GIS多比例尺空间数据组织体系构建研究

空间数据是GIS的基础,如何构建空间数据多比例尺分级体系是城市GIS建设的关键。该文分析了城市空间信息的多比例尺特点,在定义了“单元图形”概念的基础上,总结出GIS屏幕可视化空间信息随比例尺缩小的变化规律,依据此规律,提出了空间数据尺度间隔的“四倍原则”;介绍了“四倍原则”在城市GIS多比例尺数据分级中的应用方法和示例。     

A transformational approach to GIS operations

GIS research has a continuing thread devoted to classifying the operations performed by analytical software. Prior efforts to classify GIS operations have limitations and inconsistencies, often arising from an attempt to establish overly direct links between geographic procedures and arithmetical operations. The transformational view of cartography provides a more solid basis for classifying GIS operations. This paper presents a new scheme for geographical transformations based on measurement frameworks as the principal distinction. Transformations between measurement frameworks can be summarized in terms of a spatial neighbourhood and a rule to process attribute information. This scheme organizes most analytical GIS operations by their geometric and attribute assumptions.     

Competing space and place identity with landscape change analysis using Web GIS through Singapore historical maps (1828–2015)

The investigation of historical maps is fundamental to understanding the dynamics of landscape changes. In this study, we propose Web GIS tools as a way to compare historical maps efficiently for knowledge production. A key impetus of this article is to contribute to the ongoing efforts to broaden the appeal of ‘mixed‐methods research’ by bridging the epistemological and methodological gaps between GIS and qualitative methodologies in knowledge production. This article proposes a new visualization method for historical landscape change analysis by comparing multiple maps simultaneously with the mash‐up of Web GIS. Based on the analysis of exterior facts represented on the maps, four developmental footprints were investigated, namely, surviving place identity, disappeared place identity replaced by new identity, waning place identity overlapped with new identity, and waning identity by disconnected spatial relationships. To this end, the study argues that Web GIS applications have more potential in spatial knowledge production than traditional desktop GIS.     

土地利用变化研究中的GIS空间分析方法及其应用

土地利用变化研究尤其是空间变化研究 ,离不开 GIS的空间分析方法。该方法的数据基础主要是矢量格式的土地利用图件和遥感解译制图成果 ;模型基础包括 GIS的时空数据模型、属性数据模型和提取土地利用变化特征的原理模型 ;而数据处理过程则涉及GIS系统的数据转换功能、编辑功能、空间分析功能、数据库操作功能、空间统计分析功能以及图形显示功能等。本文结合北京市土地利用变化的实例分析 ,从上述三方面详细阐述了 GIS的空间分析方法及其在土地利用变化研究中的应用。     

Spatial video and GIS

GIS elemental unit representations of spatial data are often defined in terms of points, lines and areas. However, another type of spatial data that is becoming frequently captured, but as yet is largely ignored in GIS, is that of video. While digital video recording is a commonly encountered medium in modern society and encompasses many forms, from simple personal camcorders through to sophisticated survey and surveillance systems, its geographical representation in a GIS has not been fully examined or realised. In the majority of cases the video footage is usually captured while the device and/or the objects being viewed are in motion. What is of particular interest is when video streams can be, or have been, associated with spatial data such as location and orientation to create geographically referenced videographic data, which, for simplicity, will be defined as spatial video. Fundamentally, the nature of video is to record space, so when spatial properties can be accurately acquired and associated with this footage, an important geographical element can be considered for integration and analysis within a GIS.

Existing spatial video systems, both commercial and research, are predominantly used in survey or LBS roles and are usually bespoke and application specific. These systems do not model spatial video to any recognised standards that is generalised to be both data and platform independent. They do not support GIS integration and/or analysis from a purely spatial content perspective. A video-image/remote-sensing centric approach prevails where usage options range from simple visualisation interfaces to interactive computer vision systems. What has been largely overlooked is a spatial approach where the inherent geographical extent recorded in each video frame can be modelled and used in a geo-spatial analysis context. While this modelling approach has not been fully realised, it does exist in a GIS form based on Open Geospatial Consortium standards, where the spatial context of video is defined in a structure called a ViewCone. However, a ViewCone only defines a 2D model of the geographical extent of each frame and is restricted to a three-or-five sided polygon representation.

Thus, this article examines the potential of modelling spatial video through the use of elemental data types within GIS; gives some examples of using this approach; describes some problems in using spatial video within GIS; and then demonstrates how these problems are being solved. This is done in three stages: Firstly, a detailed overview of spatial video in its current GIS role is provided – this is achieved through a complete introduction to the distinct elements of spatial video followed by a review of its use in both commercial and academic application areas. Secondly, a brief theoretical overview of an alternative GIS-constrained ViewCone data structure is given that defines a more flexible spatial video model for both 2D and 3D GIS analysis and visualisation. Thirdly, a selective sample of results is presented based on an implementation of this approach being applied to a constrained spatial video data source in a specific study area.     

空间数据挖掘的地理案例推理方法及试验

从空间数据挖掘的角度谈地理案例推理方法,认为地理案例推理是面向问题的一种空间数据挖掘方法。针对这一思想进行了基于地理案例的空间数据挖掘具体算法介绍。首先在明确地理案例具体定义的基础上,给出了面向问题的空间数据挖掘地理案例界定和组织方法;其次,鉴于地理空间的自然地带性和区域分异性规律的影响,深入探讨了地理案例自身或其间所可能存在的相互依赖和相互制约关系,并给出了采用粗糙集方法进行地理案例内蕴空间关系的定量挖掘方法;第三,针对地理案例表达时考虑的空间特征和空间关系的不同,给出了三种状况下的空间相似性计算模型;最后,以土地利用这一典型的地学现象为例,给出具体实例,一方面进行土地利用问题的定量分析与推测;另一方面,通过实例展示地理案例推理方法在地学问题求解以及空间数据定量分析上的特点和优势。     

GIS research to address tensions in geography

The rise of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technologies has been producing powerful tools for spatial data processing, management, analysis, modeling, and visualization. While supporting many tasks, GIS technologies have evoked new thinking and advanced intellectual inquiries in geography. Technological advances in other fields often stimulate new research questions and lead to revolutionary discoveries. The Hubble telescope revolutionizes our understanding of the universe, and 3D digital microscopes transform our knowledge of the coordination among biological, neurological, and physiological systems in living organisms. Can GIS claim similar revolutionary effects on geography? The answer is much up for debate. With GIS technologies, geographic studies can explore a broader extent across multiple scales in space and time and tackle problems through increasingly complex spatial statistics, visual analytics, computation, simulation, machine learning, and artificial intelligence. Both the Hubble telescope and 3D digital microscope were built based on scientific research that subserves the technological advances for inquiries into space and life systems. Likewise, GIScience research innovates GIS methods that enable novel geographic investigations and therefore contribute to geographic knowledge production. For the sake of simplicity, the term GIS used here represents both GIScience and GIS technologies. This essay attempts to clarify the intellectual contributions of GIS to geography on the following two questions: (1) What novel geographic thinking is driven by GIS? (2) How may GIS provoke new geographic inquiries and knowledge? Building on Nystuen's notion of four tensions that trigger geographic questions, the essay discusses how GIS innovations mediate historical tension, space‐time tension, dimensional tension and scale tensions.     

论地理信息系统及其在地理学中的地位

地理信息系统技术的兴起代表了地理学发展的一个重要方向。地理信息系统是一门处理地理(空间)数据的综合信息技术,它属于技术地理学的范畴,它为资源与环境的管理和规划以及地理学的研究提供了一个革命性工具。另一方面,地理信息系统的建立和应用又依赖于地理学理论和实用模型的发展。进一步勾通地理信息系统与空间分析之间的关系是目前促进地理信息系统发展的重要课题。     

地理信息系统发展趋势

本文根据国内外在地理信息系统方面的进展，就地理信息系统的科学概念、基本构成和它的以下一些发展趋势作了讨论：（1）地理信息系统是构成地理学日臻完善的技术体系的重要部分；（2）空间分析功能是系统研究和应用的主要目标；（3）系统最重要的技术问题是管理和存储大量空间数据的数据结构；（4）综合性的发展特色日益明显；（5）标准化和智能型的发展方向已引起关注。     

地图与制图术：国际批判制图学/GIS研究进展

地图是地理学的基本语言,也是空间分析必不可少的工具。但长期以来,地图一直被视为一种客观中立的科学成果。受批判地理学的启发,批判制图学/GIS应运而生,其目标是阐明制图实践中所嵌入的话语、权力关系,挑战地图表征中未经检验却被认为是理所当然的假设。经历40余年的争论与磨合,这一研究领域初现轮廓,批判制图学/GIS大致形成2个研究方向：解构路径主要从制图主体身份和地图知识生产过程2个方面出发,分别剖析制图术与国家治理密不可分的联系及其内在的权力作用机制;建构路径主要借助协作制图和反制图手段以实现地图数据的再生产。国内批判制图学/GIS研究刚刚起步,需要继续吸收批判地理学成果,开展不同历史时期、不同类型地图的解构研究,也需要加强建构路径与解构路径的深度弥合,并面向公众开展更加开放、公正的地图应用研究,将研究成果积极应用于社会实践。     

地理信息系统在南极考察和研究中的应用

GIS在南极的应用包括空间数据采集和管理、测绘和制图、科学研究、环境保护、后勤管理和决策等各个方面。 SCAR的大地测量和地理信息工作组 (WG- GGI)每两年推出一批 GIS方面的国际合作项目 ,其中南极数字数据库 (ADD)、南极地理数据集成 (AGDI)、乔治王岛 GIS(KGIS)、空间数据标准等 GIS项目已取得显著成果 ,在南极研究领域产生了广泛的影响。本文介绍了国际上在南极开展的大量 GIS应用研究 ,为我国今后在该领域开展工作提供了参考与借鉴     

城市土地潜力分析--以南京市为例

研究城市土地潜力是城市建设者合理利用城市土地、提高城市土地利用效率、保护耕地的基础。该文利用GIS对土地、规划、环保、人口等相关数据进行整合,从房地产开发的角度建立测算最低经济容积率的模型,求得每块城市土地的经济容积率;基于GIS空间分析功能,分析城市土地利用现状与最低经济容积率,并用地域环境质量综合评价、历史文化名城保护规划等数据对结果进行修正,得出南京市城市土地潜力的数量、质量及空间分布。     

Digitizing the Dragon Head,Geo-Coding the Urban Landscape: GIS and the Transformation of China's Urban Governance

While local governments have been one of the major user groups of GIS, there is still little research on how GIS development in local government might be intertwined with urban governance, particularly in non-Western contexts. Drawing upon insights from GIS implementation, critical GIS, and governmentality studies, this article seeks to bridge this gap by examining the implications of Chinese urban government GIS practices amidst China's changing urban governance. Through an in-depth case study of Shenzhen, this article analyzes how urban GIS has been transformed from a practice involving internal organizational workflow automation, into a more active dimension of the governance of urban spaces—reflected in the expanding practice of “geo-coding” the urban landscape. “Geo-coding” here refers to a broadly defined spatial practice of carving and reconstructing a rational urban space. GIS practices have constituted a particular form of geographic rationality that seeks to govern at a distance while simultaneously regulating the urban environment, intersecting with the broader transformations of China's urban governance. These GIS developments have been largely government-centric rather than citizen-centric, yet they provide possibilities for new forms of spatial knowledge production for citizen participation in urban governance.     

GIS在历史、文化地理学研究中的应用及展望

通过对文献的综合分析,总结了GIS应用于历史地理学、文化地理学、考古和文化资源管理以及空间社会科学的研究进展,并介绍了我国历史文化地理信息系统的建设实践。尽管在历史地理和文化地理研究中GIS应用仍面临一些问题,但它拥有巨大的潜力。因此,国内历史地理和文化地理学者应该重新认识GIS的作用,开发适合的GIS应用软件,搭建跨学科的合作研究平台,争取将GIS在历史文化研究中的应用纳入数字城市计划之中。     

遥感数据驱动的耕地生产潜力模型与应用

采用传统的潜力递减法模型,在 GIS空间建模技术支持下,分别计算光合生产潜力、光温生产潜力、气候生产潜力和耕地生产潜力。本研究以遥感数据驱动模型构建：首先,通过日本的静止气象卫星GMS-5数据反演每日的实际蒸散、相对蒸散,用以计算气候生产潜力;其次,通过SPOT5高分辨率遥感数据提取耕地空间位置和耕地类型信息,用以计算耕地生产潜力。研究表明模型估算的耕地生产力与现实粮食产量整体相差在10%左右,模型估算耕地生产潜力比现有粮食产量提高30%左右;同时研究表明,耕地生产潜力受高程、坡度和水源的影响较大。     

GIS专业人才的素质特征、知识结构与培养方案研究

GIS学科的工具性、工程性及横断性等特征促使GIS的应用格局以及社会对GIS专业人才的需求朝着多层次、多元化的方向发展。该文在调查分析国内外GIS专业人才培养现状的基础上,指出GIS专业人才应具备以下素质特征:1)融厚实的数理、空间知识基础与精湛的GIS专业知识于一体;2)融扎实的GIS基本技能与迫切的GIS求知、创新欲望于一体;3)融GIS研究、技术开发本领与GIS项目管理能力于一体。同时,GIS专业人才应掌握与之相对应的、立体的知识结构,即以数理基础和空间基础为宽度,以应用背景与应用领域为广度,以专业知识及专业技能为深度的知识结构。笔者还对GIS专业人才培养模型与GIS高、中级人才的培养方案进行探讨。     

开放式GIS在大数据时代的机遇与障碍

GIS 领域的发展在21 纪初走到了十字路口。本文旨在讨论下一个阶段GIS 发展的多个愿景,而新兴的开放式GIS应作为一个指导思想。开放式GIS包含8 个维度：数据、软件、硬件、规范、研究、出版、资金和教育。对于GIS 研究团体,开放式GIS 提供了4 个令人振奋的机会：①技术发展。技术的发展与突破可用于解决空间上的海量数据所带来的问题;②应用开发。主要是用于集体或个人决策的应用程序的开发;③增加全民参与的机会。地理科学可以发展成一种开放性的全民科学,人们将对日益变化的地球增进了解;④教育的机遇。通过开放式GIS能更好地实现全民地理科学教育。虽然开放式GIS 的实现存在着学术、法律、社会、政治和环境等障碍,但可以肯定的是,开放式GIS在未来的科学研究和教育方面将会变得越来越重要。     

云GIS的内涵与研究进展

云计算将是下一代计算平台,云计算的发展必将带动与计算科学密切相关的地理信息系统学科的发展.本文采用文献分析方法综述了云计算的特征、云GIS内涵、关键技术和科学问题,指出云GIS是利用云基础设施获得大规模计算能力来解决GIS中海量空间数据的分布式存储、处理任务划分、查询检索、互操作和虚拟化等关键性科学问题,提高GIS 数据处理与管理能力,为计算密集型和数据密集型的各类GIS 服务提供高性能处理的技术.其基本内涵是空间数据的云特征,空间数据管理中的云计算特征.同时指出云GIS 将彻底突破GIS 既有的“专业圈子”,实现GIS自身的革命性突破,极大地扩展其市场规模.然后,本文介绍了云GIS平台,指出云GIS发展中的优势与不足;最后,从云GIS模式技术发展趋势、应用需求及教育专业需求3个方面展望了中国云GIS的研究进展.     

Space and exclusion: does urban morphology play a part in social deprivation?

There is currently a growing interest in the spatial causes of poverty, particularly its persistence. This paper presents methodological innovations that have been developed for investigating the relationship between physical segregation and economic marginalization in the urban environment. Using GIS to layer historical poverty data, contemporary deprivation indexes and space syntax measures of spatial segregation, a multivariate system has been created to enable the understanding of the spatial process involved in the creation and stagnation of poverty areas as well as to analyse the street segment scale of configuration.