Identification of tourist hot spots based on social networks: A comparative analysis of European metropolises using photo-sharing services and GIS

New sources of geolocated information, associated with big data and social networks, show great promise for geographical research, especially in the field of tourism geography. Photo-sharing services comprise one of these sources. The aim of this article is to demonstrate the potential of photo-sharing services for identifying and analyzing the main tourist attractions in eight major European cities: Athens, Barcelona, Berlin, London, Madrid, Paris, Rome and Rotterdam. Geotagged photographs on Panoramio were differentiated according to whether they had been taken by tourists or local residents, and their spatial distribution patterns were analyzed using spatial statistical techniques in a GIS. The results indicated the concentration and dispersion of photographs in each city and their main hot spots, and revealed marked differences between tourists' and residents' photographs, since the former showed higher spatial concentrations. In addition, differences were observed between cities; Barcelona and Rome presented a strong spatial concentration compared with London or Paris, which showed much greater dispersion.     

Commercial GIS location analytics: capabilities and performance

An essential location analytic method is GIS, able to support map-based display along with geographic data creation, management, manipulation in addition to functions for suitability evaluation. Location models have proven to be critical as well, with many prominent approaches found in popular GIS software. This paper reviews a class of location models and provides an overview of the methods used to solve these models. This is significant because of the broad use and application of location models in GIS to address important problems and issues facing society. Spatial analytical insights are essential. The implications of models and methods available through GIS are explored, particularly notions of solution quality. Case studies are offered to highlight ease of access to location models in GIS along with observed computational performance.     

地理表达研究进展

地理表达是地理学的一个基本问题,也是地理信息科学研究面临的一个重大挑战.从地理表达机理、内容和形式的角度,对近期地理表达研究进行了总结.本质上,地理表达是一个空间认知、信息转换与信息传输的交互过程.地理表达内容涉及地理实体及其空间关系、不确定性、地理动态及地理本体等方面.地理表达形式经历了从自然语言、地图到GIS的演变...     

探索性空间分析及其与GIS集成模式探讨

探索性空间分析基于让数据说话的理念,可以避免野值或非典型观测值的误导。在对探索性空间分析的基本原理和概念界定的基础上,探讨交互式和动态空间数据分析、地学可视化及可视化空间分布、确认性空间分析、空间数据挖掘等探索性空间分析的主要技术。由于统计分析软件和GIS的数据格式差异很大,直接将二者简单集成存在一定困难,因此切实可行的集成方式是采用对象连接和嵌入(OLE)技术,分别调用统计分析软件的探索性分析功能(或者函数)以及GIS的地图显示和空间分析功能,并进行必要开发,实现二者的集成。最后对探索性空间分析的发展方向进行展望。     

Modelling a discrete spatial response using generalized linear mixed models: application to Lyme disease vectors

Predicting disease risk by identifying environmental factors responsible for the geographical distribution of disease vectors can help target control strategies and optimize preventive measures. In this study we present a hierarchical approach to model the distribution of Lyme disease ticks as a function of environmental factors. We use the Poisson framework natural for count data while allowing for spatial correlations. To help identify environmental factors that best explain tick abundance, we develop an intuitive procedure for covariate selection in the spatial context. These methods could be useful in analysing effects of environmental and climatological changes on the distribution of disease vectors, and the spatial extrapolation of vector abundance under such scenarios.     

亚太地区环境综合监测的研究方法--APEIS项目研究综述

为了对亚太地区的环境灾害、环境破坏和环境退化及其影响进行监测和评估,由日本环境省发起的亚太地区环境革新战略项日（APEIS)环境综合监测子项（IEM)自2001年开始,建立了一个以MODIS卫星数据和地面观测资料为基础的综合环境监视网络系统。该网络系统起初是由日本国立环境研究所(NIES)和中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所(IGSNRR)共同合作建成的。之后,新加坡国立大学和澳大利亚联邦科学产业研究组织(CSIRO)地球观测中心也正式宣布加入,该系统覆盖整个亚太地区。美国宇航局(NASA)提供了一套MCDIS的高级数据产品,然而,这些产品没能在亚洲地区利用当地的实测资料进行充分地比较和验证。APEIS项目旨在提供利用该地区精确地面观测数据进行了比较验证的高质量数据集。利用该数据集可以推导出水分亏缺指数、沙尘暴指数、地表面温度、土地覆盖变化,以及净第一性生产量等一系列生态环境指标,从而埘环境破坏、环境退化和生态脆弱区进行长期有效的监测。为了评价水资源、食物生产等生态系所提供的产品与服务的现状和变化特征,本研究还开发了一个可利用M0DIS数据的流域环境综合管理模型。该模型已经被用于对流域规模的水、热、碳循环、泥沙转移以及农业生产等生态要素的模拟和评估,并利用高精度的观测资料对其进行了验证。利用该模式可以对流域生态系统所提供的产品与服务的有效利用,以及流域的可持续发展提供一系列战略性的政策选项。     

Modelling residential fire incident response times: A spatial analytic approach

Rapid response to fire incidents is critical as delays in the departure and arrival at the scene can have significant consequences in terms of damage, injury and death. Research on the dynamics of residential fire incident response times has barely begun, a situation arguably underpinned by limited access to disaggregate command and control data. In this paper we draw on unit record data and employ quantile regression to examine the role that socio-demographic, infrastructure characteristics and temporal factors play on response times. Results reveal that response times are slower during the winter, in locales with larger numbers of children (aged 14 years and below) and low socioeconomic households, and in areas that have more complex street layouts. We conclude through emphasising the importance of these findings in their capacity to contribute to a new evidence base to inform policy decisions from a resource allocation perspective through the spatial allocation of finite fire resources.     

A GIS data model for landmark-based pedestrian navigation

Landmarks provide the most predominant navigation cue for pedestrian navigation. Very few navigation data models in the geographical information science and transportation communities support modeling of landmarks and use of landmark-based route instructions for pedestrian navigation services. This article proposes a landmark-based pedestrian navigation data model to fill this gap. This data model can model landmarks in several pedestrian navigation scenarios (buildings, open spaces, multimodal transportation systems, and urban streets). This article implements the proposed model in the ArcGIS software environment and demonstrates two typical pedestrian navigation scenarios: (1) a multimodal pedestrian navigation environment involving bus lines, parks, and indoor spaces and (2) a subway system in a metropolitan environment. These two scenarios illustrate the feasibility of the proposed data model in real-world environments. Further improvements of this model could lead to more intuitive and user-friendly landmark-based pedestrian navigation services than the functions supported by current map-based navigation systems.     

基于GIS的兰州市大气污染空间分析

基于GIS空间分析与插值技术,对兰州市大气污染具有代表季节的冬季大气污染的空间分布特征进行了研究。应用1999-2000年冬季地面观察站实测资料,使用Surfer软件插值方法绘制等值线图,与行政图进行叠置分析。研究了兰州市SO2,TSP等几种大气污染物的空间分布特征与污染源的内在关系,并且结合国家环境空气质量标准中各项污染物的浓度限值,分别对上述污染物的污染强度进行了区域划分。地面实测表明,兰州市大气污染程度最重的冬季TSP对大气污染的贡献程度超过了SO2;应用空间插值与叠加分析表明,兰州市城区SO2与TSP污染强度的分布格局与污染源分布基本一致。研究证明使用GIS空间分析技术可以很好的揭示出西北高原典型盆地地貌型城市大气污染物空间扩散与分布的特征。     

GIS作为新一代地理学语言的特征(英文)

Language plays a vital role in the communication, sharing and transmission of information among human beings. Geographical languages are essential for understanding, investigating, representing and propagating geo-spatial information. Geographical languages have developed and evolved gradually with improvements in science, technology and cognitive levels. Concerning the theoretical progress from geographical information ontology, epistemology and linguistic theory, this paper firstly puts forward the concept of a GIS language and discusses its basic characteristics according to changes in the structures, functions and characteristics of geographical languages. This GIS language can be regarded as a system of synthetic digital symbols. It is a comprehensive representation of geographical objects, phenomena and their spatial distributions and dynamic processes. This representation helps us generate a universal perception of geographical space using geographical scenarios or symbols with geometry, statuses, processes, spatio-temporal relationships, semantics and attributes. Furthermore, this paper states that the GIS language represents a new generation of geographical language due to its intrinsic characteristics, structures, functions and systematic content. Based on the aforementioned theoretical foundation, this paper illustrates the pivotal status and contributions of the GIS language from the perspective of geographical researchers. The language of GIS is a new geographical language designed for the current era, with features including spatio-temporal multi-dimension representation, interactive visualization, virtual geographical scenarios, multi-sensor perception and expedient broadcasting via the web. The GIS language is the highest-level geographical language developed to date, integrating semantic definitions, feature extraction, geographical dynamic representation and spatio-temporal factors and unifying the computation of geographical phenomena and objects. The GIS language possesses five important characteristics: abstraction, systematicness, strictness, precision and hierarchy. In summary, the GIS language provides a new means forpeople to recognize, understand and simulate entire geo-environments. Therefore, exploration of the GIS language’s functions in contemporary geographical developments is becoming increasingly important. Similarly, construction of the conceptual model and scientific systems of the GIS language will promote the development of the disciplines of geography and geographical information sciences. Therefore, this paper investigates the prospects of the GIS language from the perspectives of digital technology, geographical norms, geographical modeling and the disciplinary development of geography.     

多源空间数据无缝集成研究

随着地理信息系统的社会化发展 ,空间数据共享成为一种必然要求 ,然而要真正实现空间数据共享 ,多格式空间数据集成是一个亟待解决的问题。多源空间数据无缝集成( SIMS)技术实现了一种特殊的数据访问机制 ,不仅提供了直接存取多种数据格式的能力 ,而且使 GIS软件具有跨数据源复合分析功能 ,是实现空间数据共享的有效的技术基础。本文阐述了 SIMS技术体系结构 ,并探讨了 SIMS技术在 GIS软件开发中的应用。     

国内外环境解说研究综述

环境解说最早出现在美国国家公园的服务体系中,伴随着新兴的旅游方式、目的地竞争日益激烈和居民游憩需求的增加,其概念内涵与功能不断发展,并且解说的研究也得到不断完善。本文分别从国外环境解说研究的时代发展和内容上进行划分,而由于国内的研究很少,只作为综述的补充。从20世纪60年代至今环境解说分别经历了"形成期"、"媒介期"、"名正期"以及"初熟期"。在研究内容上,国外的相关研究主要有对解说特征与功能的研究,包括其概念性框架与目标、手段选择、管理功能与经济功能的研究;对解说受众的研究,主要包括对游客的分类研究及解说方式的研究,以及对解说员与游客之间沟通过程的研究等。在西方,环境解说研究通过借助其他各学科的理论而逐渐成熟,笔者建议引入国外成熟理论以建设并完善环境解说学科体系来填补我国在这一研究领域的空白。     

空间数据分析技术在公共卫生领域的应用

空间数据分析技术是分析具有空间属性的事物之间相互关系,对空间信息进行认知、解释、预测及调控等,而公共卫生研究领域集中在疾病时空规律的认识、成因分析以及干预和防御等领域。本文从公共卫生研究的方向出发,论述了空间数据分析技术在公共卫生领域的应用,以及现阶段空间数据分析软件的发展状况,并对空间数据分析技术在公共卫生领域的应用前景作了展望。     

论地理信息系统的应用与发展

论述了地理信息系统产生与发展,从分析系统的技术特点入手,揭示了其发展与应用的密切关系,进一步指出了地理信息系统的应用潜力与发展方向。     

面向对象整体GIS数据模型的设计与实现

本文在前期GIS概念数据模型研究的基础上 ,提出了面向对象整体GIS数据模型 ,并针对整体GIS软件的实现在系统数据组织、存储结构与访问机制方面进行了较为深入的探讨 ,Deskpro最后简单介绍了基于整体GIS数据模型的商品化软件———SuperMapDeskpro的实现情况     

辽宁沿海经济带工业环境效率分析

环境效率是生态效率的重要组成部分。基于环境效率对于指导区域经济与环境协调发展的重要意义,以重工业基地辽宁沿海经济带为例作环境效率研究,应用数据包络分析(DEA)和随机前沿分析(SFA)测算辽宁沿海经济带2001~2009年工业环境效率和产出弹性。在此基础上利用Tobit模型构建多元线性回归,分析工业环境效率的关键影响因素。结果表明:2001~2009年辽宁沿海经济带工业环境效率有大幅提高,但与理想状况仍有一定差距。其中大连的工业经济增长主要依靠劳动力推动,对环境成本的依赖正在减小,丹东、营口和葫芦岛3市的工业增长需要牺牲更多的环境成本。重工业化、资本密集化和高新技术化不利于工业环境效率提高,经济发展水平的提高则极大地促进了工业环境效率的提高。所有制结构、生产规模、外商投资和环境管理力度等因素因其作用的两面性,对工业环境效率无有效影响。     

基于场所的GIS中的不确定性问题及分类框架

基于场所的GIS直接表达人类地理空间知识的管理和加工过程,而不确定性是人类智能的基本特点,因此GIS的智能化需要研究其中的不确定性问题。与传统的GIS相比,基于场所的GIS中的不确定性问题更为丰富,既包括随机性,也包括含糊性,而不确定性的主体既可以是地理要素、场所和空间关系,也包括命题和规则。该文介绍该领域相关的研究成果,基于不确定性主体、类型、表达手段及相关的活动4个视角,建立了基于场所的GIS中所涉及的不确定性框架,从而为相关的不确定性建模提供指导。     

A syllabus for teaching geographical information systems

The problems in teaching a course on geographical information systems in higher education are reviewed and a possible syllabus that will be most relevant to needs in the United Kingdom is suggested. The syllabus is divided into six major sections relating to the context, cartographic and spatial analytical concepts, their realization in a computing environment, operations, applications and institutional issues. A particular feature is an attempt to maintain a rigid distribution between underlying theory which is relatively stable and its more volatile operationalization on computers. The paper results from a symposium held in Leicester (U.K.) late in 1988 that brought together nine specialists in the held.