Facilitating Public Involvement in Strategic Planning for Wildland Fire Management∗

Wildland fire creates a complex relationship between federal agencies and public stakeholders. Questions surrounding the public's role in federal wildland fire management point to broader questions about the relationships among scientists, policymakers, federal agencies, and the public. In this article we report on a project to provide information about the key components of federal policies that govern wildland fire management. The goal is to enhance the decision support capabilities of a geographic information system (GIS)-based fire risk model and the capacity of users to interpret the outputs of the model from a fire policy perspective. We conclude by making recommendations for how this and other such tools might be refined to improve and expand policy interactions among government land and resource management agencies, scientists, and the public.     

流域供水管理决策支持系统总体设计

本文简要介绍了一个集流域信息、数据库管理、实时监测、水量预测、洪水预报、水库排沙调度、需水量计算、水土平衡、优化供水决策、系统在线帮助等多功能为一体的流域供水管理决策支持系统的总体开发设计思路。本系统紧密结合干旱区实际,充分利用地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ）、计算机最新软硬伯、知识库和先进的计算模型等高新技术,具有适应实时要求,界面友好直观,操作灵活方便,扩充性好和实用性强等特点。对流域供水、防洪、排沙、     

Regional groundwater flow modelling of Upper Chaj Doab of Indus Basin, Pakistan using finite element model (Feflow) and geoinformatics

A 3-D finite element model (Feflow) has been used for regional groundwater flow modelling of Upper Chaj Doab in Indus Basin, Pakistan. The thematic layers of soils, landuse, hydrology, infrastructure and climate were developed using Geographic Information System (GIS). The numerical groundwater flow model is developed to configure the groundwater equipotential surface, hydraulic head gradient and estimation of the groundwater budget of the aquifer. Integration of GIS with groundwater modelling and satellite remote sensing capabilities has provided an efficient way of analysing and monitoring groundwater status and its associated land conditions. The Arcview GIS software is used as additive tool to develop supportive data for numerical groundwater modelling, integration and presentation of image processing and modelling results.
The groundwater behaviour of the regional model shows a gradual decline in watertable from year 1999 onward. The persistent dry condition and high withdrawal rates play an influential role in lowering down the groundwater levels. Different scenarios were developed to study the impact of extreme climatic conditions (drought/flood) and variable groundwater abstraction on the regional groundwater system. The results of the study provide useful information regarding the behaviour of aquifer in order to organize management schemes on local and regional basis to monitor future groundwater development in the area.     

黄河流域水循环地理信息系统平台构建初探

本文探讨了地理信息系统在水文学研究中的一般模式,应用GIS与水文模型松散结合的方式,采用MS-VisualBasic可视化开发语言,以ESRI-MapObject地理信息系统组件为基础,构建了黄河流域水循环地理信息系统平台。将所涉及到的黄河流域水循环各类数据统一坐标、统一格式储存到平台中,为黄河流域水循环要素和水文过程研究提供数据支持。     

Environmental decision support system project: an exploration of alternative architectures for geographical information systems

Abstract

Recent changes in information technology offer the opportunity to explore alternative architectures for geographical information systems (GIS) which might better support advanced applications. This paper describes the architecture and implementation of the environmental decision support system (EDSS), a prototype GIS tool kit. The architecture is based on a simple yet powerful systems model using only data collections, views and operations as the basic entity types. The design of the user interface, data management and data analysis within the model are outlined, with particular emphasis on the advanced facilities for which implementation is simplified by the architecture. A prototype applications system, BANKSIA, is also described.     

Fuzzy information representation and processing in conventional GIS software: database design and application

Currently used methods for representing geographical information are inadequate because they do not tolerate imprecision. This leads to information loss and inaccuracy in analysis. Such expressive inadequacy is largely due to the underlying membership concept of classical set theory. To improve information processing in GIS research and application, an alternative membership concept is required. In this paper, we explore the inadequacy imposed upon geographical information representation by classical set theory and address the problems of information loss. A fuzzy relational data model is defined which is more representative for geographical information. A GIS database for agricultural land resource management is created by using the data model and a new technique for assessing land suitability is developed. The fuzzy representation largely facilitates data analysis in this GIS. The methods are tested with data from North Java, Indonesia using a vector-based GIS software package, Arc Info, and the analysis results are presented.     

广东省土地管理信息系统的设计与应用

采用遥感（ＧＩＳ）与地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ）相结合的方法研制的土地管理信息系统能为广东省土地管理部门提供科学,快捷,有效的管理手段,文中重点讨论了广东省土地管理信息系统的设计目标,结构与功能,并介绍了土地管理信息系统的应用实例,指出建立规范化,标准化的土地管理系统的重要性以及统一的规范数据统计单元的必要性。     

遥感、地图、地理信息系统—体化应用

遥感、地图和地理信息系统（ＯＩＳ）三者呈“你中有我，我中有你”的相辅相成关系．三者一体化应用使地球科学得以进展，又能在资源开发、环境保护、自然灾害监测评价等方面发挥重要作用．一体化应用的基础是掌握三者的学科一技术特性与相通关系．     

基于GIS的辽宁省土地可耕作性评价

借助GIS格网技术,选取影响土地可耕作性的关键自然条件,建立辽宁省土地可耕作性评价指数,确定辽宁省土地可利用性等级。研究结果表明,辽宁省土地可耕作性从中部向周围递减,辽中的土地可耕作性最高,辽西北和辽东山地区土地可耕作性较差。该研究结论符合实际情况,可为辽宁省土地开发管理服务。     

“面向区域”的GIS控件的设计与使用

本文提出了一个“面向区域”GIS控件的概念———即以特定的地理区域为对象,将基础地理信息连同有关的GIS功能操作融合为一个可重用的程序模块,以Microsoft的COM(即“组件对象模型”)技术为基础,组织为“GIS化”的ActiveX控件。这种GIS控件,将面向对象技术中的“对象”扩展到了整个特定的地理区域空间,其核心思想是不仅封装了GIS的数据模型,必要的功能操作,而且封装了所有的基础地理信息。由于省去了对空间数据的处理,因而这种GIS控件可被广大非GIS专业的信息系统开发者灵活、简便地用于各种管理信息系统、办公自动化系统和决策支持系统的GIS功能扩充,也可用于构建一般的地理信息系统,因而有利于GIS技术应用的普及。文章最后给出了有关陕西省的应用实例     

Vegetative succession and controlled fire in a glades ecosystem A geographical information system approach

Abstract

A geographical information system (GIS) approach was used successfully on a federal wilderness area in southwestern Missouri to examine vegetative succession relative to fire management in a glades ecosystem. Maps of vegetation were obtained by interpreting aerial photographs taken in 1938, 1958, 1966, 1975 and 1986. Maps of topography, streams, soils and the location of fires which burned during the period 1938 to 1986 were also procured from a variety of public agencies. All maps were digitized and incorporated into a raster-based GIS with 25 m pixels. It was concluded that (1) both glades and oak-hickory forest have an affinity for distinct physiographic areas and (2) fire can help decrease the rate of processes of natural succession which cause glades to convert to forest. The probable effects of controlled fire on three areas proposed by the Forest Service were evaluated and summarized.     

Modelling accessibility using space-time prism concepts within geographical information systems

Abstract

The space-time Of time geographical framework is a powerful perspective from which to analyse human behaviour. One of the central concepts in this framework is the space-time prism, which models individual accessibility to an environment. In this paper, the derivation and manipulation of space-time prism concepts within a geographical information system (GIS) are discussed. The required system inputs and desired outputs are identified and a generic GIS based procedure is presented Given these basic requirements, issues are discussed which can determine the feasibility of current GIS technology to handle the derivation of space-time prism concepts.     

区域地理信息系统在农业中的应用——以福建省浦城县为例

本文应用系统分析的理论和方法，建立了浦城县地理信息系统，分析了信息系统的结构、功能及信息管理过程，并在系统的支持下对浦城县农业发展战略进行决策研究，提出了一系列分析意见，开辟了地理信息系统应用的新领域。     

资源与环境模型标准文档库及其与GIS集成

论述了中国资源与环境模型标准文档库的结构和内容。通过研究总结数学模型及其研究现状发现，中国资源与环境模型标准文档库建设需要完善尚有缺陷的数学模型、创建尚缺少的数学模型；通过归纳现有数学模型与地理信息系统的现有集成方法发现，目前的集成方法不能满足区域可持续发展集成模型的需要，据此讨论了数学模型与地理信息系统有效集成需要深入研究的内容。最后，提出了通过大量案例研究，形成区域可持续发展集成模型和中国资源与环境模型标准文档库2个软件包的可行研究思路。     

基于GIS和RS的四川省彭州市土壤侵蚀敏感性评价

根据彭州市独特的自然地理特征,结合美国通用土壤流失方程(USLE),选择降雨侵蚀力(R)、土壤可蚀性(K)、坡度坡长(LS)和地表覆盖(C)4个自然因子作为彭州市土壤侵蚀敏感性评价的指标,在GIS和RS技术支持下,对彭州市土壤侵蚀敏感性并进行综合评价.结果表明:彭州市土壤侵蚀敏感性以不敏感(37.78％)、轻度敏感(19.22％)和极敏感(22.09％)为主,中度敏感(10.57％)和高度敏感(10.33％)比例相对较小;区域内土壤侵蚀敏感性的空间分布具有垂直地带性,其中最不敏感区主要分布在东南平原地区,极敏感区主要分布在北部坡度大于25.的亚高山、低山和深丘地区.研究结果将为区域内土壤侵蚀状况的宏观把握和水土保持政策的制定提供科学依据.     

城市环境保护信息系统结构框架研究

随着城市化进程的加快,城市人口增加,城市环境保护成为城市关注的焦点.充分利用计算机技术、地理信息系统技术有利于提高城市环境保护规划及管理水平.结合城市环境保护局的工作内容及实质,提出了基于办公自动化、管理信息系统、网站发布系统、GIS可视化信息系统的城市环境保护信息系统的结构框架,并对系统框架的构成、信息流程、服务和应用模式进行了论述,探讨了基于WEB GIS的信息系统应用的系统数据体系以及基础地理信息系统、图文一体化、空间分析、决策支持等系统功能.     

An inductive modelling procedure based on Bayes' theorem for analysis of pattern in spatial data

Abstract

This paper describes an inductive modelling procedure integrated with a geographical information system for analysis of pattern within spatial data. The aim of the modelling procedure is to predict the distribution within one data set by combining a number of other data sets. Data set combination is carried out using Bayes’ theorem. Inputs to the theorem, in the form of conditional probabilities, are derived from an inductive learning process in which attributes of the data set to be modelled are compared with attributes of a variety of predictor data sets. This process is carried out on random subsets of the data to generate error bounds on inputs for analysis of error propagation associated with the use of Bayes’ theorem to combine data sets in the GIS. The statistical significance of model inputs is calculated as part of the inductive learning process. Use of the modelling procedure is illustrated through the analysis of the winter habitat relationships of red deer in Grampian Region, north-east Scotland. The distribution of red deer in Deer Management Group areas in Gordon and in Kincardine and Deeside Districts is used to develop a model which predicts the distribution throughout Grampian Region; this is tested against red deer distribution in Moray District. Habitat data sets used for constructing the model are accumulated frost and altitude, obtained from maps, and land cover, derived from satellite imagery. Errors resulting from the use of Bayes’ theorem to combine data sets within the GIS and introduced in generalizing output from 50 m pixel to 1 km grid squares resolution are analysed and presented in a series of maps. This analysis of error trains is an integral part of the implemented analytical procedure and provides support to the interpretation of the results of modelling. Potential applications of the modelling procedure are discussed.     

Evaluating field-based GIS for environmental characterization,modelling and decision support

ABSTRACT

This paper examines the potential of using GIS (Geographical Information Systems) in the field for environmental characterization, modelling and decision support particularly in isolated areas where data collection is difficult. Observations are based on experiences gained during two Anglo-Russian expeditions to the Altai Mountains of south central Siberia aimed at evaluating proposals for a new national park in the Katunsky Ridge area of the Belukha Massif. The use of GIS together with GPS (Global Positioning Systems) for primary data collection and verification/update of existing data is described and the use of field-based systems for on-the-spot environmental modelling and decision support is evaluated.     

GIS Technology Used to Establish a Digital Cadastral Database

The above outline describes the DCDB being developed by DOSLI, its concepts, structure, applications and derived benefits. For public sector users GIS provides a means of more efficient provision of services. Benefits will be most apparent to organisations which already use and rely on geographic information, but will quickly spread to other organisations. To private sector users GIS offer a valuable way of increasing competitiveness. Indeed, the adoption of GIS may become essential to maintain competitiveness in the analysis of customers and markets. GIS technology has the potential to serve the land management decision making process significantly better than conventional methods. DOSLI believes that its investment in GIS technology and use of the DCDB as the primary geographical reference fabric will realise this potential and result in significant benefits to individual users and long term benefits to the nation as a whole.