准噶尔盆地石西油田石炭系火山岩储层特征及成藏规律

准噶尔盆地石炭系火山岩储层分布广泛,明确火山岩储层特征及成藏规律,对于高效开发这类特殊油气藏具有积极意义。本文以石西油田石炭系火山岩为例,综合运用岩心、薄片、地震、测井、分析化验等资料,对该区火山岩储层特征及成藏规律进行分析。研究表明：石炭系火山岩岩性以条带状熔岩和集块岩为主,岩相主要为溢流相;次生孔隙和构造裂缝是重要的储集空间,构造裂缝的发育受岩性岩相、构造位置及古地貌的控制,形成的溶蚀—裂缝孔隙对于提高储集性能具有重要意义;孔隙结构类型可以分类4类,以Ⅰ类孔隙结构最优,集块岩和角砾熔岩表现为较高孔—较高渗,条带状熔岩为较高孔—较低渗特征;石炭系火山岩储层油气成藏条件优越,表现为“两个优势运移通道、两次成藏”的特征,油藏厚度、构造形态及岩性岩相条件是火山岩油气富集高产的重要因素。     

准西北缘哈山地区石炭系火山岩储层特征及影响因素

准西北缘哈山地区石炭系火山岩形成于陆缘岛弧及大洋岛弧背景,是该区重要的勘探目标类型。为探究哈山地区火山岩储层发育及控制因素,以露头观测为基础,利用岩心、普通和铸体薄片、扫描电镜等手段,结合成像测井资料,对火山岩岩石学特征、储集特征及影响因素进行研究。研究认为石炭系火山岩主要由熔岩类玄武岩、安山岩和火山碎屑岩类火山角砾岩、凝灰岩和沉凝灰岩两大类5种岩性组成;储集空间包括溶蚀—裂缝型、裂缝—溶蚀型、溶蚀型三类16种;岩性和岩相是影响储层的内在因素,风化淋滤和构造作用是外在因素;风化淋滤作用主要发生在风化壳、火山喷发旋回界面和喷发期次界面下,构造作用产生的大量裂缝,改善储层渗滤性能的同时还有效地增大了储集空间;断裂交汇处的风化壳和喷发旋回与期次界面处的火山角砾岩、凝灰岩、安山岩发育区是有利储层分布区。该研究为预测哈山地区石炭系火山岩有利储层分布提供依据,为勘探部署提供理论支撑。      

准噶尔腹部火山岩风化壳储层特征及其影响因素

文章通过大量岩芯、铸体薄片观察和测井资料分析,对准噶尔腹部石西石炭系火山岩风化壳储层进行了详细地研究。研究结果表明,该火山岩风化壳储层的储集空间主要有基质溶孔、气孔或杏仁体溶孔、角砾间溶孔、微裂缝和裂缝等,其中与裂缝连通的各类溶孔占主导地位;在岩石分布上以集块岩、条带状熔岩、角砾熔岩和致密凝灰岩为主,玄武岩、安山岩和流纹岩则相对较少;储层物性主要表现为高孔低渗,只有裂缝具有较高的渗透率,且裂缝以高角度缝和直立缝为主。研究还发现,岩性岩相、裂缝和风化淋滤作用是影响该风化壳储层的主要因素。区内油层主要聚中在构造高部位、靠近断裂带和有利岩相区域;油层分布在离石炭系风化壳顶面25~150 m的范围内。     

准噶尔盆地滴西地区石炭系火山岩储集性能分布规律研究

火山岩储集性能分布的非均质性非常强,探索其分布规律成为火山岩油气勘探的难点和重要任务。本文以实际岩心及其分析化验等资料为基础,从滴西地区取心最佳储集性能段、最差储集性能段、风化壳储集性能分布模式、薄层熔岩储集性能分布模式、厚层熔岩储集性能分布模式等方面总结了石炭系火山岩储集性能的垂向分布规律,同时分析了储集性能的平面分布情况。火山熔岩储集性能在垂向上的分布差异,成岩阶段主要受岩相的影响,后期主要受构造作用及风化溶蚀作用等的影响。受成岩阶段岩相的影响,溢流相上部亚相和下部亚相均有可能形成较好的储集性能。与碎屑岩互层的薄层熔岩常具有较好的储集性能。与碎屑岩互层的厚层熔岩段的底部储集性能可能较好,其次是顶部,而中部常沦落为储集性能相对较差的位置。风化壳的风化粘土层、强风化带、中等风化带、弱风化带、未风化带5个垂向分带结构中,中等风化带往往具备相对最佳的储集条件。应用W风化指数新型工具对火山岩进行风化程度评估显示,准噶尔盆地火山岩具有多期风化的特征,并残留有大量未风化、轻微风化及中等风化的火山岩,这其中不乏储集性能优良的岩性段。从平面分布来看,研究区域火山岩储集性能具有强烈的各向异性特征,常表现为局部富集,快速变迁,随机分布。     

准噶尔盆地西泉地区石炭系火山岩型油藏形成及分布

准噶尔盆地西泉地区在构造上位于北三台凸起西斜坡,是有利油气聚集区。虽然已取得了一些勘探成果,但该区油藏控制因素复杂,纵横向分布规律认识不清,致使探明程度低、勘探难度大。利用钻井、测井、录井、试油、岩芯分析化验等资料,结合地震资料,查明了该区石炭系储层岩石学特征、储层特征。研究结果表明:西泉地区石炭系火山岩主要为火山熔岩类、火山碎屑岩类;火山岩储层物性北部较差,南部较好,有利储层主要是喷发相火山角砾岩、溢流相安山岩、英安岩等。该区油藏分布的主要控制因素:1)垂向上油藏主要分布于风化壳附近; 2)岩性的侧向变化控制了油藏的平面分布范围; 3)不整合面的发育与油藏的分布关系密切。进一步阐明了研究区油藏的分布规律,油气主要聚集于不整合面附近,且呈北东南西向条带状分布。油层的纵向分布与不整合面的风化淋滤带的深度有关,南北差异较大,储层的非均质性影响油藏的连片分布。     

火山岩风化壳储层发育模式——以三塘湖盆地马朗凹陷石炭系火山岩为例

中国的火山岩油气勘探近年来进展非常快,并不断在许多盆地发现了优质火山岩储层,其中风化壳型储层作为非常重要的火山岩储集体类型而倍受重视。三塘湖盆地马朗凹陷石炭系风化壳型储层储集空间以溶蚀孔洞缝为主,储层物性非常好。通过火山岩油气勘探中的野外露头观察、钻井取心、镜下薄片鉴定,及主量元素、微量元素等分析化验资料,并结合火山岩岩石学特征和物性特点,初步建立了该区的风化壳储层的发育模式,将火山岩风化壳储层在垂向上自上而下划分为五个带: ①最终分解产物带; ②水解带; ③淋滤带; ④崩解带; ⑤未风化带(母岩)。淋滤带储集物性最好,该区风化淋滤是改善储层的关键。     

准噶尔西北缘四_2区火山岩风化壳储层裂缝特征

综合运用岩心、测井、生产等基础资料,对四2区石炭系火山岩储层裂缝进行了研究,明确了储层裂缝特征、分布规律、影响因素,研究结果表明:溶蚀缝和构造裂缝是储层裂缝主要的类型,裂缝的优势方位为NW、NE向;裂缝倾角大、切割中等、间距小、密度大、宽度变化大;NWW向和NE向垂直缝和斜交缝的有效性最好;纵向上,有效裂缝主要分布在距离石炭系风化壳顶部20~130m的范围内,平面上,裂缝发育好的区域主要分布在Ke114-J354、J352-J353、J340-J395-J36-J336、J138-J324井一带;裂缝分布受岩性、构造和风化淋滤作用的控制,凝灰岩抗压强度较小,易产生裂缝;石炭系风化壳顶部的岩层经受风化淋滤作用强烈,裂缝分布广,深部裂缝发育差;深大断裂附近,断层的夹持交汇部位,断鼻、褶皱的轴部是裂缝发育的有利部位。     

中拐凸起金龙10井区石炭系火山岩储层特征及控制因素?

正随着我国油气勘探领域的逐渐深入,火山岩储层作为油气勘探的一个重要领域越来越受到重视。准噶尔盆地中拐凸起金龙10井区存在的主要问题是岩性复杂多变,储层特征以及岩性、物性、含油性的关系不明了,单井产量差异较大。因此,对金龙10井区火山岩储层的特征及发育控制因素进行研究对该区产能建设意义重大。1岩石学与岩相学特征1.1岩石学特征中拐凸起石炭系火山岩为多期喷发形成,岩石类型多样。根据该区15口井,240m的岩芯观察和     

准噶尔盆地哈山地区石炭系-二叠系火山岩储层发育机制研究

哈山地区位于准噶尔盆地西北缘,形成于陆缘岛弧背景之下,其石炭系-二叠系火山岩储层是油气藏勘探的重点领域。为进一步明确哈山地区石炭系-二叠系火山岩储层的勘探前景,在岩心、薄片鉴定基础上,综合扫描电镜、微米CT、流体包裹体等技术方法,结合储层物性参数、主微量元素分析结果,对该区石炭系-二叠系火山岩储层发育机制展开系统研究。结果表明：(1)哈山地区火山岩储集空间类型主要为溶蚀孔、粒间孔和溶蚀缝,孔隙直径大且连通性较好,但非均质性较强;(2)火山岩岩相、裂缝、风化淋滤和深部热液流体是影响火山岩储层物性的关键因素——溢流相和爆发相是有利储层发育相带,构造抬升和逆冲推覆使推覆体前翼、断层交汇处储层物性更优质,风化淋滤又进一步改善了储层;(3)基于物性-岩相-储集空间联合分析,将哈山地区火山岩储层划分为3类,其中优质储层主要位于逆冲推覆带的“三角”地带。结论认为,哈山地区石炭系-二叠系火山山岩具备发育大规模优质储层的条件,展现出巨大的油气勘探开发潜力。     

火山岩风化体储层控制因素研究—以三塘湖盆地石炭系卡拉岗组为例

针对火山岩风化壳储层控制因素和成因复杂的难题,以三塘湖盆地石炭系卡拉岗组为例,在搞清晚石炭世构造环境和岩性特征基础上,提出风化淋滤和断裂改造是火山岩风化壳形成有利储层的主要控制因素.不同火山岩岩性经风化淋滤后储层物性均增大并能形成有利储层,储集层孔隙类型以次生溶蚀孔隙和裂缝为主,具双峰分布特征.建立了5层结构模型,并提...     

The Cold Bay Volcanic Center,Aleutian Volcanic arc

The widespread abundance of Hi-Alumina Basalt (HAB) lavas in most volcanic arcs has been suggested by some as evidence for a primary, parental HAB magma generated by the high pressure melting of subducted oceanic crust (quartz eclogite). Others suggest a parental, mantle-derived olivine tholeiite magma which produces HAB magmas through fractionation of olivine, clinopyroxene, chrome-spinel +/– plagioclase. The petrology and geochemistry of seven HAB lavas from the Aleutian Cold Bay Volcanic Center have been studied in order to specifically address these two possibilities. All lavas show mineralogical and compositional features typical of most Aleutian HAB lavas. Coexisting opx and cpx in a closely associated basaltic-andesite indicate a minimum pre-eruption temperature of 1,110° C. A comparison of the observed (plag-tmag-olivcpx) and experimentally determined crystallization sequences yields a minimum pre-eruption pressure estimate of 7 kb and estimated H₂O contents of 0.7 wt.%. Maximum pre-eruption f _{o 2} values have been estimated at NNO+0.6 log units.Mass balance calculations demonstrate that the HAB compositions are satisfied by the fractionation of olivine, clinopyroxene +/– plagioclase from a primitive (Mg-# > 65) parental tholeiite. Plagioclase accumulation does not play a significant role in their origin. Many of the same compositional characteristics are also satisfied by high pressure melting of altered ocean ridge tholeiite +5 v.% pelagic sediment (quartz eclogite). The available HAB phase equilibria data do not support a fractionation origin but do support an origin involving high pressure melting of quartz eclogite. The lack of compositional zonation in the HAB phenocrysts, and the complete absence of disequilibrium MgO-rich mafic phenocrysts further argue against a tholeiite fractionation origin.Consideration of all these features indicates that the geochemical data are permissive in their interpretation. A process involving tholeiite fractionation successfully predicts the compositions of the HAB lavas but is at odds with the mineralogical and phase equilibria evidence. With some exceptions (notably Ni, Cr and Sr abundances), a process of high pressure quartz eclogite melting is consistent with the compositional, mineralogical and phase equilibria characteristics of these HAB lavas. When the relative merits of both origins are weighed it is apparent that a quartz eclogite source satisfies more of important features of these HAB lavas.Extrusive rocks have been grouped on a basis of SiO₂ content into basalt (<52 wt.%), basaltic-andesite (52–56 wt.%) and andesite (>56 wt.%) after Ewart (1982)     

The Cold Bay Volcanic Center,Aleutian Volcanic Arc

The Cold Bay Volcanic Center has experienced two major stages of eruptive activity. Early (M-Series) acitivity produced bimodal Hi-Alumina basalt and calc-alkaline andesite lavas while later (FPK-Series) activity produced only calc-alkaline andesite. The spectrum of basalt compositions is believed to be due to high pressure (8 kb) fractionation at or near the base of the crust. Abundant mineralogical and geochemical evidence support a lower pressure mixing origin for all andesites. Inspection of the mineralogical data has shown that the earliest (M-Series) andesites were produced by mixing of basalt (<53 wt% SiO₂) and silicic andesite (60.5 to 62.5 wt%) while later (FPK-Series) andesites resulted from the mixing of basaltic-andesite (53 to 56 wt%) and less silicic andesite (58.5 to 60.0 wt%). The major element and trace element geochemical data are consistent with a low pressure fractionation origin for the silicic endmember magmas and support the temporal variations in both mafic and silicic endmember compositions. The complete lack of crustal inclusions in all lavas is taken as evidence for a minimal crustal melting and/or assimilation role in the origin of the silicic endmembers. Many of the features of all andesites, including the important long term convergence of endmember magma compositions, are consistent with the process of liquid fractionation, accompanied by large scale magma mixing. A deduced upper limit of 62.5 wt% SiO₂ for the silicic endmember magmas suggests that liquid fractionation, in the absence of major crustal melting, cannot produce more silicic magmas. A possible explanation is the presence of a rheological barrier, based on the concept of critical crystallinity (Marsh 1981), which prohibits more silicic liquids from being extracted from a crystal-liquid suspension.     

Volcanic passive margins

Compared to non-volcanic ones, volcanic passive margins mark continental break-up over a hotter mantle, probably subject to small-scale convection. They present distinctive genetic and structural features. High-rate extension of the lithosphere is associated with catastrophic mantle melting responsible for the accretion of a thick igneous crust. Distinctive structural features of volcanic margins are syn-magmatic and continentward-dipping crustal faults accommodating the seaward flexure of the igneous crust. Volcanic margins present along-axis a magmatic and tectonic segmentation with wavelength similar to adjacent slow-spreading ridges. Their 3D organisation suggests a connection between loci of mantle melting at depths and zones of strain concentration within the lithosphere. Break-up would start and propagate from localized thermally-softened lithospheric zones. These ‘soft points’ could be localized over small-scale convection cells found at the bottom of the lithosphere, where adiabatic mantle melting would specifically occur. The particular structure of the brittle crust at volcanic passive margins could be interpreted by active and sudden oceanward flow of both the unstable hot mantle and the ductile part of the lithosphere during the break-up stage. To cite this article: L. Geoffroy, C. R. Geoscience 337 (2005).     

The Discovery of Late Pleistocene Daliuchong Volcanic Conduit in th Tengchong Volcanic Field

正Objective The Tengchong volcanic field is situated along the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and adjacent to the border area of western Yunnan Province of China and Myanmar.Affected by the intense tectonic stress of subduction of the Indian plate to Eurasian plate,this volcanic field has experienced strong volcanism,frequent     

Alkaline Lavas in the Volcanic Front of the Western Mexican Volcanic Belt: Geology and Petrology of the Ayutla and Tapalpa Volcanic Fields

The Plio-Quaternary Ayutla and Tapalpa volcanic fields in thevolcanic front of the western Mexican Volcanic Belt (WMVB) containa wide variety of alkaline volcanic rocks, rather than onlycalc-alkaline rocks as found in many continental arcs. Thereare three principal rock series in this region: an intraplatealkaline series (alkali basalts and hawaiites), a potassic series(lamprophyres and trachylavas), and a calc-alkaline series.Phlogopite-clinopyroxenite and hornblende-gabbro cumulate xenolithsfrom an augite minette lava flow have orthocumulate textures.The phlogopite-clinopyroxenite xenoliths also contain apatiteand titanomagnetite and probably formed by accumulation of mineralsfractionated from an augite minette more primitive than thehost. The intraplate alkaline series is probably generated bydecompression melting of asthenospheric mantle as a result ofcorner flow in the mantle wedge beneath the arc. Alkaline magmasmay be common in the WMVB as a result of prior metasomatism(during Tertiary Sierra Madre Occidental magmatism) of the Mexicansub-arc mantle. Generation of the more evolved andesites anddacites of the calc-alkaline series is due to either combinedassimilation and fractional crystallization (AFC) or magma mixing.The preponderance of alkaline and hydrous lavas in this regiondemonstrates that these lava types are the norm, rather thanthe exception in western Mexico, and occur in regions that arenot necessarily associated with active rifting. KEY WORDS: arc basalt; subduction; alkali basalt; minette; hawaiite; metasomatism     

Volcanic activity: 1994

The highlights of the year were the eruption of Rabaul (Papua New Guinea) in September, the eruption of Merapi (Indonesia) in November and the social consequences of the small eruption of Popocatepetl (Mexico) in December.     

Volcanic hazards to airports

Volcanic activity has caused significant hazards to numerous airports worldwide, with local to far-ranging effects on travelers and commerce. Analysis of a new compilation of incidents of airports impacted by volcanic activity from 1944 through 2006 reveals that, at a minimum, 101 airports in 28 countries were affected on 171 occasions by eruptions at 46 volcanoes. Since 1980, five airports per year on average have been affected by volcanic activity, which indicates that volcanic hazards to airports are not rare on a worldwide basis. The main hazard to airports is ashfall, with accumulations of only a few millimeters sufficient to force temporary closures of some airports. A substantial portion of incidents has been caused by ash in airspace in the vicinity of airports, without accumulation of ash on the ground. On a few occasions, airports have been impacted by hazards other than ash (pyroclastic flow, lava flow, gas emission, and phreatic explosion). Several airports have been affected repeatedly by volcanic hazards. Four airports have been affected the most often and likely will continue to be among the most vulnerable owing to continued nearby volcanic activity: Fontanarossa International Airport in Catania, Italy; Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport in Alaska, USA; Mariscal Sucre International Airport in Quito, Ecuador; and Tokua Airport in Kokopo, Papua New Guinea. The USA has the most airports affected by volcanic activity (17) on the most occasions (33) and hosts the second highest number of volcanoes that have caused the disruptions (5, after Indonesia with 7). One-fifth of the affected airports are within 30 km of the source volcanoes, approximately half are located within 150 km of the source volcanoes, and about three-quarters are within 300 km; nearly one-fifth are located more than 500 km away from the source volcanoes. The volcanoes that have caused the most impacts are Soufriere Hills on the island of Montserrat in the British West Indies, Tungurahua in Ecuador, Mt. Etna in Italy, Rabaul caldera in Papua New Guinea, Mt. Spurr and Mt. St. Helens in the USA, Ruapehu in New Zealand, Mt. Pinatubo in the Philippines, and Anatahan in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (part of the USA). Ten countries—USA, Indonesia, Ecuador, Papua New Guinea, Italy, New Zealand, Philippines, Mexico, Japan, and United Kingdom—have the highest volcanic hazard and/or vulnerability measures for airports. The adverse impacts of volcanic eruptions on airports can be mitigated by preparedness and forewarning. Methods that have been used to forewarn airports of volcanic activity include real-time detection of explosive volcanic activity, forecasts of ash dispersion and deposition, and detection of approaching ash clouds using ground-based Doppler radar. Given the demonstrated vulnerability of airports to disruption from volcanic activity, at-risk airports should develop operational plans for ashfall events, and volcano-monitoring agencies should provide timely forewarning of imminent volcanic-ash hazards directly to airport operators.     

长白山火山活动历史、岩浆演化与喷发机制探讨

广义的长白山火山在我国境内包括著名的天池火山、望天鹅火山、图们江火山和龙岗火山,是我国最大的第四纪火山岩分布区。图们江火山和望天鹅火山活动都始于上新世,喷发活动分别介于上新世—中更新世（5.5~0.19 Ma）和上新世—早更新世（4.77 ~2.12 Ma）。天池火山和龙岗火山属于第四纪火山,喷发活动从早更新世（~2 Ma）持续到全新世。图们江火山岩为溢流式喷发的拉斑玄武岩,望天鹅火山、天池火山和龙岗火山母岩浆都是钾质粗面玄武岩,但经历了不同的演化过程。天池火山和望天鹅火山都经历了钾质粗面玄武岩造盾、粗面岩造锥和晚期碱性酸性岩浆（碱流岩和碱性流纹岩）的喷发;龙岗火山来自地幔的钾质粗面玄武岩浆则未经演化和混染直接喷出地表。图们江火山岩以溢流式喷发的拉斑玄武岩为主,少量玄武质粗安岩等。天池火山造盾之后,地壳岩浆房和地幔岩浆房具互动式喷发特点,来自地幔的钾质粗面玄武岩浆一方面在天池火山锥体内外形成诸多小火山渣锥,另一方面持续补给地壳岩浆房发生岩浆分离结晶作用和混合作用,分别导致双峰式火山岩分布特征和触发千年大喷发。火山岩微量元素和Sr-Nd-Pb同位素示踪揭示,长白山东（图们江火山、望天鹅火山和天池火山）、西（龙岗火山）两区显示地幔非均一性,东区岩浆源区具有软流圈地幔与富集岩石圈地幔混合特征,西区岩浆源区具有相对亏损的较原始地幔特征。西太平洋板块俯冲—东北亚大陆弧后引张是长白山火山活动的动力学机制。