基于GIS的自适应三维古海面-地面演变模型研究

本文设计了基于GIS的具有"自适应"功能的三维古海面-地面演变模型.该模型可以动态演绎沿海地区"沧海桑田"的变化景象,并且可以运用历史资料及专家知识,对海面-地面变化模拟结果进行检验,根据检验结果来对模型的一系列控制参数进行自动半自动的修订,然后重新进行海面-地面演变的动态模拟,直到更趋近于真实的历史演变过程,从而实现...     

动态柔性地物三维模拟理论与方法新探

针对地学动态柔性物体建模,提出GIS流素与柔性体元(GIS Flow Element and Soft Voxel)的概念,作为动态柔性地物的基本模拟单元。当忽略体积时,称为GIS流素(FE);当强调体积时,则称为GIS柔性体元(SV)。GIS流素与柔性体元三维模拟基于计算机图形学中的粒子与元球技术,区别在于GIS流素与柔性体元具有明确的地学意义,并基于地学模型突出反映地学规律。现实世界中,水流、泥沙、雪花、云雾、泥石流、熔岩流、草原等均可用(7)IS流素进行模拟,而构造运动中岩层的挤压、扭曲变形、生物体、树木随风摆动等可用GIS柔性体元进行模拟。该文以水流与土壤模拟为例,论证该方法的应用前景。     

An evaluation of ontology matching techniques on geospatial ontologies

Standardization is one of the pillars of interoperability. In this context, efforts promoted by the Open Geospatial Consortium, such as CityGML (Technical University, Berlin), a standard for exchanging three-dimensional models or urban city objects, are welcomed. However, information from other domains of interest (e.g. energy efficiency or building information modeling) is needed for tasks such as land planning, large-scale flooding analysis, or demand/supply energy simulations. CityGML allows extension in order to integrate information from other domains, but the development process is expensive because there is no way to perform it automatically. The discovery of correspondences between CityGML concepts and other domains concepts poses a significant challenge.

Ontology matching is the research field emerged from the Semantic Web to address automatic ontology integration. Using the ontology underlying CityGML and the ontologies which model other domains of interest, ontology matching would be able to find the correspondences that would permit the integration in a more automatic manner than it is done now.

In this paper, we evaluate if ontology matching techniques allow performing an automatic integration of geospatial information modeled from different viewpoints. In order to achieve this, an evaluation methodology was designed, and it was applied to the discovery of relationships between CityGML and ontologies coming from the building information modeling and Geospatial Semantic Web domains. The methodology and the results of the evaluation are presented. The best results have been achieved using string-based techniques, while matching systems give the worst precision and recall. Only in a few cases the values are over 50%, which shows the limitations when these techniques are applied to ontologies with a partial overlap.     

GIS作为新一代地理学语言的特征(英文)

Language plays a vital role in the communication, sharing and transmission of information among human beings. Geographical languages are essential for understanding, investigating, representing and propagating geo-spatial information. Geographical languages have developed and evolved gradually with improvements in science, technology and cognitive levels. Concerning the theoretical progress from geographical information ontology, epistemology and linguistic theory, this paper firstly puts forward the concept of a GIS language and discusses its basic characteristics according to changes in the structures, functions and characteristics of geographical languages. This GIS language can be regarded as a system of synthetic digital symbols. It is a comprehensive representation of geographical objects, phenomena and their spatial distributions and dynamic processes. This representation helps us generate a universal perception of geographical space using geographical scenarios or symbols with geometry, statuses, processes, spatio-temporal relationships, semantics and attributes. Furthermore, this paper states that the GIS language represents a new generation of geographical language due to its intrinsic characteristics, structures, functions and systematic content. Based on the aforementioned theoretical foundation, this paper illustrates the pivotal status and contributions of the GIS language from the perspective of geographical researchers. The language of GIS is a new geographical language designed for the current era, with features including spatio-temporal multi-dimension representation, interactive visualization, virtual geographical scenarios, multi-sensor perception and expedient broadcasting via the web. The GIS language is the highest-level geographical language developed to date, integrating semantic definitions, feature extraction, geographical dynamic representation and spatio-temporal factors and unifying the computation of geographical phenomena and objects. The GIS language possesses five important characteristics: abstraction, systematicness, strictness, precision and hierarchy. In summary, the GIS language provides a new means forpeople to recognize, understand and simulate entire geo-environments. Therefore, exploration of the GIS language’s functions in contemporary geographical developments is becoming increasingly important. Similarly, construction of the conceptual model and scientific systems of the GIS language will promote the development of the disciplines of geography and geographical information sciences. Therefore, this paper investigates the prospects of the GIS language from the perspectives of digital technology, geographical norms, geographical modeling and the disciplinary development of geography.     

铁路网规模测算方法体系与实证分析

通过对路网规模多种测算方法的比较,系统地建立了用于测算铁路网规模的方法体系;经比较分析,发现地理空间特征和经济社会指标是影响路网规模的基本因素。根据数据的可获得性和测算方法的适应性,选择连通度模型对中国铁路基础路网规模进行测算,引入空间运输绝对联系强度和首位联系度对快速路网规模进行测算,并结合GIS技术测定最终的铁路网规模。研究结果表明,为实现铁路服务的普适化,并解决主要运输通道运力紧张的困境,中国未来铁路网的合理规模应达到15万公里,较目前铁路网规模增长近1倍。     

Propagation of positional error in 3D GIS: estimation of the solar irradiation of building roofs

While error propagation in GIS is a topic that has received a lot of attention, it has not been researched with 3D GIS data. We extend error propagation to 3D city models using a Monte Carlo simulation on a use case of annual solar irradiation estimation of building rooftops for assessing the efficiency of installing solar panels. Besides investigating the extension of the theory of error propagation in GIS from 2D to 3D, this paper presents the following contributions. We (1) introduce varying XY/Z accuracy levels of the geometry to reflect actual acquisition outcomes; (2) run experiments on multiple accuracy classes (121 in total); (3) implement an uncertainty engine for simulating acquisition positional errors to procedurally modelled (synthetic) buildings; (4) perform the uncertainty propagation analysis on multiple levels of detail (LODs); and (5) implement Solar3Dcity – a CityGML-compliant software for estimating the solar irradiation of roofs, which we use in our experiments. The results show that in the case of the city of Delft in the Netherlands, a 0.3/0.6 m positional uncertainty yields an error of 68 kWh/m²/year (10%) in solar irradiation estimation. Furthermore, the results indicate that the planar and vertical uncertainties have a different influence on the estimations, and that the results are comparable between LODs. In the experiments we use procedural models, implying that analyses are carried out in a controlled environment where results can be validated. Our uncertainty propagation method and the framework are applicable to other 3D GIS operations and/or use cases. We released Solar3Dcity as open-source software to support related research efforts in the future.     

基于空间推理的巷道三维拓扑建立

基于空间关系和空间推理理论,结合MGIS领域的需求建立巷道三维拓扑网络模型,研究巷道三维空间关系推理的算法及业务逻辑实现;开发巷道三维拓扑自动生成系统,实现了巷道空间与属性数据管理、三维拓扑自动处理、多尺度成果输出及基于三维拓扑的路径查询,为基于巷道的通风、运输、避灾、多尺度变换等应用奠定了基础。     

The technique of distance decayed visibility for forest landscape visualization

The paper discusses an approach known as ‘distance‐decayed visibility’, implemented using GIS, to the composition of 3D scenes for static forest landscape visualization. The distance‐decay concept is employed to model a spatial interaction in terms of visibility between any observation points and vegetations visible from those points. The vegetation visibility is measured in level of detail where high visibility uses high level of detail and vice versa. The interaction is modelled mathematically using an exponential decay function. The point distribution of projected models on a 3D scene is calculated in GIS to assign an appropriate value of ‘visibility decay constant’ to relate the distance from the observation point to the vegetations with the level of detail of the vegetations in the function. The advantages of the technique as measured against the quantitative benchmarks of rendering time and the number of polygons computed are addressed. Although the forest landscape of the study area consists of a large number of vegetation models, the technique helps to model the relation of vegetation visibility and viewing distance so realistically that the technique yields the visual quality of the result 3D scene visually and statistically comparable to the finest resolution scene.     

Three-dimensional visualization of an emotional map with geographical information systems: a case study of historical and cultural heritage in the Yeongsan River Basin,Korea

The objective of this study is the production and visualization of an emotional map to reveal the unique emotions inherent to the areas surrounding the Yeongsan River, which is often referred to as ‘the cradle of civilization’ in Korea. The sites selected for this study are the 11 cities and districts (5667.6 km²) that cut across the vast granary in the southeastern region of Korea, near the Yeongsan River. The emotional map was produced by extracting features of historical and cultural heritage distributed throughout this region and by using a geographic information systems program and its functions for spatial analysis. A database was constructed through interviews with locals and Global Positioning System to index 4318 pieces of cultural heritage to achieve the visualization of emotions. Among the 558 historical relics considered for representing the regional culture, 100 with the largest emotional impact were selected. It was determined that loyalty (), justice (), courtesy (), resentment (), and anger () should be the major emotional elements. Methodologically, a set of regional, periodic, historical, and emotional classification codes were first systematized. After subjecting this data to inverse distance weight interpolation and vertical exaggeration coefficients, the three-dimensional emotional map could be visualized.     

城市激光点云语义分割典型方法对比研究

基于深度学习方法在城市激光点云语义分割任务中的应用效果缺乏客观的对比与评价,该文选取当前4种代表性点云语义分割深度网络(PointNet、PointNet++、PointCNN、SPG)以及一种基于特征描述子的层次化点云语义分割方法,采用3组开放点云数据集(Semantic 3D、Oakland及TerraMobilita/iQmulus3Durban)对不同方法的语义分割质量进行对比分析,结果发现:1)层次化点云语义分割方法的语义分割质量优于另外4种深度学习方法;2)考虑局部信息的深度网络(PointNet++、PointCNN、SPG)的表现优于仅考虑点云全局特征的方法(Point-Net);3)在基于深度学习的方法中,基于超点图的SPG网络在测试数据中的效果优于其他几种网络。研究结果对于实际应用选择点云语义分割方法以及点云语义分割深度网络的设计优化具有借鉴意义。     

基于分形理论与GIS的城区交通路网复杂性分析——以广州市城区为例

以广州市城区为例,基于分形理论,借助GIS技术手段,测度广州市城区1957、1982和2008年交通网络的盒子维数。结果表明:①广州市城区路网具有明显的分形特征,不同区域的盒子维数均有不同程度的增加,城市路网覆盖度不断提高,道路密度和通达性不断增强;②根据不同时期不同行政区路网盒子维数的差异和增幅大小,把广州市城区路网发育划分为3种不同类型:成熟型(东山区、越秀区、荔湾区),发展型(黄埔区、芳村区、白云区),拓展型(海珠区、天河区);③建立不同区域盒子维数与年代的线性、指数和幂指数函数关系,经对比发现指数函数关系拟合度最好,其相关系数R2>0.8,表明广州市城区交通网络近50年来发展迅速,而且这种态势还将持续下去。     

Application of a spatially explicit backcasting model: A case study of sustainable development in Salzburg,Austria

The high cost of land for housing within urban centres and the common desire to live within extensive residential areas in the green countryside have, in some cases, led to increasing residential development in the urban hinterland, often resulting in dispersed and sprawling development. In order to counteract such development this article seeks to provide a methodology for implementing strategies which aim is to achieve sustainable development in spatial planning. The proposed methodology, which is known as “backcasting”, aims to improve our ability to avoid undesirable future developments and to encourage those developments that are desirable. Backcasting has previously mostly been used within theoretical processes or frameworks. The backcasting exercise presented in this paper used a Python-based model to create often visionary future scenarios based on interviews with relevant experts, and then used these scenarios as input for a backwards running model. This model simulates a development that runs backwards in time, converging towards the present situation. The backcasting model presented herein has been applied to a case study in Salzburg, Austria.     

Evolution of clusters in dynamic point patterns: with a case study of Ants' simulation

Recent developments in sensing and tracking technologies have enabled large geographical databases to be established that represent spatial dynamics of ‘behavioral entities’. Within this type of dynamics there are several levels and modes of organization that need to be revealed. Clusters are high‐level groupings of entities, where change in their location and form, including split and merge events, represents self‐organization and functioning patterns. Such information may contribute for better understanding spatially complex dynamic patterns. The main objective of this article is to develop an adaptable methodology that facilitates exploration of spatial order and processes in point pattern dynamics. The approach presented here utilizes data‐clustering at each snapshot of the moving pattern, and then involves pairwise linking between the clusters identified at each snapshot and those identified in the following snapshot. Such linking is based on a new methodology that defines well globally optimized solutions for numerous possible linking combinations based on Linear Programming. A preliminary assessment of the approach was conducted with an existing Ants' simulation tool, capable of creating data sets covering in detail a substantial portion of the nest's life cycle.     

基于GIS的城市商业网点规划实施效果评估

商业网点规划是指导和管理城市商业空间发展的法律依据,对实施效果的评估是评价规划和监督执行的重要措施之一。中国已实施的城市规划评估大都以定性评估方法为主,难以保证评估的客观性和科学性。基于长沙市商业网点规划和实地调查数据,从空间布局和业态结构两个方面,应用GIS分析方法,对发展现状与商业网点规划进行比较研究。研究显示:规划与现状存在较大差别,商业网点规划没有充分认识城市空间结构、商业业态的发展特点和空间区位选择机制,未能有效地引导和控制商业和业态空间结构的发展和演变。     

1944-2005年黑河流域径流量变化特征及趋势(英文)

The Heihe River drainage basin is one of the endangered ecological regions of China. The shortage of water resources is the bottleneck,which constrains the sustainable development of the region. Many scholars in China have done researches concerning this problem. Based on previous researches,this paper analyzed characteristics,tendencies,and causes of annual runoff variations in the Yingluo Gorge (1944-2005) and the Zhengyi Gorge (1954-2005),which are the boundaries of the upper reaches,the middle reaches,and the lower reaches of the Heihe River drainage basin,by wavelet analysis,wavelet neural network model,and GIS spatial analysis. The results show that: (1) annual runoff variations of the Yingluo Gorge have principal periods of 7 years and 25 years,and its increasing rate is 1.04 m3/s·10y; (2) annual runoff variations of the Zhengyi Gorge have principal periods of 6 years and 27 years,and its decreasing rate is 2.25 m3/s·10y; (3) prediction results show that: during 2006-2015,annual runoff variations of the Yingluo and Zhengyi gorges have ascending tendencies,and the increasing rates are respectively 2.04 m3/s·10y and 1.61 m3/s·10y; (4) the increase of annual runoff in the Yingluo Gorge has causal relationship with increased temperature and precipitation in the upper reaches,and the decrease of annual runoff in the Zhengyi Gorge in the past decades was mainly caused by the increased human consumption of water resources in the middle researches. The study results will provide scientific basis for making rational use and allocation schemes of water resources in the Heihe River drainage basin.     

Research on runoff variations based on wavelet analysis and wavelet neural network model: A case study of the Heihe River drainage basin (1944?2005)

The Heihe River drainage basin is one of the endangered ecological regions of China. The shortage of water resources is the bottleneck, which constrains the sustainable development of the region. Many scholars in China have done researches concerning this problem. Based on previous researches, this paper analyzed characteristics, tendencies, and causes of annual runoff variations in the Yingluo Gorge (1944–2005) and the Zhengyi Gorge (1954–2005), which are the boundaries of the upper reaches, the middle reaches, and the lower reaches of the Heihe River drainage basin, by wavelet analysis, wavelet neural network model, and GIS spatial analysis. The results show that: (1) annual runoff variations of the Yingluo Gorge have principal periods of 7 years and 25 years, and its increasing rate is 1.04 m3/s·10y; (2) annual runoff variations of the Zhengyi Gorge have principal periods of 6 years and 27 years, and its decreasing rate is 2.25 m3/s·10y; (3) prediction results show that: during 2006–2015, annual runoff variations of the Yingluo and Zhengyi gorges have ascending tendencies, and the increasing rates are respectively 2.04 m3/s·10y and 1.61 m3/s·10y; (4) the increase of annual runoff in the Yingluo Gorge has causal relationship with increased temperature and precipitation in the upper reaches, and the decrease of annual runoff in the Zhengyi Gorge in the past decades was mainly caused by the increased human consumption of water resources in the middle researches. The study results will provide scientific basis for making rational use and allocation schemes of water resources in the Heihe River drainage basin.     

组团城市公交线网结构特征研究——以四川省南充市为例

以四川省南充市为例,从城市公交线路统计指标和线路网空间分布特征角度,定量分析了组团城市公交线网结构特征。研究结果表明:组团城市公交线网具有偏大的线路长度和非直线系数;公交复线条数和线路网密度在不同组团存在多个高值中心;不同剖面上线路网密度起伏显著;组团连接地带公交复线条数过大而成为通行瓶颈。这些特征增大了城市公交营运调度的难度,也给居民出行带来不便。     

Integrating GIS and data warehousing in a Web environment: A case study of the US 1880 Census

While the business intelligence sector, involving data warehouses and online analytical processing (OLAP) technologies, is experiencing strong growth in the IT marketplace, relatively little attention has been devoted to the problem of utilizing such tools in conjunction with GIS. This study contributes to the development of this research area by examining the issues involved in the design and implementation of an integrated data warehouse and GIS system that delivers analytical OLAP and mapping results in real‐time across the Web. The case study chosen utilizes individual records from the US 1880 population census, which have recently been made available by the North Atlantic Population Project. Although historical datasets of this kind present a number of challenges for data warehousing, the results indicate that the integrated approach adopted offers a much more flexible and powerful analytical methodology for this kind of large social science dataset than has hitherto been available.     

基于游客视角的历史街区旅游发展模式影响机理及创新——以苏州平江路为例

历史街区是重要的文化遗产保护对象,但原真文化僵化保护和过度商业化成为阻碍历史街区可持续发展的两大症结。构建了影响历史街区旅游发展模式支持度的结构方程假设模型,以苏州平江路为例实证研究历史街区旅游发展模式支持度影响因素,并提出历史街区旅游发展创新型模式。结果显示:1传统文化与现代文化共生、消费需求和景观及空间意象是影响历史街区旅游发展支持度的关键因素,业态分布及类型、街道布局及功能和历史信息传达是重要因素;2传统文化与现代文化共生对支持度影响程度最大,其次为消费需求;3构建了以传统与现代和谐共生的城市文化为基础,以满足游客体验和休闲需求为驱动力,以"创意化"、"人性化"、"精致化"和"生活化"为开发手段,形成凸显城市文化并体现现代休闲体验需求的集"文化化"、"体验化"、"休闲化"、"创意化"、"人性化"、"精致化"、"生活化"和"特色化"于一体的历史街区"八化"旅游发展创新型模式。     

A continuous deployment-based approach for the collaborative creation,maintenance, testing and deployment of CityGML models

Georeferenced 3D models are an increasingly common choice to store and display urban data in many application areas. CityGML is an open and standardized data model, and exchange format that provides common semantics for 3D city entities and their relations and one of the most common options for this kind of information. Currently, creating and maintaining CityGML models is costly and difficult. This is in part because both the creation of the geometries and the semantic annotation can be complex processes that require at least some manual work. In fact, many publicly available CityGML models have errors. This paper proposes a method to facilitate the regular maintenance of correct city models in CityGML. This method is based on the continuous deployment strategy and tools used in software development, but adapted to the problem of creating, maintaining and deploying CityGML models, even when several people are working on them at the same time. The method requires designing and implementing CityGML deployment pipelines. These pipelines are automatic implementations of the process of building, testing and deploying CityGML models. These pipelines must be run by the maintainers of the models when they make changes that are intended to be shared with others. The pipelines execute increasingly complex automatic tests in order to detect errors as soon as possible, and can even automate the deployment step, where the CityGML models are made available to their end users. In order to demonstrate the feasibility of this method, and as an example of its application, a CityGML deployment pipeline has been developed for an example scenario where three actors maintain the same city model. This scenario is representative of the kind of problems that this method intends to solve, and it is based on real work in progress. The main benefits of this method are the automation of model testing, every change to the model is tested in a repeatable way; the automation of the model deployment, every change to the model can reach its end users as fast as possible; the systematic approach to integrating changes made by different people working together on the models, including the possibility of keeping parallel versions with a common core; an automatic record of every change made to the models (who did what and when) and the possibility of undoing some of those changes at any time.