海南儋州海域造礁石珊瑚种类组成及动态变化研究

文章通过断面法调查分析了儋州海域海花岛沿岸、南华墟沿岸和磷枪石岛沿岸造礁石珊瑚的种类组成与群落分布,结果表明：儋州海域造礁石珊瑚共有12科25属55种,相较于此前的研究增加了10个种,优势种为斯氏角孔珊瑚、澄黄滨珊瑚、柱角孔珊瑚;活造礁石珊瑚覆盖率急剧下降,由2012年的42.92%下降至现在的22.24%,降幅高至48.18%;造礁石珊瑚死亡率高居不下,长期维持在35%左右;初级群落以团块状造礁石珊瑚为优势种的趋势愈发明显,且单一绝对优势种的情况频繁出现,说明该海域造礁石珊瑚群落受到了较为严重的破坏,导致群落退化演替,分析认为这种破坏是由自然因素和人为活动共同造成的。     

南沙群岛渚碧礁海域造礁石珊瑚群落特征

根据2007年5月的调查资料,对南沙群岛渚碧礁海域造礁石珊瑚的群落结构、种类组成、覆盖率和死亡率等进行了分析研究.鉴定出的造礁石珊瑚有74种,其中鹿角珊瑚科(Acroporidae)种类最多.渚碧礁海域造礁石珊瑚群落澙湖内外差别较大,澙湖内造礁石珊瑚覆盖率和健康状况明显优于澙湖外,但是两者的死亡率都较高.礁坪和澙湖的优势种不同且优势度较高(优势度>40%),其中细柱滨珊瑚(Porites cylindrica)在澙湖内占主导地位(优势度:47.20%),而澙湖外以疣状杯形珊瑚(Pocillopora verrucosa)为主导(优势度:54.88%).造礁石珊瑚大量死亡的原因可能是自然因素和人类活动共同造成的,必须加以关注.     

西沙生态监控区造礁石珊瑚退化原因分析

2005-2009年对西沙生态监控区5个站位(永兴岛、石岛、西沙洲、赵述岛和北岛)造礁石珊瑚种类、覆盖度、补充量及其主要环境因子进行了调查.研究结果表明,西沙生态监控区造礁石珊瑚呈现逐年退化趋势,活造礁石珊瑚覆盖率从2005年的65%下降到2009年的7.93%,而死珊瑚覆盖率变化则相反,从2005年的4.70%增加到...     

海南岛东海岸长圮海域珊瑚分布与波能的关系

造礁石珊瑚群落结构和空间分布规律的研究是珊瑚礁生态系统研究中的重要方面.研究珊瑚物种空间分布规律与波能的关系,对于研究珊瑚礁生态系统演替规律,保护和恢复珊瑚礁生态系统具有重要参考价值.文章以长圮海域波浪和造礁石珊瑚群落结构为研究对象,分析了该海域的水流和波能特征以及造礁石珊瑚的空间分布规律,探讨波浪对造礁石珊瑚空间分布规律的影响.结果显示,珊瑚随水深分布经历一个递增和递减的过程,只是不同珊瑚峰值的出现因不同水深的波浪特征而异.枝状珊瑚峰值出现在波浪作用相对较弱而光照充足的区域,而块状珊瑚由于生长速度较慢,所以在生态位上避开了生长快速的枝状珊瑚而选择了波浪作用较弱而光照不是非常充足的区域.5m水深区域鹿角珊瑚Acropora sp.和蔷薇珊瑚Montipora sp.占据优势,而8m水深区域丛生盔形珊瑚Galaxea fascicularis占据优势.     

深圳东部海域造礁石珊瑚资源分布及其群落健康评价

采用边界摸查与截线样条法对深圳东部海域的造礁石珊瑚资源分布及其多样性进行全面调查,并对其群落生态系统健康状况进行了分析评价。结果表明,深圳东部海域共有造礁石珊瑚群落密集分布区37片,其中23片为重点分布区,总分布面积为193.73 hm²;共有造礁石珊瑚67种,分隶于13科及1个未定类,25属;优势种前三位为澄黄滨珊瑚（Porites lutea）、肉质扁脑珊瑚（Platygyra carnosus）和翼形蔷薇珊瑚（Montipora peltiformis）;造礁石珊瑚覆盖度均值为37.58%,其中站位16的覆盖度最高,为57.33%;站位2最低,为14.89%;丰度（d）、种类多样性指数（H′）、均匀度（J）均值分别为5.32、2.71和0.81;死亡率均值为8.23%,平均补充量均值为3.66 ind/m²;深圳东部海域造礁石珊瑚群落生态系统健康状况良好,其中鹅公湾、大鹿湾、西涌—东涌及杨梅坑海域为健康状态,梅沙—溪涌、大澳湾及茅东湾海域为亚健康状态。本研究对深圳东部海域造礁石珊瑚资源进行全面调查和评估,并对资源保护和生态系统健康发展提出做好规划与布局,制定相应保护及修复规划,设立监测站位,加强研究并建立修复示范区,联动公众与社会科普等5条建议,可为区域造礁石珊瑚群落的保护、管理、恢复、重建和可持续发展提供参考。     

涠洲岛西南部海域造礁石珊瑚的群落结构特征分析

采用2019年5月14−22日开展的断面法调查数据,分析了涠洲岛西南部海域的造礁石珊瑚群落结构特征。结果表明：涠洲岛西南部海域造礁石珊瑚共有9科38种,优势种为滨珊瑚(Porites sp.)、秘密角蜂巢珊瑚(Favites abdita)、斯氏角孔珊瑚(Goniopora stutchburyi)等团块状珊瑚。活造礁石珊瑚覆盖率为5.20%～31.20%,平均值为16.66%,远离海岸或靠近海岸但水较深的站位覆盖率较高。石珊瑚补充量较低、病害少、死亡率较低。造礁石珊瑚群落的物种多样性、优势度、均匀度互相呈显著正相关关系(p<0.05)。靠近岩壁的站位,水较深且船舶通行和游客潜水等影响较少,活造礁石珊瑚覆盖率和多样性程度均较高。受侵蚀海岸悬浮泥沙和潜水旅游影响较大的砂质岸段站位,活造礁石珊瑚覆盖率最低、优势种的优势度最高、多样性程度相对较低。人为活动、西南季风、风暴潮、海岸侵蚀悬沙、极端气候是影响涠洲岛西南部海域造礁石珊瑚礁生态系统的主要因素。     

大亚湾及大鹏半岛沿岸造礁石珊瑚现状与生态脆弱性评价

本研究于2020年7月在大亚湾及大鹏半岛沿岸开展造礁石珊瑚的分布、覆盖率、死亡率、硬珊瑚补充量和物种多样性调查。结果表明：24个站位共发现造礁石珊瑚9科17属44种以及5个未定种,其中裸肋珊瑚科的种类最多,有7属27种,其次为鹿角珊瑚科和滨珊瑚科,均有2属6种;中央列岛沿岸造礁石珊瑚平均覆盖率为12.0%,三门岛沿岸平均覆盖率为12.9%,大鹏半岛沿岸平均覆盖率为5.2%;以坚实滨珊瑚（Porites solida）、翼形蔷薇珊瑚（Montipora peltiformis）、五边角蜂巢珊瑚（Favites pentagona）和多孔同星珊瑚（Plesiastrea versipora）等为优势种;造礁石珊瑚物种多样性较高。与历史数据相比,大亚湾及大鹏半岛沿岸造礁石珊瑚退化严重,活珊瑚覆盖率锐减,优势种由分支状珊瑚逐步转变为皮壳状或亚团块状珊瑚。此外,本研究构建了近岸造礁石珊瑚生态脆弱性评价体系,并对目前大亚湾及大鹏半岛沿岸造礁石珊瑚进行了生态脆弱性评价。结果显示,中央列岛、三门岛和大鹏半岛东侧海域造礁石珊瑚处于低或中脆弱状态;较场尾、杨梅坑、西冲和大鹏半岛西侧海域造礁石珊瑚处于高或很高脆弱状态,在环境压力影响下其受损可能性较高。在海水养殖、渔业捕捞、滨海旅游和船舶航行等日益频繁的人类活动下,大亚湾及大鹏半岛沿岸造礁石珊瑚整体处于中高脆弱状态,建议加强珊瑚礁监测,并采取相应的保护措施。     

西沙群岛造礁石珊瑚群落结构的再分析

近几年来,我们多次对西沙群岛珊瑚礁作了生态调查,对西沙群岛的岛、礁有了一定的认识,对造礁石珊瑚群落结构也进行了概括的报导[1],为了进一步认识和了解西沙群岛,我们又于1976年4—5月选择处于西沙群岛西南隅的沙岛——中建岛,和位于西沙群岛东北面绿树成林的赵树岛作重点解剖,对造礁石珊瑚群落结构做了进一步的分析,以期为发展和利用珊瑚礁做一点有用的工作。     

造礁石珊瑚的分子系统学研究进展

综述了造礁石珊瑚系统发生关系和分类的研究现状,重点概述了造礁石珊瑚的分类和遗传多样性在分子生物学领域的研究进展。目前采用的进行造礁石珊瑚分类和遗传多样性研究的分子生物学方法,主要弥补了造礁石珊瑚在传统形态分类学上无法准确界定的缺点,其中核糖体RNA和线粒体DNA序列分析是目前对造礁石珊瑚分子进化和系统发育研究最有效的方法。最后,对未来造礁石珊瑚的分类和遗传多样性研究做了展望,对珊瑚礁框架生物造礁石珊瑚进行分类和遗传多样性的研究,将有助于为珊瑚礁生态系统的保护和恢复提供理论基础。     

海南西瑁洲岛周边海域造礁石珊瑚空间分布及其生态系统健康评价

采用截线样条法(line intercept transect)于2011年3月对海南省西瑁洲岛周边海域的造礁石珊瑚进行调查,同时采集水样及生物样品进行分析,并结合2006~2011年海南西瑁洲岛南部造礁石珊瑚监测数据,探讨西瑁洲岛周边海域造礁石珊瑚的空间分布及其生态系统健康状况.结果显示,2011年西瑁洲岛周边区域造礁石珊瑚有13科43种,优势种为丛生盔形珊瑚(Galaxea fascicularis),活造礁石珊瑚平均覆盖率范围为0.80%~34.83%;死造礁石珊瑚平均覆盖率范围为0~12.50%,造礁石珊瑚平均补充量范围为0.03~0.90ind./m2,活造礁石珊瑚覆盖率与珊瑚补充量在浮泸仔周边海域相对较高,在堆头附近海域最低;死造礁石珊瑚覆盖率高值区在角头顶及牛鼻岭周边海域,其他地方死造礁石珊瑚覆盖率差别较小.受人为活动影响,西瑁洲岛珊瑚礁生态系统目前处于亚健康状态,其中水环境和生物残毒处于健康状态,栖息地与生物指标处于亚健康状态.     

永兴岛及七连屿造礁石珊瑚近10年变化分析

根据2007-2016年珊瑚礁监测数据,永兴岛及七连屿共调查到造礁石珊瑚11科113种,常见种有鹿角杯形珊瑚Pocillopora damicornis、疣状杯形珊瑚Pocillopora Verrucosa、粗野鹿角珊瑚Acropora humilis、澄黄滨珊瑚Porites lutea、丛生盔形珊瑚Galaxea fascicularis、梳状菊花珊瑚Goniastrea pectinata及锯齿刺星珊瑚Cyphastrea serailia等。研究区域内造礁石珊瑚种类近10年（2007-2016年）来下降明显,其中永兴岛从39种下降到18种,下降率为53.85%;北岛从23种下降到17种,下降率为26.09%;赵述岛从46种下降到12种,下降率为73.91%;西沙洲从51种下降到15种,下降率为70.59%。群体形态群落中皮壳状种类数最为稳定,分枝类下降了59.26%;叶片状下降了75.00%;圆盘状下降了87.50%;团块状下降了57.14%。通过对研究区域造礁石珊瑚种类组成及群落形态等方面的变化分析可见,人为活动、长棘海星、珊瑚病害、台风及全球升温等因素逐渐影响到西沙海域的珊瑚礁生态系统。     

Dynamic simulation of tropical coral reef ecosystem being disturbed by multiple situations

In consideration of the rapid degradation of coral reef ecosystems, the establishment of models is helpful to comprehend the degradation mechanism of coral reef ecosystems and predict the development process of coral reef communities. According to the characteristics of complex ecosystem of tropical coral reefs in China, the coral reef functional group is the core level variable; combined with the multiple feedback effects of coral reef functional groups and environmental changes, the study presents a coral reef ecosystem dynamics model with hermatypic corals as the core. Based on the simulation of the assumed initial value and the internal feedback of the system, the results show that in the basic simulation(relative health conditions), the coverage area of live corals and coral reefs generally decreased first and then increased, and increased by 4.67% and 6.38% between2010 and 2050, respectively. Based on the calibration model and the current situation of the studied area, the multi-factor disturbance effects of coral reef communities were simulated and explored by setting up three scenarios involving fishing policy, terrestrial deposition, and inorganic nitrogen emissions. Among them, in the single factor disturbance, the fishing policy exerts the most direct impact on the community decline; and the succession phenomenon is obvious; the terrestrial sedimentation has a faster and more integrated effect on the community decline; the effect of inorganic nitrogen emission on the community decline is relatively slow. In the double/multi-factor disturbance, the superimposed disturbance will aggravate the multi-source feedback effect of the coral reef communities development, accelerate the community decay rate, and make its development trajectory more complicated and diverse. This method provides a scientific and feasible method for simulating the damage of long-term coral reef community and exploring the development law and adaptive management of coral reef ecosystems. In the future, it can be further studied in the ecological restoration process and decisionmaking direction of coral reefs.     

基于Ecopath模型的七连屿礁栖性生物的生态承载力分析

生态承载力评估是开展生物资源增殖放流, 维持珊瑚礁生态系统健康的基础和前提。本文基于2019年渔业资源和生态环境的综合调查数据, 构建了七连屿珊瑚礁海域生态系统的生态通道(Ecopath)模型, 分析和探讨了相关功能组增殖放流的生态承载力。结果显示, 七连屿珊瑚礁海域生态系统各功能群营养级范围为1.00~3.81; 生态系统的总能量转化效率为13.45%; 生态系统以牧食食物链占据主导地位, 直接来源于初级生产者的能流占比为57%。系统总初级生产量/总呼吸量为2.54; 总初级生产量/总生物量为19.07; 系统连接指数和系统杂食性指数分别为0.36和0.22, 表明当前七连屿珊瑚礁海域生态系统的成熟度和稳定性偏低, 系统对于外界的干扰抵抗能力较弱。在未改变七连屿珊瑚礁生态系统结构和功能的前提下, 各功能组中珊瑚、双壳类和植食性鱼类的生态承载力分别为25.09~53.77t•km^-2、2.55~39.95t•km^-2和4.89~17.94t•km^-2, 因此仍具有较大的增殖空间。珊瑚礁鱼类群落的最大生态承载力同珊瑚礁无脊椎动物群落的增殖密切相关, 在未来的珊瑚礁渔业管理中应从生态系统整体结构的角度综合考虑增殖放流的方法设计。     

Tropical coral reef coral patterns in Indonesian shallow water areas close to underwater volcanic vents at Minahasa Seashore,and Mahengetang and Gunung Api Islands

Coral community patterns on some Indonesian reefs influenced by CO₂ from underwater volcanic vents and nutrients from eutrophication pressures were examined. The overall aim of the study was to provide an insight into the significance of future ocean acidification compared to eutrophication pressures on tropical coral communities. Coral cover and seawater characteristics at acidified sites (with varied levels of eutrophication), i.e., moderate acidification (pH: 7.87 ± 0.04), low acidification (pH: 8.01 ± 0.04) and reference (pH: 8.2 ± 0.02), were observed at reefs associated with Minahasa Seashore, and Mahengetang and Gunung Api Islands. Results showed that coral community patterns varied among locations and acidified sites, e.g., domination of families such as Alcyoniidae, Acroporidae, Poritidae and Heliporidae, and with different levels of abiotic cover. Surprisingly, pH was not detected as the major determining factor. This finding probably relates to tropical seawater temperatures being high enough to still allow for aragonite deposition even at pH values down to 7.8. Nutrients (phosphate and dissolved inorganic nitrogen) were shown to be the main determining factors that influenced community patterns on the observed coral reefs. Overall, the results indicate that tropical coral reef community patterns will continue to vary as pH decreases to the predicted oceanic value of pH 7.8 over the next 100 years, and bio‐geo‐ecological characteristics and anthropogenic pressures will be the major factors determining Indonesian tropical coral community structure, compared to pH.     

Species-diverse coral communities on an artificial substrate at a tuna farm in Amami,Japan

Tuna-farming is expanding worldwide, necessitating the monitoring/managing of its effects on the natural environment. In Japan, tuna-farming is conducted on coral reefs that have been damaged by mass-bleaching events and crown-of-thorns starfish (COTS) outbreaks. This study focused on the coral community on an artificial substrate of tuna-farm to reveal the possible effects of tuna-farming on the natural environment. Corals flourished on ropes suspended in the farm in the Amami Islands, southern Japan. These were moored 3 m below the sea-surface in 50-m-deep water. The coral community on the rope was analyzed and compared with those on natural substrata on two adjacent COTS-damaged reefs and with that in a protected reef. Corals were monitored throughout a year. Sixty coral species grew on the ropes, that corresponds to 27.3% of the 220 species known from Amami. The coral community was unique, dominated by massive faviid corals. On the ropes, the water temperature rarely exceeded 30.0 °C and no corals on the rope were severely bleached or covered by sedimentation during the observations. The tuna-farm infrastructure provided corals with a suitable habitat, and species-rich coral communities were established. These coral communities are an important node connecting tuna-farms and the natural environment.     

Interannual variation of rare earth element abundances in corals from northern coast of the South China Sea and its relation with sea-level change and human activities

Here we present interannual rare earth element (REE) records spanning the last two decades of the 20th century in two living Porites corals, collected from Longwan Bay, close to the estuarine zones off Wanquan River of Hainan Island and Hong Kong off the Pearl River Delta of Guangdong Province in the northern South China Sea. The results show that both coral REE contents (0.5-40 ng g?1 in Longwan Bay and 2-250 ng g?1 in Hong Kong for La-Lu) are characterized with a declining trend, which are significantly negative correlated with regional sea-level rise (9.4 mm a?1) from 1981 to 1996 in Longwan Bay, 13.7 mm a?1 from 1991 to 2001 in Hong Kong). The REE features are proposed to be resulted from seawater intrusion into the estuaries in response to contemporary sea-level rise. However, the tendency for the coral Er/Nd time series at Hong Kong site is absent and there is no significant relation between Er/Nd and total REEs as found for the coral at Longwan Bay site. The observations are likely attributed to changes of the water discharge and sediment load of Pearl River, which have been significantly affected by intense human activities, such as the construction of dams/reservoirs and riverbed sediment mining, in past decades. The riverine sediment load/discharge ratio of the Pearl River decreased sharply with a rate of 0.02 kg m?3 a?1, which could make significant contribution to the declining trend of coral REE. We propose that coastal corals in Longwan Bay and similar unexplored sites with little influences of river discharge and anthropogenic disruption are ideal candidates to investigate the influence of sea-level change on seawater/coral REE.     

Ensuring appropriate and proportionate responses to environmental threats: A response to Caras and Pasternak

The ecological consequences of coral mining can be severe, with immediate reduction in reef-associated biodiversity and longer term implications for linked habitats such as mangrove forests and seagrass meadows. However, research into the effects of coral mining must take into account other environmental processes which may affect reef communities and the socio-economic context within which coral mining takes place if appropriate and proportionate management responses are to be identified. This article builds upon recently published research detailing the adverse effects of coral mining in Indonesia to illustrate the significance of these points. We use the previous paper to demonstrate that accurate identification of the ecological impacts of coral mining requires the use of appropriate control sites and recognizing natural stresses which may account for short-term variability in ecological parameters. We also underline the need to appreciate that government institutions can directly or indirectly facilitate coral mining, whilst proposed alternative income-generating activities intended to reduce coral mining should be tailored to the local economic, cultural and environmental context if they are to gain community support. This demonstrates the value of an integrated approach to analyzing marine resource usage which combines information from the natural and social sciences to address environmental problems such as coral mining.