Triaxial behaviour of a cemented gravely sand, Tehran alluvium

Cemented coarse-grained alluvium is present in a vast area of Tehran city, Iran including its suburbs. This deposit consists of gravely sand to sandy gravel with some cobbles and is dominantly cemented by carbonaceous materials. In order to understand the mechanical behaviour of this soil, a series of triaxial compression tests were performed on uncemented, artificially cemented and destructured samples. Hydrated lime was used as the cementation agent for sample preparation to model the Tehran deposit. The tests were performed on cemented samples after an appropriate time for curing. The tests on cemented samples show that a shear zone appears as the shear stress approaches the peak shear strength. During shearing these samples undergo dilation at confining stress lower than 1000kPa. However, the uncemented and destructured samples show contraction during shearing. Peak shear strength is followed by strain softening for all cemented samples. The shear strength increases with increasing cement content but the influence of the cementation decreases as the confining stress increases. With increasing cementation the stress-strain behaviour of samples tend towards the behaviour expected of high-density soils. Test results indicate that the failure envelope for cemented samples is curved and not linear.     

饱和砂土液化研究现状及展望

通过多年的研究,人们对饱和砂土液化有了很深的认识。在Seed简化法,剪切波速法和标准贯入试验等判别的方法的研究方面也取得了很多的成果。本文主要介绍了我国广泛应用的标准贯入试验的方法,以及应用数值方法如何更好的判断场地的抗液化性。提出应用室内的微型贯入试验来判断饱和砂土液化的展望。     

隐伏断层在强震砂土液化中的作用——以2008年汶川Mw 7.9地震为例

2008年汶川Mw7.9地震的强地面震动在龙门山前地区造成大量的砂土液化、喷砂冒水等地震灾害现象。震后野外调查发现,砂土液化点主要分布于地下水位只有几米深的山前河流的低阶地处,以大面积砾性土液化为特征,约58%的液化点位于距北川断层20~35km的范围内。对喷水高度及喷水过程进行了详细记录,喷水高度与峰值加速度并没有明显的相关性,喷水高度异常点(2m)集中于山前断裂系统近地表投影处。汶川地震中喷水高度异常、砾性土液化的位置与山前断裂系统的吻合性说明,沉积盆地内的地质构造可能在砂土液化强度和与震动相关的地震灾害方面起到促进作用,所以在类似的地质和水文环境中,除主震的断层错动外,应考虑地质构造在地震危险性评估和建筑物抗震设计中的重要作用。     

饱和层状砂土液化特性的动三轴试验研究

利用GDS动三轴试验系统采用等幅循环应变加载方式对含有不同厚度粉土的饱和层状砂土进行了液化强度试验。分析了均匀砂和含有不同粉粒层厚度的层状砂土在循环荷载作用下的变形和力学特性。试验分析表明：由于含粉粒夹层的层状土特殊的土体结构,其孔隙水压力发展规律与一般的无黏性砂土不同;饱和层状砂土的抗液化强度并不是随着粉粒层厚度的增加而单调增加的,而是存在一个临界点;液化临界剪应变的大小与液化判别标准和循环次数有很大关系。试验结果表明,粉粒夹层对层状砂土的液化特性有很大的影响,且更能模拟自然环境条件下的层状砂土地基液化特性。     

The prediction of equivalent granular steady state line of loose sand with fines

Void ratio has been used as a state variable for predicting the liquefaction behaviour of soils under the critical state, sometimes also referred to as the steady state, framework. Recent publications show that void ratio may not be a good parameter for characterising sand with fines because the steady state line (or curve) in the e-log(p′) space moves downward with increase in fines content until it reaches a threshold value referred to as the threshold fines content (TFC). Recently, an alternative state variable, referred to as the equivalent granular void ratio, has been proposed to resolve this problem. To calculate this alternative state variable, an additional parameter ‘b’ is needed. This parameter ‘b’ represents the fraction of fines that actively participate in the force structure of the solid skeleton. However, predicting the ‘b’ value is problematic. This paper examines the factors affecting the ‘b’ value based on published work on binary packing. This leads to a simple semi-empirical equation for predicting the ‘b’ value based on fines size and fines content. The proposed equations were evaluated with published data sets. Then, the concept of an equivalent granular steady state line is proposed. This concept was used to predict the location of SSLs for sand with different fines content from either the SSL of clean sand or the SSL of sand with a given fines content. The predictions agree well with experimental results.     

饱和砂土液化特性的可视化试验研究

针对目前散粒体液化细观机制研究的局限性,对C.K.C型动态三轴仪进行改进,研制了可用于研究散粒体细观组构特征的动三轴可视化试验系统。利用该系统对循环荷载作用下标准砂的颗粒运动规律及细观组构特征进行初步探讨,从颗粒的运动规律、定向性、配位数和孔隙率等细观角度分析了循环荷载作用下饱和砂土发生液化的细观机制,认为液化的发生是土体在循环荷载作用下颗粒不断运动、重新排列的结果,指出颗粒长轴方向、配位数和孔隙率等细观组构参量是反映循环荷载作用下饱和砂土液化宏观响应的重要参量     

A possible continuum theory for densification and liquefaction of saturated sand

A previously developed continuum theory of granular media is applied to the problems of densification and liquefaction of saturated sand. An expression for the free energy of saturated sand is developed. The process of densification of sand subjected to cyclic shear stress is studied and several expressions for an increase of the solid volume fraction are obtained and discussed. The problem of the initial liquefaction of saturated sand samples under cyclic shear stress is then considered and several criteria relating the shear stress amplitude, over-burden pressure, time to liquefaction, and physical properties of the sand sample are established. Some semiempirical relations for field applications are also presented.     

Geotechnical reconnaissance and liquefaction analyses of a liquefaction site with silty fine sand in Southern Taiwan

Geotechnical reconnaissance of a recurrent liquefaction site at a Quaternary alluvial deposit in southern Taiwan was conducted to establish a comprehensive case history for liquefaction on silty fine sand with high fines content. The liquefaction occurred at a silty fine sand layer with D₅₀ = 0.09 mm and fines content greater than 35% and was triggered by a M_w = 6.4 earthquake on March 4, 2010, which induced maximum horizontal acceleration up to 0.189 g at the site. In situ subsurface characterizations, including standard penetration test, cone penetration test, and shear wave velocity measurement, were performed as well as cyclic simple shear tests on undisturbed specimens retrieved by a modified hydraulic piston sampler. Comparisons of cyclic resistance ratios (CRRs) indicate that CPT sounding with standard penetration rate could overestimate the resistance ratio and drainage conditions during penetration should be considered for high fines content soil in the liquefaction analysis. Additionally, variations of CRRs from different in situ tests indicate that correlations among in situ tests and CRR could be soil specific and precautions should be taken when using these curves on silty fine sands.     

砂土液化内部应力变化规律与工程液化判别

以往对砂土液化的研究主要侧重于水平场地、自由应力场条件下有关地基液化机理与判别等问题的研究。通常将Δu=σz=ΔUmax作为地基土液化的判据，而对工程结构物和场地条件的影响考虑不足。基于当前砂土液化问题的研究现状及工程特性，提出了将液化分为理论液化和工程液化。前者主要研究地基土液化的一般规律性问题；后者则针对具体工程结构物而言。其液化标准是以地基土在遭受地震液化时是否会导致工程结构物的破坏为依据。通过对砂土在震动液化过程中内部应力变化规律的理论分析，阐明了水平应力σx或σy对斜坡场地地基土发生侧向液化的作用机理，不能将斜坡场地的地基看作半无限空间体处理，提出了液化膨胀侧扩势Ψ的概念与计算式。指出：对斜坡场地，为避免这种侧向液化流动变形破坏，采取加强可液化土体的侧向约束、缩小偏应力差是必要的。根据工程结构物的承载力极限状态和正常使用极限状态，提出工程液化的判别准则：(1)可液化土体的地基强度τ降低到工程结构物所允许的强度值[τ，]；(2)可液化土体的膨胀侧扩势Ψ增加到其侧向约束强度[τh]；(3)可液化土体地基的变形s增大到工程结构物所允许的变形值[s]。     

砂土液化判定评价与对策

砂土液化的评定、评价及对策虽然要概念不同,但有着必然的联系,本文通过工程实例分析,对液化判定、评价及对策进行较为详细的阐述。     

地层组合对砂土液化的影响分析

利用Laplace变换取得了下卧与上覆层的组合地层在已知地震烈度或地层位移两种初始条件下的剪应力的解析表达式,提出了一种新的液化判别方法;并利用编程计算,分析了地层组合中各参数对砂土液化的影响,得到了在各种组合情况下砂土液化的难易程度。对工程判别有一定的理论指导作用。     

最近20年地震中场地液化现象的回顾与土体液化可能性的评价准则

回顾了1994年美国Northridge地震、1995年日本阪神地震、1999年土耳其Kocaeli地震、1999年台湾集集地震、2008年中国汶川地震、2010年智利Maule地震、2010～2011新西兰Darfield地震及余震、2011年东日本地震中大量的、不同类型的液化实例调查与研究,发现这些地震的液化具有以下特点：（1）罕见的特大地震（Mw9.0）使远离震中300～400 km的新近人工填土发生严重的大规模液化;（2）特大地震（Ms8.0、Mw8.8）使远离震中的低烈度Ⅴ～Ⅵ度地区发生严重液化;（3）海岸、河岸附近地区的新近沉积冲积、湖积土,填筑时间不到50年的含细粒、砂砾人工填土,容易发生严重液化;（4）天然的砂砾土层液化发生严重液化;（5）发生了深达20 m的土层液化现象;（6）松散土层液化后可以恢复到震前状态并再次发生液化;（7）高细粒（粒径≤75 ?m）含量≥50%或高黏粒（粒径≤5 ?m）含量≥25%的低-中塑性土严重液化,对介于类砂土与类黏土之间的过渡性态土,有时地表未见液化现象;（8）液化土层的深度较深或厚度较小时,容易出现地面裂缝而无喷砂现象;有较厚的上覆非液化土层时,场地液化不一定伴随地表破坏。液化实例证明,第四系晚更新世Q3地层可以发生严重液化;黏粒含量不是评价细粒土液化可能性的一个可靠指标;低液限、高含水率的细粒土易发生液化,采用塑性指数PI、含水率wc与液限LL之比作为细粒土液化可能性评价的指标是适宜的。综合Boulanger和Idriss、Bray和Sincio、Seed和Cetin等的液化实例调查与室内试验研究成果,建议细粒土液化可能性的评价准则如下：PI ＜12且wc/LL＞0.85的土为易液化土,12＜PI≤20和/wc/LL≥0.80的土为可液化土;PI ＞20或wc/LL＜0.80的土为不液化土。     

静力触探法对巴楚地震液化判别的适用性

2003年2月24日新疆巴楚-伽师地区发生的6.8级地震中出现了自1996年唐山大地震以来我国大陆境内最为严重的砂土液化现象。以此地震液化调查为基础,检验包括我国规范液化判别方法、Robertson方法和Olsen方法的国内外现有静力触探试验为指标的液化判别方法的适用性。结果表明,我国规范、Robertson方法、Olsen方法在对巴楚地震液化场地判别中,总体上非液化场地判别成功率高于液化场地判别成功率,非液化场地的判别成功率分别为88%、71%和88%,但对液化场地判别成功率分别为55%、73%和45%,明显偏于危险,原因需要进一步查明,建立适合局部地区的液化判别方法应是未来必须进行的工作。     

砂土液化预测的Fisher判别模型及应用

基于Fisher判别理论建立了砂土液化可能性的Fisher判别分析（FDA）模型。在分析砂土液化影响因素的基础上,选取烈度、震中距、地下水位、砂层埋深、标贯击数、平均粒径、不均匀系数、剪应力比等8个实测特征指标作为FDA模型的预测指标。利用砂土液化的实测数据作为训练样本进行训练,建立FDA模型对砂土液化进行预测,并用其他未参加训练的实测数据进行了验证。研究结果表明,FDA模型简便可行、预测精度高,是解决砂土液化预测问题的有效方法之一。     

地震作用下南黄海海上风电场水平场地液化特性分析

江苏近海属南黄海海域,是我国海上风电场最集中的地区,目前约占全国总装机容量的70%～75%,该区覆盖层厚度大,桩长深度范围(一般40～60m)多为粉砂、粉土、粉质黏土地层,尤其是泥面以下20m深度为易液化粉砂-粉土地层。而南黄海地区亦是我国的地震多发区,因此,研究了该区海上风电场水平场地的地震液化特性。首先基于南黄海某海上风电场50个机位的钻探资料统计特征建立了地层概化模型;随后通过动三轴试验和共振柱试验标定了土体动力分析参数;然后反演了3条地震波(EL-Centro波、Northridge波、Kobe波),将地表附近地震动峰值加速度PGA分别调整为0.05g、0.10g、0.20g、0.40g并进行场地液化分析,重点分析了地震作用下地层的超孔压比、总沉降、分层沉降等特性。研究发现,该区地层为可液化地层。当PGA=0.05g时,各层监测点的超孔压比均小于1.0,地层总沉降为1 cm左右;当PGA为0.10g和0.20g时,仅表层(12 m内)地层完全液化,地层总沉降分别为10 cm和17 cm;PGA=0.40g输入时,泥面下20 m地层均完全液化,地层总沉降为30 cm左右。不同地震...     

内孔隙与各向异性对钙质砂液化特性的影响

针对循环荷载作用下钙质砂的力学特性，分析了各向异性与内孔隙对钙质砂液化特性的影响。提出围压增大时，内孔隙释放率增加，次生各向异性变小，二者均使钙质砂抗液化能力增强；固结应力比增加时，初始各向异性愈明显，钙质砂抗液化能力减弱。最后，分析了钙质砂的循环活动性机理。     

用标贯法对盘锦城区砂土液化进行等级分区

本文针对盘锦城区砂土液化不良地质作用,采用工程地质勘察中的原位测试——标准贯入试验法结合前人在此所作的地质调查资料和工程地质勘察资料,按照《建筑抗震设计规范》（GB5001-2001）相关规定,对盘锦城区的砂土液化进行相应的等级分区,对于盘锦市今后的工程建设具有实用意义。     

大厚度饱和砂土液化治理试验研究

饱和砂土液化地基治理是工程建设中面临的一大难题。某拟建电厂工程针对大厚度的饱和砂土液化地基,通过采用大直径振冲碎石桩复合地基的处理方法,开展了大厚度饱和砂土液化地基治理的现场试验研究。试桩施工结束后,通过采用载荷试验、超重型动力触探试验等原位测试方法,对桩间土、桩体及复合地基的承载性能、变形参数及液化处理效果进行了评价和分析,取得了大量可靠的试验数据,对类似工程具有一定的参考价值     

用标贯击数确定抗液化振动挤密砂桩的间距

在考虑了抗液化振动挤密砂桩的侧向和竖向加密的同时,又考虑了砂桩的充盈系数对加固作用的影响,从而提出了一种基于抗震规范的液化判别方法,根据标准贯入击数确定抗液化振动挤密砂桩间距的经验关系。     

循环荷载下砂土液化特性颗粒流数值模拟

利用PFC2D常体积循环双轴试验条件,对砂土在不排水循环荷载作用下的液化特性进行了颗粒流数值模拟,数值模拟按等应力幅加荷方式进行。颗粒流数值模拟的优点在于得到试样液化宏观力学表现的同时,通过不同循环加荷时刻试样内细观组构参量（包括配位数、接触法向分布、粒间法向接触力、粒间切向接触力）的演化规律,分析砂土液化过程中细观组构变化与宏观力学响应之间的内在联系,从而可进一步探讨砂土液化的细观力学机制。数值模拟研究结果表明,砂土液化现象在宏观力学表现上反映为超静孔隙水压力的累积上升和平均有效主应力的不断减小,在细观组构上对应于配位数的累积损失和粒间接触力的不断减小。砂土液化细观机制分析表明,试样配位数的减少与循环加荷过程中组构各向异性滞后于应力各向异性有关。