海原盆地地下水咸化特征和控制因素

地下水是海原盆地唯一的供水水源,近年来部分地区地下水溶解性总固体(TDS)增高,引起了有关部门和水文地质工作者的高度关注。通过分析69组地下水样品的水化学和氢氧稳定同位素数据,对地下水补给来源和咸化的水文地球化学过程进行了研究。结果表明:地下水TDS值198.2~6 436.4 mg/L,沿着地下水流向,咸化程度增加,水化学类型从基岩区的HCO3—Ca·Mg型演化至滞留—排泄区的SO4·Cl—Na·Mg型。地下水补给来源主要为大气降雨和基岩裂隙水侧向径流,补给源—对地下水咸化贡献较小。溶滤作用具空间差异,基岩区和补给区以碳酸盐、硅酸盐风化为主,径流区和滞留—排泄区则为蒸发岩风化,硫酸盐是地下水中阳离子的主要来源。补给水、溶滤和蒸发对第四系地下水TDS的贡献比率分别为4.8%~81.2%、11.9% ~85.9%、1.7%~29.5%,溶滤作用是控制海原盆地地下水咸化的首要因素。当地有关部门应加大对基岩泉水的综合利用,同时注意控制海原县和西安镇等地区地下水开采量,防止地下水进一步咸化。另外,在微咸水分布区可引进地下水去除硫酸盐技术,提高微咸水利用程度。     

河套灌区西部浅层地下水咸化机制

浅层地下水水位埋深浅、含盐量高,是导致河套灌区土壤次生盐渍化的重要原因.以河套灌区西部地区为研究区,通过对浅层地下水的水化学和氢氧同位素特征分析以及水文地球化学模拟,探讨了灌区浅层地下水的补给来源和主控水-岩作用过程,并定量估算了蒸发作用对浅层地下水含盐量的影响.研究区内浅层地下水为弱碱性咸水,pH为7.23~8.45,总溶解性固体（total dissolved solids,TDS）变化范围为371~7 599 mg/L;随着地下水咸化程度增大,水化学类型由HCO₃-Na·Mg·Ca型向Cl-Na型过渡.引黄灌溉和大气降水是浅层地下水的主要补给来源,径流过程中浅层地下水受蒸发作用和植物蒸腾作用影响,地下水化学组分主要来源于蒸发盐溶解和硅酸盐风化水解,并受强烈的蒸发作用和离子交换作用影响.水文地球化学模拟和主成分分析结果显示,蒸发作用和岩盐溶解作用对区内浅层地下水咸化贡献最大,石膏和白云石等矿物的溶解、硅酸盐的水解、Na-Ca离子交换以及局部地形起伏对地下水咸化过程也有较大贡献.      

中国中新生代咸化湖盆烃源岩沉积的问题及相关进展

我国东部断陷湖盆和西部坳陷湖盆第三系均有蒸发岩与烃源岩共生现象。前者水体深、咸化范围小，在氯化盐和碳酸盐沉积环境中形成了优质烃源岩，后者水体浅、咸化范围大，在氯化盐和硫酸盐沉积环境中发育了优质烃源岩，作者认为两种湖盆出现的水体分层是有机质堆积和保存的重要条件。济阳坳陷和柴达木盆地为两类咸化湖盆的典型代表，对它们的研究可以深化蒸发岩-烃源岩共生区油气地质的认识、促进勘探发展。     

黄土高原典型山地-沟壑区地下水水化学特征及成因——以六盘山地区为例

为了揭示黄土高原山地-沟壑区黄土地下水水化学特征及成因,对六盘山东西两侧山区及其西部典型黄土高原山地-沟壑区进行了多次实地考察,合理选择采样点,采集了浅层地下水监测水样。对采集的样品水化学数据进行了分析,结果表明:六盘山地区浅层地下水以低TDS重碳酸盐型为主,径流途径较短,循环条件较好,保持了较好的天然淡水资源状态;而在山地-沟壑区水化学类型则复杂多样,TDS平均值达1 870mg/L,淡水资源相对匮乏。结合各类水化学图可以看出,浅层地下水和地表水的离子来源优势机制以岩石风化为主,并且在山地-沟壑区受到不同程度蒸发作用控制。通过分析地下水中的离子浓度比以及锶元素,发现六盘山区主要为补给区和径流区,山地-沟壑区则是补给区、径流区和径流滞缓区,黄土地下水可能有来自六盘山岩溶水的补给。氟离子浓度和硬度超标是影响区域内水质的最主要因素,在受蒸发作用影响较大的地区尤为突出。黄土高原地下水资源的分布状况和质量参差不齐,保护好区域内较好的淡水资源并且按照地下水分布规律进行合理的开发与宏观调控,是缓解黄土高原水资源问题的关键。     

豫北平原浅层地下水化学特征与成因机制

地下水的化学特征与成因机制对地下水演化、地下水资源的合理开采及质量评价具有重要意义。为查明豫北平原浅层地下水的水质特征及控制因素,采集了不同类型的浅层地下水和地表水样品,分别测试了水样阴、阳离子和氢氧同位素组成。结果表明:(1)地下水中总溶解性固体物质(total dissolved solids,简称TDS)质量浓度范围为316～6 948 mg/L,微咸和咸地下水呈条带状分布在沁河冲洪积平原中部,在三阳镇-修武县一带,水化学类型复杂,以HCO_3·SO_4-Na·Mg·Ca型和SO_4-Na·Mg型水为主。北部山前冲洪积扇和沁河北岸地下水为淡水,为HCO_3-Ca·Mg型水。(2)δ~2H-δ~(18)O关系说明地下水起源于大气降水,水化学组分受水岩相互作用控制,在补给区以碳酸盐岩溶滤作用为主,径流区发生硅酸盐岩的风化溶解以及阳离子交换作用,排泄区以蒸发浓缩、石膏溶解和阳离子交换作用为主。(3)地质和气候环境是造成地下水咸化的主要成因,且受到工农业污水渗漏的影响。研究成果可以为该区地下水资源的合理开采和有效管理提供依据。     

内蒙古杭锦旗气田区地下水化学特征及其形成机制

对内蒙古杭锦旗气田区浅层地下水运用Piper三线图、Gibbs图、氯碱指数图等方法进行水化学特征及其形成作用分析研究,结果表明：杭锦旗气田区浅层地下水具有较高的矿化度,偏碱性,硬度较大,枯水期TDS浓度和总硬度高于丰水期;研究区浅层地下水化学组分在小范围内具有一定的空间变异性,地下水阳离子以Na+、Ca2+为主,阴离子以HCO3-为主,水化学类型主要有HCO3 Ca型、HCO3 Na型和SO4·Cl Na型;研究区浅层地下水化学组分来源于碳酸盐矿物、硅铝酸盐矿物和蒸发岩的风化溶解,且丰水期和枯水期水化学组分有微弱变化,地下水化学特征的形成以岩石风化溶解作用为主。     

浅析河南省区域地下水化学特征及成因

本文对河南省区域地下水的水化学特征和类型进行了分区,并浅析了其成因。河南省浅层地下水主要的水化学类型为矿化度≤0.5的重碳酸盐型为主的淡水和矿化度0.5～1.0重碳酸盐型为主的淡水两种,合计分布面积为147 202km~2,占全省面积的88.85%。总硬度小于200mg/L居多,全区地下水以腐蚀性弱为主。基岩山区及山前岗地、地下水强径流带等地区分布低矿化度的重碳酸盐型水,远离山区及地下水径流迟缓地带分布高矿化度重碳酸盐—硫酸盐型水,人类活动强烈的城市区氯化物、硫酸盐型水的比例增加。     

关中盆地浅层地下水地球化学的形成演化机制

在对关中盆地浅层地下水169个水化学数据分析的基础上,运用图解法、数理统计法及Phreeqc模拟等方法对关中盆地浅层地下水水文地球化学形成演化机制进行系统研究,取得了一些新的认识。按含水介质及地下水循环特征,将浅层地下水系统大致划分为强烈径流区、缓慢径流区、排泄区。不同水动力分区中,地下水化学类型具有一定的分带性,从强烈径流区、缓慢径流区至排泄区,地下水的化学类型由HCO3-Ca·Mg型经过HCO3-Ca·Mg·Na型逐步演化为SO4·Cl-Na型。地下水强烈径流区,地下水化学组分的形成主要以碳酸盐、硅酸盐等矿物岩石风化作用为主,缓慢径流区以多种作用为主,排泄区由Na-Ca阳离子交换及蒸发浓缩作用控制。     

利用TDS和δ18O确定溶滤和蒸发作用对内陆干旱区地下水咸化贡献的一种方法

溶滤和蒸发作用是内陆干旱盆地平原区松散沉积层地下水咸化的主要原因。地下水的TDS直接表达了其咸化程度,δ18O值的变化主要受蒸发作用影响。在地下水TDS-δ18O关系图中,以各样点为起点,做蒸发线的平行线,与溶滤线交于c点,则c点两侧的a段和b段分别代表溶滤和蒸发作用对该样品的咸化贡献。 a=(TDS3-TDS1-b)/(TDS3-TDS1)×100%,b=k(δ18O3-δ 18O1)/(TDS3-TDS1)×100%。该方法应用于塔克拉玛干沙漠地下水咸化特征的分析,证明虽气候干旱,蒸发作用强烈,但地下水的咸化仍以溶滤作用为主。     

利用TDS和δ^18O确定溶滤和蒸发作用对内陆干旱区地下水咸？…

溶滤和蒸发作用是内陆干旱盆地平原区松散沉积层地下水咸化的主要原因。地下水的TDS直接表达了其咸化程度,δ18O值的变化主要受蒸发作用影响。在地下水TDS-δ18O关系图中,以各样点为起点,做蒸发线的平行线,与溶滤线交于c点,则c点两侧的a段和b段分别代表溶滤和蒸发作用对该样品的咸化贡献。a=(TDS3-TDS1-b)/(TDS3-TDS1)×100%,b=k(δ18O3-δ18O1)/(TDS3-TDS1)×100%。该方法应用于塔克拉玛干沙漠地下水咸化特征的分析,证明虽气候干旱,蒸发作用强烈,但地下水的咸化仍以溶滤作用为主。     

鄱阳湖流域水化学特征及影响因素分析

在地球表生系统中,化学风化作用强烈改变着岩石、水体、土壤和大气成分,是元素地球化学循环的最主要驱动力。河水溶解物质主要来源于流域内岩石化学风化,同时受到降水、人类活动的影响。文中通过对鄱阳湖流域河水样品的采集和化学成分分析,结合流域地质背景,研究了河水化学成分特征及其影响因素。结果显示,与20世纪80年代相比,本区河水Cl-、SO24-所占比例显著增高,有逐渐酸化趋势;与世界上其他主要河流相比较,该区Ca2+/Na+、Mg2+/Na+、HCO3-/Na+等比值偏低,反映了较强的蒸发岩溶解及人类活动影响特征。该区河水离子特征主要由岩石风化所控制,降水对该区河水溶解物质贡献率为10.3%,农业生产活动对鄱阳湖水溶解物质贡献率为4.9%,矿山活动对饶河丰水期、枯水期离子总量贡献率分别为8.9%、14.6%。     

Multivariate analysis and geochemical investigations of groundwater in a semi-arid region,case of superficial aquifer in Ghriss Basin,Northwest Algeria

This study aims to investigate the hydrochemical characteristics of shallow aquifer in a semi-arid region situated in northwest Algeria, and to understand the major factors governing groundwater quality. The study area is suffering from recurring droughts, groundwater resource over-exploitation and groundwater quality degradation. The approach used is a combination of traditional hydrochemical analysis methods of multivariate statistical techniques, principal component analysis (PCA), and ratios of major ions, based on the data derived from 33 groundwater samples collected in February 2014. Results show that groundwater in the study area are highly mineralized and collectively has a high concentration of chloride (as Cl^?). The dominant water types are Na-Cl (27%), Mg-HCO₃ (24%) and Mg-Cl (24%). According to the (PCA) approach, salinization is the main process that controls the hydrochemical variability. The PCA analysis reveal the impact of anthropogenic factor especially the agricultural activities on the groundwater quality. The PCA highlighted two types of recharge: Superficial recharge from effective rainfall and excess irrigation water distinguished by the presence of nitrate and lateral recharge or vertical leakage from carbonate formations marked by the omnipresence of HCO₃^?. Additionally, three categories of samples were identified: (1) samples characterized by good water quality and receiving notable recharge from carbonate formations; (2) samples impacted by the natural salinization process; and (3) samples contaminated by anthropogenic activities. The major natural processes influencing water chemistry are the weathering of carbonate and silicate rocks, dissolution of evaporite as halite, evaporation and cation exchange. The study results can provide the basis for local decision makers to ensure the sustainable management of groundwater and the safety of drinking water.     

疏勒河源区水化学特征及其控制因素分析

以疏勒河源区为研究区,自2018年12月至2019年11月分别采集河水、泉水和雪样样品44个、4个和7个,综合运用Piper三线图、Gibbs图、离子比值法定性分析不同水体水化学特征及控制因素,利用质量平衡法（正向地球化学模型）量化不同来源对不同季节河水水化学成分的贡献率。结果表明：疏勒河源区不同水体水化学特征存在差异,TDS含量为泉水>河水>冰川融水>雪水,河水水化学类型冬季为HCO₃^--Mg²⁺?Ca²⁺型,春季为HCO₃^--Ca²⁺?Mg²⁺?Na⁺型,夏、秋季均为HCO₃^--Ca²⁺?Mg²⁺型,泉水和雪水分别为HCO₃^--Ca²⁺?Mg²⁺型、HCO₃^--Ca²⁺型;受多种因素共同影响,不同季节河水主离子时空变化均存在差异;河水和泉水水化学组成受岩石风化作用控制,主离子来源于以白云石为主的碳酸盐岩风化、硅酸盐岩风化和盐岩、石膏、硫酸盐矿物等蒸发岩溶解;正向地球化学模型计算结果表明冬春季河水阳离子主要来源于硅酸盐岩风化溶解,夏秋季碳酸盐岩对河水阳离子贡献率大于硅酸盐岩,总体河水阳离子主要来源于碳酸盐岩和硅酸盐岩风化。     

祁连山中段排露沟流域水化学特征及成因

2012年11月-2013年10月,在祁连山中段排露沟流域持续采集1 a的大气降水和出口断面径流样品,对主要可溶离子、pH、电导率EC和总溶解固体TDS进行了分析。结果表明：流域径流与大气降水相比,各项对应离子浓度显著增加,径流TDS均值（255.50 mg·L^-1）远大于降水（46.77 mg·L^-1）。径流离子类型为Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-HCO₃^-,呈弱碱性。大气降水离子类型为Ca²⁺-HCO₃^-,接近中性。所有径流样品都落在Gibbs分布图的左中端,表明径流离子组成主要受流域岩石风化作用控制。根据Piper图和主要离子的摩尔比值,综合分析得出控制径流离子过程主要是流域碳酸盐岩风化,其次伴随部分硫酸盐和硅酸盐岩石风化。并通过海盐校正分析方法,得出大气降水对出口断面径流主要离子贡献率仅为4.58%。     

Mineralogical sources of the buffer capacity in a granite catchment determined by strontium isotopes

The role of different minerals in base cation release and thus the increase of buffering capacity of groundwater against acid deposition is controversially discussed in the literature. The ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios and base cation concentration were investigated in whole rock leachates, mineral separates, precipitation, soil solution, groundwater and stream water samples in the Lehstenbach catchment (Germany) to identify the weathering sequence of the granite bedrock. Three different approaches were followed in parallel. It was assumed that the contribution of different minerals to base cation supply of the groundwater with increasing weathering intensity would be observed by investigating (1) unweathered rock leachates, deep groundwater and shallow groundwater, (2) groundwater samples from new groundwater wells, reflecting the initial weathering of the drilled bedrock, and groundwater from wells that were drilled in 1988, (3) stream water during baseflow, dominated by deep groundwater, and stream water during high flow, being predominantly shallow groundwater. Whereas the first approach yielded consistent patterns, there was some evidence that groundwater from the new wells initially reflected contamination by the filter gravel rather than cation release in an initial stage of weathering. Time series samples of stream water and groundwater solute concentrations and isotope ratios turned out to reflect varying fractions of soil water and precipitation water at baseflow and high flow conditions rather than varying contributions of different minerals that prevail at different stages of granite weathering.     

Groundwater quality assessment using integrated geochemical methods,multivariate statistical analysis,and geostatistical technique in shallow coastal aquifer of Terengganu,Malaysia

Extensive agricultural, residential, and industrial activities have increased demand for water supplies, which can lead to groundwater quality degradation. The integration of geochemical methods, multivariate statistical analysis, and geostatistical approaches were carried out on 169 groundwater samples to elucidate the regional factors and processes that influencing the geochemical composition of groundwater in coastal shallow aquifer of Terengganu, Malaysia. Hydrochemical modelling revealed that the abundance of Ca and Mg was contributed by carbonate and silicate weathering while higher HCO₃ and Cl were resulted from reverse ion exchange reaction. Therefore, the dominant hydrogeochemical facies of groundwater was Ca-Mg-HCO₃-Cl type. The influence of salinization resulting from seawater mixing to the groundwater was corroborated by Cl/HCO₃ ratio, which affected around 50.9% of the groundwater samples slightly or moderately. Spatial mapping using ordinary kriging found that the threat of sea water intrusion is more prominent in the major river confluence especially around Terengganu and Marang River in the northeast and Dungun and Kemaman River confluence in southeast of study area. Moreover, factor analyses concluded that salinization, anthropogenic activities, reverse ion exchange, weathering processes, agricultural impact, and seasonal variations were the factors that regulate 63% of the major ion chemistry in study area. Finally, these findings showed the importance of understanding the hydrochemical characteristics for effective utilization, aquifer protection, and prediction of changes to minimize the effects of salinization and reduce human pollution such as agriculture and urbanization. It is essential steps in order to safeguard the utilization of groundwater resources for future generations.     

Identification of rock weathering and environmental control in arid catchments (northern Xinjiang) of Central Asia

Chemical weathering is an integral part of the earth surface processes, whose spatial patterns and controlling factors on continental scale are still not fully understood. Highlands of the Asian continent have been shown having some of the highest observed rates of chemical weathering yet reported. However, the paucity of river gauge data in many of these terrains has limited determination of chemical weathering budget in a continental scale. A dataset of three large watersheds throughout northern Xinjiang in Central Asia is used to empirically identify chemical weathering regimes and interpret the underlying controlling factors. Detailed analysis of major ion ratios and a forward model of mass budget procedure are presented to distinguish the relative significances and contributions of silicate, carbonate weathering and evaporite dissolution. The analytical results show that carbonic acid is the most important weathering agent to the studied watersheds. Silicate weathering contributes, on average, ∼17.8% (molar basis) of total cations on a basin wide scale with an order of Zhungarer > Erlqis > Yili, indicating that silicate weathering, however, does not seem to be intense in the study basins. Evaporite dissolution, carbonate weathering and precipitation input contribute 43.6%, 29.7% and 8.9% of the total dissolved cations on average for the whole catchment, respectively. The three main morphological and hydrological units are reflected in water chemistry. Rivers from the montane areas (recharge area) of the three watersheds are very dilute, dominated by carbonate and silicate weathering, whereas the rivers of piedmont areas as well as the rivers of the sedimentary platform (runoff area) are dominated by carbonate weathering, and rivers of desert plain in the central Zhungarer basin (discharge area) are dominated by evaporite dissolution and are SO₄ rich. This spatial pattern indicates that, beside lithology, runoff conditions have significant role on the regional chemical weathering regimes. Chemical weathering processes in the areas appear to be significantly climate controlled, displaying a tight correlation with runoff and aridity. Carbonate weathering are mostly influenced by runoff, which is higher in the mountainous part of the studied basins. The identification of chemical weathering regimes from our study confirmed the weathering potential and complexity of temperate watersheds in arid environment and that additional studies of these terrains are warranted. However, because the dominant weathering reactions in the sedimentary platform of northern Xinjiang are of carbonates and evaporites rather than silicate minerals, and the climatic factors have important role on the rock weathering regimes, we think that weathering at the arid temperate drainage system (Central Asia) is maybe not an important long-term sink for atmospheric CO₂, if the future climate has no great change.     

Factors controlling mechanisms of groundwater salinization and hydrogeochemical processes in the Quaternary aquifer of the Eastern Nile Delta, Egypt

In this study, combining interpretations of conservative dissolved ions and environmental isotopes in water were used to investigate the main factors and mechanisms controlling groundwater salinization and hydrogeochemical processes in the Eastern Nile Delta, Egypt. Hydrogeochemical and isotopic study has been carried out for 61 water samples from the study area. Total dissolved solid (TDS) contents of groundwater are highly variable rising along flowpath from the south (410 mg/L) to the north (14,784 mg/L), implying significant deterioration and salinization of groundwater. Based on TDS and ionic ratios, groundwater samples were classified into three groups. In low-saline groups, water chemistry is greatly influenced by cation exchange, mineral dissolution/precipitation, anthropogenic pollutants and mixing with surface water. Whilst, in high-saline groups, water chemistry is affected by salt-water intrusion, reverse cation exchange and evaporation. The chemical constituents originating from saline water sources, reverse ion exchange and mineral dissolution are successfully differentiated using ionic delta and saturation index approaches. The δ¹⁸O–δ²H relationship plots on a typical evaporation line, suggesting potential evaporation of the recharging water prior to infiltration. Isotope evidence concludes that the groundwater have been considerably formed by mixing between depleted meteoric water recharged under different climatic conditions and recently infiltrating enriched surface water and excess of irrigation water. The δ¹⁸O data in conjunction with chloride concentrations provide firm evidence for impact of dissolution of marine-origin evaporite deposits, during past geologic periods, on groundwater salinity in the northern region. Moreover, the relation between ¹⁴C activities and Cl^? concentration confirms this hypothesis.     

亚热带小流域花岗岩化学风化及CO2消耗速率研究

文章选择深圳市的亚热带典型小流域作为研究对象,通过定期采集流域内降水、泉水、岩石及风化残积土样品,分析所有样品的常量元素和微量元素,探讨流域水体的化学成分组成和主要成分来源以及岩石化学风化程度和风化趋势,结合流域水文气象数据估算了花岗岩化学风化速率及CO2消耗速率.结果表明,研究区地下水化学类型为HCO3-Na型,主要...