Stratigraphy,age and petrography of the Beni Issef successions (External Rif; Morocco): Insights for the evolution of the Maghrebian Chain

In the Beni Issef Massif, nearly 30 km west of Chefchaouen (Morocco), the thickest post-nappe succession within the Rifian sector of the Maghrebian Chain seals the tectonic contact between the Intrarifian External Tanger and Loukkos Units, related to the Rifian External Domain. This succession is very important for the reconstruction of the deformation timing of the Rifian Maghrebids. The age of its base, in fact, is an important constraint for defining an upper boundary to the stacking of both the Intrarifian and Maghrebian Flysch Basin Units, because clasts fed by the Melloussa and Numidian Flysch Nappes are abundant in the conglomerate layers. Field and biostratigraphic analyses pointed out the presence of a Lower Beni Issef Fm, unconformable on the Intrarifian External Tanger and Loukkos Units, and an Upper Beni Issef Fm, unconformable on both the Intrarifian Units and the Lower Beni Issef Fm. The Lower Beni Issef Fm, 150 m thick, consists of lenticular conglomerates with huge blocks in a marly-clayey matrix, followed by marls and minor sandstones. It deposited in a siliciclastic platform, shows a fining upward trend and is affected by metre- to hectometre-sized, locally reversed, folds. Samples collected 45–50 m above the base of the formation resulted not older than Late Tortonian in age, but an older age for the base of the formation cannot be excluded. The Upper Beni Issef Fm, up to 550 m thick, starts with coarse conglomerates followed by medium- to coarse-grained well-bedded sandstones and by grey-blue marls and mudrocks. It indicates deposition in a channelized marine delta, with evolution towards pro-delta pelites, and shows sub-horizontal or gently dipping beds towards the east. Biostratigraphic data indicate a probable Messinian age for this formation. The composition of the arenites of both Lower Beni Issef and Upper Beni Issef Fms is quartzolithic and all samples show a notable content of monocrystalline well-rounded quartz and sedimentary lithic fragments. Detrital modes, all falling in the Quartzose Recycled and Transitional Recycled fields, suggest a provenance from recycling of sedimentary successions, easily recognizable in the Flysch Basin and External Units, mainly the Numidian Nappe sandstones. A Tortonian age of the Lower Beni Issef Fm would agree with the Late Serravallian age of the uppermost beds of the External Tanger Unit and indicate that the most probable age for the stacking of the Intrarifian Units falls in the Late Serravallian-Middle Tortonian time span. The Lower Beni Issef Fm was involved in a compressive tectonic phase testified by north-south striking folds. Later, probably during Messinian, the Upper Beni Issef Fm deposited in a younger intramontane basin, resting on both the Intrarifian Units and the Lower Beni Issef Fm. Successively, the Upper Beni Issef Fm was passively transported piggyback on top of the fold and thrust belt during later tectonic evolution of the Rifian Maghrebids. This tectonic evolution results quite similar to that recognized in the Tellian and Sicilian Maghrebids and also in the southern Apennines.     

Petrography and geochemistry of the Late Cretaceous redbeds in the Gan-Hang Belt,southeast China: implications for provenance,source weathering,and tectonic setting

ABSTRACT

The distinct basin and range tectonics in southeast China were generated in a crustal extension setting during the late Mesozoic. Compared with the adjacent granitoids of the ranges, the redbeds of the basins have not been well characterized. In this article, provenance, source weathering, and tectonic setting of the redbeds are investigated by petrographic and geochemical studies of sandstone samples from the Late Cretaceous Guifeng Group of the Yongchong Basin in the Gan-Hang Belt, southeast China. Detrital grains are commonly subangular to subrounded, poorly sorted, and are rich in lithic fragments. The variable pre-metasomatic Chemical Index of Alternation (CIA* = 62–85), Chemical Index of Weathering (CIW = 70.90–98.76, avg. 85.62), Plagioclase Index of Alteration (PIA = 60.23–98.35, avg. 79.91), and high Index of Compositional Variability (ICV = 0.67–3.08, avg. 1.40) values collectively suggest an overall intermediate degree of chemical weathering and intense physical erosion of the source rocks, but a relatively decreased degree of chemical weathering during the late stage (Lianhe Formation) of the Guifeng Group is observed. Several chemical ratios (e.g. Al₂O₃/TiO₂, La/Th, Cr/Th, Th/Sc, Zr/Sc) also suggest a dominant felsic source nature, significant first-cycle sediment supply, and low sedimentary recycling. Such features are consistent with active extension tectonic setting. Sandstone framework models and geochemical characteristics suggest the provenance is related to passive margin (PM), active continental margin (ACM), and continental island arc (CIA) tectonic settings. Sediment derivation from the Neoproterozoic metamorphic rocks and Silurian–Devonian granites indicates a PM provenance, whereas sediments derived from the Early Cretaceous volcanic-intrusive complexes suggest an ACM and CIA nature. Therefore, the Late Cretaceous redbeds were deposited in a dustpan-like half-graben under the back-arc extension regime when southeast China was possibly influenced by northwestward subduction of the Palaeo-Pacific plate beneath East Asia.     

青海祁漫塔格中晚三叠世花岗岩:年代学、地球化学及成矿意义

地处柴达木盆地西南缘的青海祁漫塔格地区不仅是一个特征显著的构造-岩浆岩带,而且也是重要的多金属成矿带。本文对该区中晚三叠世花岗岩开展了详细的年代学、岩石地球化学及Sr-Nd-Pb同位素组成研究,并探讨了成矿意义。结果表明,本区中晚三叠世花岗岩均系准铝质到弱过铝质高钾钙碱性花岗岩类,晚三叠世花岗岩具有更高的K2O/Na2O比值,富集大离子亲石元素(LILE)和轻稀土元素(LREE),明显亏损高场强元素(HFSE),中等初始锶比值和偏负的εNd(t)值表明它们主要源于古老地壳物质的深熔或重熔,并可能有幔源物质的加入;发育闪长质暗色微粒包体的中三叠世花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄为230～237Ma,大多具斑状或似斑状结构的晚三叠世高分异富钾花岗岩形成于204～228Ma,表明大约240Ma祁漫塔格主造山已由挤压转入伸展并伴有幔源岩浆活动,晚三叠世后演化到后碰撞阶段;中晚三叠世花岗岩与本区密集产出的矽卡岩型和斑岩型多金属矿床的时空与成因关系密切,具有重要找矿指示意义。     

西藏白朗南部地区三叠纪地层沉积环境及物源

综合露头剖面、砂岩碎屑组分、地球化学、阴极发光等资料的研究,对西藏白朗地区南部三叠系沉积环境及物源开展了研究。该区三叠纪地层以灰黑色泥岩、浅灰白色石英砂岩、长石石英砂岩、灰色灰岩为主,沉积背景为拉轨岗日被动陆缘盆地的浅海-半深海环境。碎屑岩及其地球化学分析结果反映,物源总体来自克拉通内部。阴极发光结果表明,物源区石英主要为变质成因,次为火成岩成因。综合判定,研究区该套地层为下—中三叠统吕村组和上三叠统涅如组,物源区来自南部高喜马拉雅基底杂岩带。     

A sedimentological model for the continental Upper Triassic Tadrart Ouadou Sandstone Member: recording an interplay of climate and tectonics (Argana Valley; South‐west Morocco)

The continental Upper Triassic Tadrart Ouadou Sandstone Member was deposited in an extensional setting on the Pangaean continent, strongly influenced by a low‐latitude climatic regime (10° to 20° north). Complex interaction of basin subsidence and climatically driven processes led to high facies variability and a lack of correlatable units across the Argana Valley exposures. A process‐orientated approach integrating detailed facies with architectural element analysis was undertaken, which resulted in a multistage depositional model for the Tadrart Ouadou Sandstone Member. The basin‐scale model shows that basal alluvial fan and braided river systems are confined to the centre of the Argana Valley exposures. Aeolian deposits occur throughout the sequence, but dominate in the north. After a phase of playa deposition, prominent basin‐wide fluvial incision of up to 8 m marks the onset of perennial fluvial flow. These well‐sorted, internally complex and locally highly amalgamated fluvial sandstones are widespread throughout the basin and are focused in a north to south (south‐west) flowing channel system. After a final stage of aeolian sedimentation, sandstone deposition of the Tadrart Ouadou Sandstone Member in the Argana Valley is terminated rapidly by the onlap of lacustrine mudstones of the Sidi Mansour Member. The study revealed that, except for one pronounced period of perennial conditions, sedimentation is controlled largely by ephemeral fluvial flow, alternating ground water tables, deflation processes and periods with limited periodic local run‐off. The study highlights that facies architecture in the basin is the result of complex interaction of local syn‐sedimentary tectonics and the climatic regime within the basin, but also the climate of the catchment area to the east. The data suggest a proximal to mid‐distal basin setting in the rain‐shadow to the west of a mountain range (Massif Ancien), which exerted a strong control on the depositional environments of Triassic deposits exposed in this part of South‐west Morocco.     

云南保山地区中-晚三叠世Budurovignathus及Pseudofurnishius牙形类动物群的发现及意义

Budurovignathus和Pseudofurnishius牙形类动物群是世界上具有重要地层研究价值且比较稀有的牙形类动物群,迄止目前,在滇西保山地区发现：Budurovignathus hungaricus（Kozur et Vigh）、B.mungoensis（Diebel）、B.aff.mungoensis（Diebel） or B.baoshanensis sp.nov.、B.diebeli（Kozur et Mostler）、Pseudofurnishius socioensis（Gullo et Kozur）,P.murcianus（Van Den Boogaard）和Pseudofurnishius sp.A等重要的属种,本次发现,为云南保山地区中—晚三叠世地层提供有力的生物年代约束,拓展了三叠世牙形石生物带,同时也丰富了中国这两个牙形类动物群的资料。     

广西南部凭祥中三叠世沉积盆地构造环境——来自岩相学和碎屑岩地球化学的证据

岩相学特征表明,广西凭祥盆地砾岩可分为颗粒支撑和基质支撑2种,砾石成分主要为生物碎屑灰岩,其次为砂岩和泥岩。盆地砂岩主要由成分成熟度和结构成熟度较低的亚岩屑(杂)砂岩和岩屑(杂)砂岩组成,物源区为碰撞造山带或再旋回造山带。碎屑岩地球化学特征表明,凭祥中三叠世盆地中的砂岩和泥岩样品SiO2含量为61.71%~74.85%,接近于上地壳的平均值。具有高的K2O/Na2O值(6.50~0.51)和高的TFe2O3+MgO含量(7.29%~10.31%),TFe2O3/K2O值为2.05%~5.54%,矿物稳定性较差。稀土元素标准化配分曲线呈现出轻稀土元素富集、重稀土元素平坦和明显的Eu、Ce负异常特征,类似于上地壳和典型的太古宙页岩,具有海相沉积的特征。砂岩风化蚀变指数CIA高(71~88),Th/U值为3.68~9.53,表明砂岩和泥岩经历了较强的风化作用。砂岩物源区判别图表明,凭祥盆地物源与酸性岛弧具明显的亲缘性,增生楔和活动陆缘是主要的物源区。这些特征综合表明,凭祥盆地是一个伴随古特提斯分支洋盆闭合、经强烈构造改造的残余弧前盆地。     

豫西宜洛盆地上二叠统-下三叠统泥质岩地球化学特征与物源分析

宜洛盆地晚二叠世-三叠纪沉积充填演化是秦岭造山带与华北克拉通共同作用的结果,物源分析是揭示盆山耦合的重要手段之一。论文采用沉积地球化学分析的方法对宜洛盆地上二叠统-下三叠统泥质岩地球化学特征与物源进行了研究,结果表明:宜洛盆地泥质岩稀土元素球粒陨石标准化曲线显示轻稀土元素富集,重稀土亏损,为右倾式曲线,元素Eu中度负异常,元素Ce轻微亏损,符合上地壳稀土元素分布特征。泥质岩源区源岩属性判别图解显示,宜洛盆地物源以长英质岩为主,主要来自于上地壳,孙家沟组后期有少量古老基底杂岩混入。构造背景判别图解显示,研究区物源经历了被动大陆边缘为主(孙家沟组下段)-活动大陆边缘为主(孙家沟组上段和刘家沟组)-大陆岛弧为主(和尚沟组)的演化;华北克拉通和秦岭造山带是宜洛盆地重要物源区,华北地台北部内蒙古隆起可能提供了一定量的物源。孙家沟组早期以克拉通内部物源为主,孙家沟组土门段之后秦岭微地块物源供给明显,体现了华北克拉通南缘基底隆升,由被动大陆边缘向秦岭初始"弧-陆"碰撞隆升的构造演化过程。这对深入揭示南华北盆地与周围造山带之间的耦合关系具有重要意义。     

Trace and rare earth element geochemistry of the Upper Triassic mudstones in the southern Ordos Basin,Central China

Oil‐source correlation studies have demonstrated that the crude oils in the Ordos Basin were mainly derived from organic‐rich lacustrine mudstones of the Yanchang Formation. The sedimentology, petrology and organic geochemistry of these mudstones have been studied intensively, but their trace and rare earth element (REE) characteristics have received little attention. In this paper, we present trace and rare earth element data of the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation mudstones in the southern Ordos Basin to constrain the palaeoenvironment, provenance and depositional setting. Our results show that the REE and trace element concentrations of the Yanchang Formation mudstones are higher than those of the upper continental crust (UCC). The Sr contents and Sr/Ba and Y/Ho ratios of these mudstones indicate the absence of a marine transgression during the sedimentation of the Upper Triassic mudstones. The depositional environment of the Upper Triassic mudstones was slightly oxic as evidenced by the values of Eu/Eu*, Ce/Ce*, Ce_anom, δU, U/Th, V/Cr and Ni/Co. The UCC‐normalized distribution pattern of REEs, spider diagrams, the ratios of related elements, the bivariate diagrams of Th/Sc–Zr/Sc and La/Th–Hf and the ternary plots of La–Th–Sc and Th–Sc–Zr/10 signify that the provenances of the Chang9–7 mudstones were mainly derived from a continental island arc, whereas the provenances of the Chang6–3 mudstones were mainly derived from a mixture of continental island arc and active continental margin, and the latter contain less recycled materials. Combined with the previous studies of detrital zircon dating and petrography of the Yanchang Formation sandstones in the southern Ordos basin, we propose that the Qinling orogenic belt served as one of the primary source regions occurring between the Chang7 and Chang6 periods, corresponding to the initial uplift of the west Qinling Mountains due to the collision between the Yangtze and North China blocks. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

云南鲁春晚三叠世硅质岩的地球化学特征及成因

云南鲁春晚三叠世火山沉积盆地是在江达-维西火山弧的基础之上,通过拉张作用形成的碰撞后拉张盆地,盆地内广泛发育一套由玄武岩和流纹岩组成的“双峰式”火山岩及与其相伴的硅质岩。硅质岩可分为凝灰质硅质岩和纹层状硅质岩两类。通过对两类硅质岩所进行的地球化学研究和分析,表明云南鲁春晚三叠世火山沉积盆地中的凝灰质硅质岩属火山沉积成因,而纹层状硅质岩为海底喷流热液/热泉(热水)沉积成因的热水硅质岩。     

Late Devonian and Triassic basalts from the southern continental margin of the East European Platform,tracers of a single heterogeneous lithospheric mantle source

In Late Devonian and Early-to-Late Triassic times, the southern continental margin of the Eastern European Platform was the site of a basaltic volcanism in the Donbas and Fore-Caucasus areas respectively. Both volcanic piles rest unconformably upon Paleoproterozoic and Late Paleozoic units respectively, and emplaced during continental rifting periods some 600 km away from expected locations of active oceanic subduction zones. This paper reports a comparative geochemical study of the basaltic rocks, and views them as the best tracers of the involved mantle below the Eastern European Platform. The Late Devonian alkaline basic rocks differ from the calc-alkaline Triassic basic rocks by their higher alkali-silica ratio, their higher TiO₂, K₂O, P₂O₅ and FeO contents, their higher trace element contents, a higher degree of fractionation between the most and the least incompatible elements and the absence of Ta-Nb negative anomalies. These general features, clearly distinct from those of partial melting and fractional crystallization, are due to mantle source effects. With similar Nd and Sr isotopic signatures indicating mantle-crust mixing, both suites would originate from the melting of a same but heterogeneous continental mantle lithosphere (refertilized depleted mantle). Accordingly the Nd model ages, the youngest major event associated with mantle metasomatism occurred during Early Neoproterozoic times (∼650Ma).     

鄂尔多斯盆地西南部上三叠统延长组长8、长6油层组 的沉积体系与物源方向

野外露头剖面的岩石学与岩相组合,沉积特征与相标志,古流向测定,室内砂岩的骨架矿物、重矿物组合及其平面分布规律的研究结果表明：鄂尔多斯盆地西南部上三叠统延长组长8油层组是以线状或点状物源为特征的一套近源快速堆积的冲积扇与扇三角洲沉积体系,形成于盆地由快速拗陷转入逆冲负荷沉降期间。长8沉积期盆地西南部的古水流与物源主要来自盆地西南方向,其次为西北和东南方向。长6油层组沉积期,盆地内部底床下沉作用减缓,湖盆开始收缩,湖盆西岸除北部有少量扇三角洲沉积外,主要为辫状河三角洲沉积：而盆地东北部与东部的沉积作用大大加强,致使在盆地东部形成一系列大型曲流河三角洲沉积体系,至盆地西南部相变为半深湖-深湖相与浊流相沉积。长6沉积期古水流除来自西南、西北和东南方向外．还有来自北东和正东方向的次要物源,它们在盆地西南部悦乐-玄马-板桥-固城-合水-带汇合,使该地带成为混合物源区。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西南部上三叠统延长组长8、长6油层组的沉积体系与物源方向

野外露头剖面的岩石学与岩相组合,沉积特征与相标志,古流向测定,室内砂岩的骨架矿物、重矿物组合及其平面分布规律的研究结果表明：鄂尔多斯盆地西南部上三叠统延长组长8油层组是以线状或点状物源为特征的一套近源快速堆积的冲积扇与扇三角洲沉积体系,形成于盆地由快速拗陷转入逆冲负荷沉降期间。长8沉积期盆地西南部的古水流与物源主要来自盆地西南方向,其次为西北和东南方向。长6油层组沉积期,盆地内部底床下沉作用减缓,湖盆开始收缩,湖盆西岸除北部有少量扇三角洲沉积外,主要为辫状河三角洲沉积：而盆地东北部与东部的沉积作用大大加强,致使在盆地东部形成一系列大型曲流河三角洲沉积体系,至盆地西南部相变为半深湖-深湖相与浊流相沉积。长6沉积期古水流除来自西南、西北和东南方向外．还有来自北东和正东方向的次要物源,它们在盆地西南部悦乐-玄马-板桥-固城-合水-带汇合,使该地带成为混合物源区。     

Characteristics and Natural Gas Origin of Middle−Late Triassic Marine Source Rocks of the Western Sichuan Depression, SW China

A scientific exploration well(CK1) was drilled to expand the oil/gas production in the western Sichuan depression, SW, China. Seventy-three core samples and four natural gas samples from the Middle–Late Triassic strata were analyzed to determine the paleo-depositional setting and the abundance of organic matter(OM) and to evaluate the hydrocarbon-generation process and potential. This information was then used to identify the origin of the natural gas. The OM is characterized by medium n-alkanes(n C_(15)–n C_(19)), low pristane/phytane and terrigenous aquatic ratios(TAR), a carbon preference index(CPI) of ～1, regular steranes with C_(29) C_(27) C_(28), gammacerane/C_(30) hopane ratios of 0.15–0.32, and δD_(org) of-132‰ to-58‰, suggesting a marine algal/phytoplankton source with terrestrial input deposited in a reducing–transitional saline/marine sedimentary environment. Based on the TOC, HI index, and chloroform bitumen "A" the algalrich dolomites of the Leikoupo Formation are fair–good source rocks; the grey limestones of the Maantang Formation are fair source rocks; and the shales of the Xiaotangzi Formation are moderately good source rocks. In addition, maceral and carbon isotopes indicate that the kerogen of the Leikoupo and Maantang formations is type Ⅱ and that of the Xiaotangzi Formation is type Ⅱ–Ⅲ. The maturity parameters and the hopane and sterane isomerization suggest that the OM was advanced mature and produced wet–dry gases. One-dimensional modeling of the thermal-burial history suggests that hydrocarbon-generation occurred at 220–60 Ma. The gas components and C–H–He–Ar–Ne isotopes indicate that the oilassociated gases were generated in the Leikoupo and Maantang formations, and then, they mixed with gases from the Xiaotangzi Formation, which were probably contributed by the underlying Permian marine source rocks. Therefore, the deeply-buried Middle–Late Triassic marine source rocks in the western Sichuan depression and in similar basins have a great significant hydrocarbon potential.     

上扬子克拉通北部晚古生代-中三叠世大陆边缘盆地的形成与演化

上扬子克拉通北部晚古生代-中三叠世的沉积盆地是在勉-略洋盆南侧发展起来的被动大陆边缘盆地, 在泥盆纪-中二叠世以稳定沉降为主, 向北以碳酸盐岩缓坡与台地向勉略洋盆过渡; 中二叠世末期受峨眉地裂运动影响形成隆坳相间的格局; 早-中三叠世构造体制由伸展变为挤压, 沉积建造由开阔海碳酸盐岩台地逐渐向半局限台地、半封闭海湾膏盐湖相以及陆相碎屑岩含煤岩系过渡.该陆缘盆地经历了晚三叠世上扬子北缘前陆盆地、中侏罗世-早白垩世川西、川北前陆盆地, 以及晚白垩世至今构造残留盆地的改造.其中, 晚三叠世须三-须六期上扬子北缘前陆盆地的前缘隆起大致沿汶川、剑阁和万源一线分布.热年代学分析结果表明, 汶川、剑阁和万源一线以南的上二叠统烃源岩在早中生代始终处于埋藏增温状态, 只是自晚白垩世才进入抬升降温阶段, 呈"同代"烃源岩的特征; 而汶川、剑阁和万源一线以北的龙门山、米仓山和大巴山山前冲断地区, 上二叠统烃源岩则围绕生烃窗经历了多次增温和降温过程, 热演化历史复杂, 呈"隔代"烃源岩的特征.因此, 对于上扬子克拉通北部晚古生代-中三叠世陆缘盆地的勘探, 汶川、剑阁和万源一线以南比其北侧更有利.     

华北地块北缘上石炭统—中三叠统碎屑锆石研究 及其地质意义

利用碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素对平泉地区晚石炭世—中三叠世地层进行物源分析,重塑内蒙古隆起的隆升历史,进而探讨古亚洲洋的闭合过程。5个样品的LA-ICP-MS碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄由5个年龄峰组成:峰1中晚二叠世(270~250Ma)、峰2晚石炭世—早二叠世(325~290Ma)、峰3泥盆纪(400~360Ma)、峰4古元古代(1900~1700Ma)和峰5新太古代-古元古代早期(2600~2400Ma)。其中,本溪组碎屑锆石主要由峰3、峰4和峰5组成,山西组、孙家沟组和刘家沟组则主要由峰2和峰4组成,下石盒子组由峰1、峰4和峰5组成。5个样品具有相同的Hf同位素特征,显生宙锆石的εHf(T)在-3.2~-25.5之间,与内蒙古隆起的晚古生代侵入岩体完全相同。碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素特征显示物源主要来自内蒙古隆起,不同层位的物源变化表明内蒙古隆起曾存在2次重要的隆升事件:第一期发生在360~312Ma之间,第二期发生在276~258Ma期间。第一次隆升奠定了盆-山的基本构造格局,第二次隆升之后古隆起进入稳定剥蚀期,为盆地提供持续稳定的物源,盆地内部发育了一套粗碎屑沉积物,可以推断在276Ma左右古亚洲洋已经关闭。     

秦祁昆结合部晚三叠世OIB型玄武岩岩石学、地球化学及SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年代学研究

秦祁昆结合部夏河县八角城作海枕状玄武岩,不整合于中二叠统大关山组生物灰岩之上。枕状构造保存完好,气孔、杏仁构造发育,具斑状结构。斑晶主要为橄榄石,其次为斜长石和辉石;基质由板条状斜长石微晶、粒状辉石、橄榄石及钛铁矿等矿物组成。橄榄石斑晶发生伊丁石化、滑石化和绿泥石化,部分橄榄石完全被伊丁石化。TiO2质量分数为1.99%~2.24%,Mg#值为58~64,∑REE为（106~119）×10-6,LaN/YbN为5.6~7.1,富集Nb、Ta、Zr,以及Rb、Ba、Th、U、K等元素,高Nb/Y低Zr/Ti,并且呈现出与夏威夷、土耳其等地区OIB型碱性玄武岩相一致的稀土、微量元素配分模式曲线。橄榄石斑晶Fo值为82.73~84.57,w(CaO)均大于0.1%;斜长石斑晶An为64.72%~70.39%,基质中斜长石An为58.88%~61.53%,且斜长石斑晶较基质中斜长石呈现出低Si、Fe、Na、K、Ti和高Al、Ca特征。这些事实表明,形成该套岩石组合的原始岩浆曾经经历了橄榄石和斜长石等矿物的结晶分异作用。SHRIMP锆石U Pb测年结果表明,八角城作海玄武岩形成时代为晚三叠世Norian期（（220.5±4.2） Ma）。结合区域地质资料,在秦祁昆结合部古特提斯洋于晚三叠世俯冲消减结束并进入陆陆碰撞造山作用阶段,该时期陆陆碰撞作用引发的岩石圈拆沉作用导致岩石圈的减薄,进而形成八角城作海OIB型枕状玄武岩。     

北羌塘地区北缘上三叠统若拉岗日岩群地层特征及沉积环境

北羌塘地区北缘上三叠统若拉岗日岩群分布于北羌塘陆块与拉竹龙-金沙江缝合带之间的若拉岗日冲断带,以砂泥质复理石、中基性-超基性火山岩及大理岩组合为特征,夹晚二叠世灰岩岩片及蛇绿岩残块。岩石低-中级变质,构造变形强烈,顶底均被断层切割断失,为总体无序、局部有序的构造-地层体。若拉岗日岩群中基性火山岩具有洋岛和岛弧型成因,它是金沙江洋盆在晚三叠世向南俯冲,而在其南缘形成的岛弧带沉积。在若拉岗日岩群采获大量上三叠统常见的孢粉、腕足、双壳类生物化石,其玄武岩年龄值为201±4Ma (Ar-Ar法),时代属诺利期。     

青海共和盆地中三叠世花岗岩组合岩石成因:地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代学及Hf同位素约束

青海共和盆地位于青藏高原东北缘,以往有关共和盆地及邻区早-中三叠世岩浆岩成因机制的认识分歧较大,且研究主要集中在露头岩石方面。本文以共和盆地干热岩GR1井深部花岗岩岩芯样品作为研究对象,对其进行岩石学、长石电子探针、主微量元素地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代学及Lu-Hf同位素研究。矿物组成及长石电子探针测试结果显示花岗岩主要为奥长花岗岩、英云闪长岩及花岗闪长岩。锆石U-Pb测年结果表明,奥长花岗岩的结晶年龄为236.5±1.7Ma,英云闪长岩的岩浆结晶年龄为241.6±3.0Ma。主、微量元素地球化学显示这些花岗岩主要为准铝质,属于高钾钙碱性系列。全岩Ta-Nb-Hf等不相容元素图解及锆石Hf同位素数据表明共和盆地的236.5~241.6Ma花岗岩显示火山弧及同碰撞花岗岩成分特征,说明中三叠世共和地区发生俯冲-碰撞转换。结合本文数据与区域背景资料,作者认为：共和盆地早-中三叠世花岗岩组合的形成与印支期宗务隆洋的南向俯冲作用密切相关,此时,在宗务隆-青海南山-西秦岭北缘存在统一的大陆边缘弧环境;在236~241Ma时发生俯冲-碰撞转换;晚三叠世时宗务隆-青海南山-西秦岭北缘已处于碰撞期和后碰撞期。     

Lithofacies and cyclicity of Mohilla evaporite basins on the rifted margin of the Levant in the Late Triassic,Makhtesh Ramon,southern Israel

Marine‐connected basins with evaporites occur beneath most extensional continental margins that originated at low‐latitudes and often are of major economic significance. Cyclicity in the evaporite lithofacies reflects the degree of restriction of the basin, overprinted by sea‐level changes, and caused by structural movements in the barrier region, whether by fault‐block rotation, footwall uplift or hanging wall subsidence, in both extensional and compressional basins. The Upper Triassic evaporites of the Ramon section in southern Israel model cyclic sedimentation in such environments. The Mohilla Formation is a carbonate–evaporate–siliciclastic succession of Carnian age that fills a chain of basins extending along the Levant margin from southern Israel to Jordan and Syria. The basins developed in half‐grabens adjacent to normal faults that formed during a period of regional extension. Evaporites of this formation are well‐exposed in outcrops at Makhtesh Ramon, the southernmost of these basins. The M2 Member of the Mohilla Formation is composed of 42 sub‐metre cycles of alternating dolostone, gypsum and calcareous shales. Field and microfacies analysis showed these cycles to conform mostly to restricted shallow and marginal marine environments, spatially limited by the uplifted shoulders of the half‐graben systems. A total of 10 facies types belonging to six depositional environments have been identified. From stacking patterns and analysis of bed to bed change, cycles can be categorized into three groupings: (i) low frequency exposure to exposure cycles that developed under eustatic or climate control; (ii) high frequency deepening/shallowing‐upward cycles, characterized by gradual transitions due to short‐term sea‐level or runoff‐event oscillations possibly referable to orbital forcing; and (iii) high frequency shallowing‐upward cycles, characterized by abrupt transitions, attributable to sporadic tectonic events affecting accommodation space or barrier effectiveness. The way facies and cycling of the sedimentary environments was deciphered in the Mohilla evaporite basin can be used to unravel the genesis of many other evaporite basins with barriers of tectonic origin.