectively. Four of these samples are very close in age (¹⁰Be ages of 17.5 ± 0.6, 17.5 ± 0.7, 19.7 ± 0.8 and 20.0 ± 0.7 ka) and are interpreted as representing the exposure age of the summit ridge. Two other summit samples are much older (¹⁰Be ages of 27.5 ± 1.0 and 33.9 ± 1.2 ka) and these results may indicate nuclide inheritance. The ²⁶Al/¹⁰Be ratios for all samples are indistinguishable within one‐sigma uncertainty from the production rate ratio line, indicating that there is no evidence for a complex exposure history. These results indicate that the last Welsh Ice Cap was thick enough to completely cover the Aran ridge and achieve glacial erosion at the LGM. However, between c. 20 and 17 ka ridge summits were exposed as nunataks at a time when glacial erosion at lower elevations (below 750–800 m a.s.l.) was achieved by large outlet glaciers in the valleys surrounding the mountains. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

宇生核素26Al/10Be埋藏测年法铝化学分析程序的改进

原地宇生核素26Al/10Be埋藏测年法是最近十多年涌现的测年新技术之一,广泛应用于地貌演化、古人类等研究领域,Al回收率及其纯度很大程度上决定着年代结果的精度.美国Purdue大学现用Al分离纯化程序有一些步骤尚待完善.本文通过条件实验,对该程序提出如下修改建议:①用38 ～ 75 μm阴离子交换树脂取代原用的75 ～ 150 μm树脂,以减少淋洗液(0.05 mol/L草酸-0.5 mol/L盐酸)体积并实现Al与主要干扰元素Fe、Ti的定量分离;②用阳离子交换法从草酸-盐酸中提取Al,以规避较为冗长的化学法破坏草酸.模拟样品的分析结果表明,经改进的两步骤可实现Al近于定量的回收,全流程Al回收率达91％-+5％,纯度为98％.     

贵州荔波黑洞碎屑沉积物宇宙成因核素26Al/10Be埋藏年龄

河流下切在岩溶区形成的多级层状洞穴,记录了地体隆升和地貌演化历史,但由于测年手段的限制,国内在这方面的研究一直进展不大。近年来,运用宇宙成因核素得到洞穴碎屑沉积物埋藏年龄的方法,已成为反演山地区域构造-地貌演化的新途径。本文尝试运用宇宙成因核素26Al/10Be埋藏测年技术,对属于贵州荔波地区4层洞穴系统的黑洞(第二层)碎屑沉积物进行年龄测定,假设样品进洞前无埋藏史,测年结果显示黑洞年龄至少有 1.06±0.23Ma,并且该地区三岔河流域的侵蚀速率为 55.1±2.3m/Ma。这是对该地区洞穴测年的一次新探索,体现出洞穴沉积物宇宙成因核素埋藏测年技术在我国晚新生代地质地貌演化研究方面具有良好的应用前景。     

近20a来西藏朋曲流域冰湖变化及潜在溃决冰湖分析

全球气候变暖,青藏高原冰川普遍处于退缩趋势,由此引发的冰湖溃决洪水的灾害也随之增加.通过对2000/2001年度卫星遥感数据解译结果和1987年国际联合考察的朋曲流域冰湖溃决洪水结果的分析,研究了近20a来朋曲流域内冰湖的变化.结果显示,该流域中的冰湖数量有减少,但冰湖的面积却在增加,这是同期全球气候变暖的结果.在提供了冰湖编目数据的基础上,识别了有潜在危险的冰湖,为冰湖溃决洪水早期预警系统提供了科学依据.     

1972-2009年念青唐古拉山西段冰湖分布及其变化特征

冰湖是研究气候变化的重要指标之一,了解冰湖分布和变化的特征,对认识冰川与气候之间关系和冰湖溃决灾害评估有着重要意义。运用遥感资料监测念青唐古拉山西段近40a来的冰湖分布及其变化,并结合DEM研究冰湖垂直分布的变化,探讨影响冰湖分布和变化的可能因素。研究结果表明:(1)研究区冰湖数量和面积近年来都呈迅速增加趋势,冰湖增加150个,冰湖面积增加4.384km2。气温升高、冰川融水增加是冰湖增多和面积增大的主要原因;(2)冰湖垂直分布变化明显,新增冰湖个数峰值位于海拔5 500～5 700m,占新增冰湖总数的61%;新增冰湖面积峰值在海拔5 400～5 700m,占新增湖总面积的44%;冰湖面积在大部分海拔高度上均呈扩张态势;(3)海拔高于5 400m的区域,1991-2009年新增的冰湖数量远多于1972-1991年。冰湖在高海拔区分布的变化对念青唐古拉山区冰川消融以及气候垂直变化具有一定的指示作用。     

10Be和26Al在地表形成和演化研究中的应用

地球表面丰富多样的地形、地貌是地球内外动力相互作用的结果。宇宙射线辐射地表岩石、沉积物等产生的¹⁰Be和²⁶Al放射性核素（半衰期分别为1．5Ma和0．71Ma）,它们的浓度主要取决于由地理位置和地形、地貌条件所决定的宇宙射线辐射的通量和时间,从而能够记录地表的形成和演化历史。因此,宇宙成因核素是研究地表形成历史和作用过程的有力工具。     

宇宙成因核素26Al/10Be埋藏测年法在宁夏沙坡头黄河砾石阶地年代研究中的应用

本文利用宇宙成因核素26Al/10Be埋藏测年法对宁夏沙坡头地区黄河左岸的T5、T6、T8和T9阶地开展了年代学研究。采用简单快速埋藏模式获得4级阶地的26Al/10Be埋藏年龄分别约为0.25Ma、0.36Ma、0.59Ma和1.06Ma,如果考虑后期剥蚀作用的影响（E≈5m/Ma）,则4级阶地的年龄分别约为0.42Ma、0.39Ma、1.02Ma和1.59Ma。本研究未发现砾石大小与10Be、26Al核素浓度及26Al/10Be比值有明显相关性。     

湖泊沉积中的10Be含量变化——有助于识别第四纪古冰川的有无

20世纪50-70年代核试验产生的¹³⁷Cs尘埃,在现代冰川和非冰川湖泊沉积剖面中的深度分布存在明显差异.同理,大气宇宙射线成因的长半衰期¹⁰Be尘埃,在第四纪冰川和非冰川湖泊沉积剖面中的深度分布也应存在差异.第四纪冰川湖泊,冰期时流域内冰雪和¹⁰Be的累积量大于消融量,间冰期时冰雪和¹⁰Be的消融量大于累积量.因此,冰川湖泊冰期的¹⁰Be入湖通量小于间冰期.湖泊沉积剖面¹⁰Be浓度的波动,很可能表征流域内冰雪消融与累积的变化.非冰川湖泊,不存在冰川的累积与消融对¹⁰Be入湖通量的影响.开展第四纪冰川与非冰川湖泊沉积¹⁰Be含量变化的对比研究,有可能为破译中国东部中低山区古冰川和青藏高原大冰盖的世纪之争提供新的证据.     

Glacial advances constrained by Be exposure dating of bedrock landslides, Kyrgyz Tien Shan

Numerous large landslide deposits occur in the Tien Shan, a tectonically active intraplate orogen in Central Asia. Yet their significance in Quaternary landscape evolution and natural hazard assessment remains unresolved due to the lack of "absolute" age constraints. Here we present the first ¹⁰Be exposure ages for three prominent (> 10⁷ m³) bedrock landslides that blocked major rivers and formed lakes, two of which subsequently breached, in the northern Kyrgyz Tien Shan. Three ¹⁰Be ages reveal that one landslide in the Alamyedin River occurred at 11–15 ka, which is consistent with two ¹⁴C ages of gastropod shells from reworked loess capping the landslide. One large landslide in Aksu River is among the oldest documented in semi-arid continental interiors, with a ¹⁰Be age of 63–67 ka. The Ukok River landslide deposit(s) yielded variable ¹⁰Be ages, which may result from multiple landslides, and inheritance of ¹⁰Be. Two ¹⁰Be ages of 8.2 and 5.9 ka suggest that one major landslide occurred in the early to mid-Holocene, followed by at least one other event between 1.5 and 0.4 ka. Judging from the regional glacial chronology, all three landslides have occurred between major regional glacial advances. Whereas Alamyedin and Ukok can be considered as postglacial in this context, Aksu is of interglacial age. None of the landslide deposits show traces of glacial erosion, hence their locations and ¹⁰Be ages mark maximum extents and minimum ages of glacial advances, respectively. Using toe-to-headwall altitude ratios of 0.4–0.5, we reconstruct minimum equilibrium-line altitudes that exceed previous estimates by as much as 400 m along the moister northern fringe of the Tien Shan. Our data show that deposits from large landslides can provide valuable spatio-temporal constraints for glacial advances in landscapes where moraines and glacial deposits have low preservation potential.     

原地宇宙成因核素(TCN)测年靶标制备

自20世纪80年代以来,得益于高能加速器质谱的发展及其分析精度的提高,TCN测年技术得到了快速发展,并被成功应用于解决诸多领域关键性的年代学问题研究中,对地学的发展也起到了革命性的推动作用。TCN测年由测年靶标制备、AMS测量及数据分析等步骤组成。其中测年靶标制备直接影响AMS的测量结果,进而影响可靠年代学框架的建立与古气候环境的重建。测年靶标制备首先是代表性样品的采集,继而是所用靶标矿物的提纯,再者是所测元素的分离提取,最后是靶标压制。此处以第四纪冰川研究中应用较为广泛的TCN放射性核素¹⁰Be与²⁶Al为例,结合冰川侵蚀与沉积地貌的分布及其特征,从样品采集、石英提纯、¹⁰Be与²⁶Al核素的分离提取及最后的靶标压制等方面展开论述,以期为初涉第四纪冰川研究的学者提供TCN测年靶标制备的理论指导,同时也为地学其他研究领域该测年技术的应用提供参考。     

Cosmogenic 10Be and 26Al Chronology of the Last Glaciation of the Palaeo-Daocheng Ice Cap, Southeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

The glacial landforms of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau(QTP) provide a unique opportunity to research hemispheric and global environmental changes. In this study,we focus on the glacial history of the palaeo-Daocheng Ice Cap(p-DIC) in the southeastern QTP during the last glacial cycle. Based on field investigations,morphostratigraphy,and surface exposure dating of roche moutonnée,polished surface and moraine debris through the terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides(TCN) 10 Be and 26 Al. We identify glacial deposits of the last deglaciation,with minimum ages of 14.9±1.3–18.7±1.7 ka,the Last Glacial Maximum(LGM) of 24.7±2.2 ka,and the early part of the last glacial period(marine oxygen isotope stage(MIS) 3) of 37.1±3.4–45.2±3.9 ka. Our results show that in this region,the extent of the glacial advance during MIS 3 was larger than that during the traditional LGM(MIS 2). These ages are consistent with prior chronologies,and the 10 Be age is consistent with the 26 Al age for the same sample. Thus,these data provide reliable constraints on climate change in the QTP,during the last glaciation.     

10Be ages of late Pleistocene deglaciation and Neoglaciation in the north‐central Brooks Range,Arctic Alaska

We present a chronology of late Pleistocene deglaciation and Neoglaciation for two valleys in the north‐central Brooks Range, Alaska, using cosmogenic ¹⁰Be exposure dating. The two valleys show evidence of ice retreat from the northern range front before ～16–15 ka, and into individual cirques by ～14 ka. There is no evidence for a standstill or re‐advance during the Lateglacial period, indicating that a glacier advance during the Younger Dryas, if any, was less extensive than during the Neoglaciation. The maximum glacier expansion during the Neoglacial is delimited by moraines in two cirques separated by about 200 km and dated to 4.6 ± 0.5 and 2.7 ± 0.2 cal ka BP. Both moraine ages agree with previously published lichen‐inferred ages, and confirm that glaciers in the Brooks Range experienced multiple advances of similar magnitude throughout the late Holocene. The similar extent of glaciers during the middle Holocene and the Little Ice Age may imply that the effect of decreasing summer insolation was surpassed by increasing aridity to limit glacier growth as Neoglaciation progressed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.