An information systems approach to the preservation of biological diversity

Abstract

Although biological diversity has emerged in the 1980s as a major scientific and political issue, efforts at scientific assessment have been hampered by the lack of cohesive sets of data. We describe, in concept, a comprehensive national diversity information system, using geographical information system (GIS) techniques to organize existing data and improve spatial aspects of the assessment. One potential GIS analysis, to identify gaps in the network of nature reserves for California, is discussed in greater detail. By employing an information systems approach, available data can be used more effectively and better management strategies can be formulated.     

Integrating multi-criteria evaluation with geographical information systems

Abstract

Geographical information systems (GIS) provide the decision-maker with a powerful set of tools for the manipulation and analysis of spatial information. The functionality of GIS is, however, limited to certain deterministic analyses in key application areas such as spatial search. The integration of multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) techniques with GIS is forwarded as providing the user with the means to evaluate various alternatives on the basis of multiple and conflicting criteria and objectives. An example application based on the search for suitable sites for the disposal of radioactive waste in the UK using the Arc/Info GIS is included. The potential use of a combined GIS-MCE approach in the development of spatial decision support systems is considered.     

Remotely-sensed data as an information source for geographical information systems in natural resource management a review

Abstract

Remotely-sensed image data have long served as a primary source of information for. geographical information systems (GIS), with the transformation of data to information provided by visual image interpretation. Digital image data, in combination with recent advances in computer technology, currently allow visual image interpretation to be realised in a completely digital processing environment. However, it remains desirable to capitalize even further on the potential of digital image data for GIS, through the use of schemes involving automated data processing. The opportunities for, and impediments to, such schemes are considered here with particular reference to the provision of information for natural resource management. It is concluded that further—although foreseeable—developments in both research and technology will be required before fully operational procedures for the automated acquisition of GIS information from image data can be established.     

Fundamental operations in computer-assisted map analysis

Abstract

Geographical information systems (GIS) provide capabilities for the mapping, management and analysis of cartographic information. Unlike most other disciplines, GIS technology was born from specialized applications. A comprehensive theory relating the various techniques used in these applications is only now emerging. By organizing the set of analytic methods into a mathematical structure, a generalized framework for cartographic modelling is developed. Within this framework, users logically order primitive operators on map variables in a manner analogous to traditional algebra and statistics. This paper describes the fundamental classes of operations used in computer-assisted map analysis. Several of the procedures are demonstrated using a fourth-generation computer language for personal computers.     

Observational Work for Children

Abstract

Geographic information systems (GIS) are computer-based tools for geographic data analysis and spatial visualization. They have become one of the information and communications technologies for education at all levels. This article reviews the current status of GIS in schools, analyzes the requirements of a GIS-based learning environment from constructivist perspectives, and discusses the major issues in the design of a constructivist GIS-based learning environment based on experience from the development of World Explorer, a GIS-based learning environment that provides a theme-oriented data and information base, supports multiple representations and multiple linkages of information, and facilitates interactive learning and knowledge construction.     

The use of digital map data in the segmentation and classification of remotely-sensed images

Abstract

Remotely-sensed data constitute a major potential source of input to geographical information systems (GIS)However, these data often have a relatively poor classification accuracy compared with that of the cartographic data from maps with which they may be combined in the course of GIS analysis. The possibility exists of using data sets (in the form of digital maps) resident within a GIS in order to improve this accuracy, before the classified image is incorporated into the GIS. Results are discussed from a British Alvey Information Technology project to develop a system for the knowledge-based segmentation and classification of remotely-sensed terrain images, in which the knowledge contained in digital map     

Requirements and principles for the implementation and construction of large-scale geographic information systems

Abstract

This paper provides a brief survey of the history, structure and functions of ‘traditional’ geographic information systems (GIS), and then suggests a set of requirements that large-scale GIS should satisfy, together with a set of principles for their satisfaction. These principles, which include the systematic application of techniques from several sub-fields of computer science to the design and implementation of GIS and the integration of techniques from computer vision and image processing into standard GIS technology, are discussed in some detail. In particular, the paper provides a detailed discussion of questions relating to appropriate data models, data structures and computational procedures for the efficient storage, retrieval and analysis of spatially-indexed data.     

A GIS method to aid in non-point source critical area analysis

Abstract

The use of remote sensing techniques, image processing, computer mapping and overlays to make inventories of land use and to improve land and water management has increasing potential. Advantages of these techniques include greater geometric resolution and potential time and money savings. The increasing capabilities of personal computers and workstations (hardware and software) and the greater availability of databases have simplified the application of these techniques. In this application, a geographical information system (GIS) was used to facilitate the identification of critical non-point source areas of pollution by sediment-related nutrients. This critical source area information might then be used to aid in the development of non-point source control strategies or for monitoring programme design. This study shows the potential of using GIS in selecting critical source areas for sediment-related water quality problems and land resource protection.     

A GIS for desert locust forecasting and monitoring

Abstract

Desert locust plagues can affect up to 20 per cent of the surface of the Earth. Data on locust breeding, environmental conditions and swarm movements in affected countries, are collected at the headquarters of the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization in Rome. GIS technology coupled with remote sensing inputs allows these data to be utilised for monitoring and forecasting purposes much more effectively than heretofore. Design requirements and the implementation strategy for such a GIS are examined, emphasizing the role of global digital map datasets such as the Digital Chart of the World, the importance of effective data integration and the need for an ergonomic user interface that facilitates both data capture and analysis.     

Environmental decision support system project: an exploration of alternative architectures for geographical information systems

Abstract

Recent changes in information technology offer the opportunity to explore alternative architectures for geographical information systems (GIS) which might better support advanced applications. This paper describes the architecture and implementation of the environmental decision support system (EDSS), a prototype GIS tool kit. The architecture is based on a simple yet powerful systems model using only data collections, views and operations as the basic entity types. The design of the user interface, data management and data analysis within the model are outlined, with particular emphasis on the advanced facilities for which implementation is simplified by the architecture. A prototype applications system, BANKSIA, is also described.     

The Implementation and Effectiveness of Geographic Information Systems Technology and Methods in Secondary Education

Abstract

Geographic information systems (GIS) technology and methods have transformed decision-making in society by bringing geographic analysis to the desktop computer. Although some educators consider GIS to be a promising means for implementing reform, it has been adopted by less than 2 percent of American high schools. The reasons behind the interest in GIS, its slow implementation, and its effectiveness in teaching and learning are unclear. To address these concerns, this research describes the extent to which GIS is being implemented in American secondary education and assesses the effectiveness of lessons that use GIS. A survey of 1,520 high schools that own GIS software, along with experiments and case studies in three high schools, provided primary data for assessing the implementation and effectiveness of GIS.     

Spatial analysis of linguistic data with GIS functions

Abstract

During the 1980s techniques for analysis of geographical patterns have been refined to the point that they may be applied to data from many fields. Quantitative spatial analysis and existing functions available in geographical information systems (GIS) enable computerized implementations of these spatial analysis methods. This paper describes the application of quantitative spatial analysis and GIS functions to analysis of language data, using the extensive files of the Linguistic Atlas of the Middle and South Atlantic States (LAMSAS). A brief review of recent development of using quantitative and statistical methods for analysing linguistic data is also included.     

A spatial analytical perspective on geographical information systems

Abstract

The field of geographical information systems (GIS) is reviewed from the viewpoint of spatial analysis which is the key component of the familiar four-part model of input, storage, analysis and output Input is constrained by the limits of manual methods and problems of ambiguity in scanning. The potential for developments in output is seen to be limited to the query mode of GIS operation, and to depend on abandoning the cartographic model. Discussion of storage methods is organized around the raster versus vector debate and the need to represent two spatial dimensions in one. A taxonomy of GIS spatial analysis operations is presented together with a generic data model. Prospects for implementation are discussed and seen to depend on appropriate scales of organization in national and international academic research.     

The role for a geographical information system in a large environmental project

Abstract

A geographical information system (GIS) has proved to be a valuable tool in the Direct/Delayed Response Project—a comprehensive examination of the future, long-term chemical response of surface waters to acidic deposition. The role of the GIS within the project includes aggregation, analysis and display of various forms, scales and projections of environmental data related to acidic deposition. The GIS is particularly valuable for effectively communicating key scientific findings and results of regional, national and international importance to a diverse audience.     

Interactive GIS for environmental risk assessment

Abstract

Geographical Information Systems can be used for processing spatial data to assess the risks of environmental contamination. Their use depends upon the amount and quality of available data, the models for interpolation and calculation of health risk, data processing procedures and interactivity. In this study, it is shown that interactive use of GIS is important for obtaining physically relevant results. Three forms of interactivity are distinguished: interactivity by means of user interfacing, interactivity requiring additional information outside GIS and interactivity when changing the use of GIS. Three stages in which interaction with GIS are crucial can be distinguished: application of geostatistics, choice of appropriate models, and decision making. This study focuses on three cases in The Netherlands dealing with soil contamination and soil stress analysis and with implications for risk assessment in which interactivity within GIS is analysed. Emphasis is given to contour volumes of polluted soil, to combine GIS with deterministic models and to apply land use scenarios. Finally, there is a discussion of how some forms of interactivity could be replaced by expert systems.     

Assessing hazardous waste transport risks using a GIS

Abstract

The transport phase is an often neglected element in the risk assessment of non-nuclear hazardous waste life cycles. Data on special and hazardous waste movements are difficult to acquire, but information collected by the London Waste Regulation Authority during the 1980s gives details of waste consignments from cradle to grave, including U.K. grid references for waste producer and disposal sites. A GIS was used to model the routing of aqueous waste cargoes and assess the potential impacts of such movements. Deficiencies in the consignment records required many assumptions to be made and various scenarios were explored. Roads predicted to see passage of these wastes, together with the estimated levels of tanker traffic, were integrated with the distribution of population, groundwater vulnerability and accident probabilities to evaluate the transportation risks for different localities. Comparisons and evaluations of the implications of different routing scenarios across the study region were made.     

Integrating GIS and spatial data analysis: problems and possibilities

Abstract

This article is an agreed summary of a workshop held in Sheffield between 18-20 March 1991. The focus here is on three of the themes of the workshop: the mutual benefits of closer links between geographical information systems (GIS) and the methods of spatial data analysis (SDA); the specific areas of SDA that should be linked with GIS; how the linkage should be made in practice. Directions for future research are also reviewed. The emphasis throughout is on statistical SDA and principally from the perspective of human rather than physical geography.     

Geographical data handling and GIS in China

Abstract

Abstract Chinese governments have long paid a great deal of attention to the collection of geodata, and existing sources have been further enhanced by technological advances, notably in remote sensing. Progress has also been made with automated cartography. An expert working group has been examining GIS and it is recognized that a system combining both national and regional components is most appropriate for China. Three basic functions are envisaged for such GIS: comprehensive regional analysis, prediction of change and the sharing of data. Such systems must serve the needs of users and, in order to demonstrate potential applications, regional experiments are being undertaken, including examples of urban information systems, river basin information systems and specialized systems (e.g. for tourist and forest resources). In the next few years, the emphasis will be on research and on technological preparation for the adoption of GIS, including the use of an experimental set of geographical grid cells. Chinese scholars are also involved in international collaboration in the study of global problems and propose a cooperative programme for a global geographical information system.