Ab Initio Prediction of 29Si-NMR Chemical Shifts

The ability of several ab initio models to predict experimental 29Si-NMR chemical shift is examined. The shielding values of trimethylsilyl chloride (A), t-butyldimethylsilyl chloride (B) and allyltrimethylsilane (C) are calculated by GIAO, CSGT and IGAIM methods, using HF/6-31G*, B3LYP/6-31G*, HF/6-311+G**, B3LYP/6-311+G** and MPWlPW91/6-311+G** models respectively. The 29Si chemical shifts calculated by GIAO method using HF/6-311+G**model are highly in agreement with those obtained experimentally. All of the models above reproduce the trends of chemical shifts in all cases studied, suggesting that the models are of practical value.     

The Influences of Mg^2 ,Ca^2 ,and Mg^2 /Ca^2 Ratio in Mixed Seawater on the Emergence Rate of Penaeus Japonicus Postlarva

This paper reports the approprite ranges of Mg^2 ,Ca^2 and their ratio Mg^2 /Ca^2 in mixed seawater for rearing of Penaeus japonicus larvae,The ranges for the above three indices are 1150-1450mg/L,360-440mg/L and 2.8-3.4,respectively,the proper salinity range of mixed seawater is 22.1-33.9 obtained by mixing estuarine water and concentrated seawater.     

The influence of Fe^2＋ on growth and development of cells enzymatically isolated from Porphyra yezoensis blades

Fe^2＋ acted as an accessorial factor for many cellular enzymatic reactions is very important for seaweed growth and development, but the Fe^2＋ requirement in nori had not been seen. Porphyra yezoensis cells were separated enzymatically and cultured in a series of sterilized seawater media containing various concentrations of Fe^2＋. The growth development and cell were investigated in this work. Through this experiment, two biologically-meant concentration scales were found, one is low concentrations, 12.1-102.1μg/L, 10-100 times than that in seawater, favoring the development of isolated cells of Porphyra and the other was high concentrations, more than 10mg/L inhibiting the cell growth, leading to the deformity and shrinkage of the cells. At the concentration of 50 mg/L, the cells stopped growing and died eventually.     

Dynamic model for oil slick dispersion into a water column—A wind-driven wave tank experiment

A dynamic experiment for oil dispersion into a water column was performed with a 21 m long, 0.5 m wide, and 1 m high wind-driven wave tank. At wind velocity between 6–12 m/s and with the oil slick kept constant (about 1 μm), the rate of the oil content increase in the water column could be approximated from the difference between the dispersion rate (R) of the oil slick and the coagulation rate (R′) of the dispersed oil slick. Assuming the coagulation rate is directly proportional to the concentration of the water dispersed oil slick (i. e.R′-K ^*C), the integral form of the dynamic model can be expressed asC=R ^* [1−exp(−K ^*t)]/K and parametersR andK can be regressed with a computer. The relative deviation of model results from the experimental data was mainly less than 10%. The oil slick dispersion rate (R) had exponential relationship with the wind velocity (U), and can be fitted with a formulaR=A ^* (U+1) ^B . The fitted constant of the coagulation rate,K(0.8–3.0^* 10⁻³ min⁻¹) did not have significant relationship with the wind velocity.     

MODERN CLIMATIC SIGNALS DEDUCED FROM STABLE ISOTOPE IN SHELLS IN XINGCUO LAKE SEDIMENTS,EAST TIBETAN PLATEAU,CHINA

Ｉｔｉｓｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｆｒｏｎｔｉｅｒｆｏｃｕｓｅｓｉｎｔｈｅｆｉｅｌｄｏｆｇｌｏｂｌｅｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｃｈａｎｇｅｓｔｏｅｘｔｒａｃｔｑｕａｎｔｉｔａｔｉｖｅｌｙｐａｓｔｃｌｉｍａｔｉｃｓｉｇｎａｌｓｆｒｏｍｌａｋｅｓｅｄｉｍｅｎｔｒｅｃｏｒｄｓ．Ｉｎｔｈｅｒｅ-ｃｅｎｔｄｅｃａｄｃｉｏｕｓｙｅａｒｓａｓｅｒｉｅｓｏｆａｃｈｉｅｖｅｍｅｎｔｓｏｎｒｅ-ｂｕｉｌｄｉｎｇｔｈｅｓｅｑｕｅｎｃｅｓｏｆｃｌｉｍａｔｉｃａｎｄｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｓａｔｖａｒｉｏｕｓｓ…     

A comparative study of genetic variation between Chinese mitten crab <Emphasis Type="Italic">ericheir sinensis</Emphasis> and Hepu mitten crab <Emphasis Type="Italic">E. hepuensis</Emphasis>

Horizonal starch gel electrophoresis was used to investigate the biochemical genetic structure of Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis and Hepu mitten crab E. hepuensis. Sixteen putative enzyme-coding loci were examined for forty-nine chinese mitten crabs and thirty-eight Hepu mitten crabs. Nine loci, AAT-1 ^*, AAT-2 ^*, G3PDH ^*, GPI ^*, IDHP-1 ^*, IDHP-2 ^*, MDH-1 ^*, MDH-2 ^* and PGM ^*, are polymorphic in Chinese mitten crab, and seven, AAT-1 ^*, AAT-2 ^*, GPI ^*, IDHP-1 ^*, MDH-1 ^*, MDH-2 ^* and PGM ^*, are polymorphic in Hepu mitten crab. The proportion of polymorphic loci and the expected heterozygosity are 0.562 5 and 0.080 3 for Chinese mitten crab, and 0.437 5 and 0.075 4 for Hepu mitten crab. The Nei’s genetic distance between two species is 0.002 4.     

Isotopic evidence for holocene climatic changes in Bosten Lake, Southern Xinjiang, China

Based on the δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O fluctuation of lacustrine carbonate, CaCO₃ content and sporo-pollen data, a palaeoclimatic history of Bosten Lake during the Holocene has been outlined, several stages of climatic changes are divided, and the following result es are obtained: (1) Palaeoclimatic changes revealed by carbonate isotope around Bosten Lake are basically identical with that revealed by other geological records in Xinjiang. Environmental changes presented apparent Westlies Style model: during cold period, relative humidity increased, δ¹⁸O, δ¹³C and CaCO₃ appeared low; but in warm periods, the dry regime aggravated. (2) The temperature reflected by δ¹⁸O exist evident features being increase in the late period during the Holocene. Together with the δ¹³C, pollen and CaCO₃ analyses, several cold and warm phases which are of broad regional significance can be identified. The warm peaks occurred at about 11.0 ka B.P., 9.4 ka B.P., 7.5 ka B.P., 5.0 ka B.P., 3.0 ka B.P. and 2.0 ka B.P.; the cold peaks at 11.5 ka B.P., 10.5 ka B.P., 8.8 ka B.P., 5.5 ka B.P., 3.3 ka B.P., 2.2 ka B.P. and 1.5 ka B.P.. (3) Several climatic events with the nature of “abrupt climatic changes” are revealed in the periods of 11.0 ka B.P. −10.5 ka B.P., 9.4 ka B.P. −8.8 ka B.P., 5.5 ka B.P. −5.0 ka B.P. and 2.0 ka B.P. −1.5 ka B.P.. (4) The results show that carbonate isotopic record of lacustrine sediment in arid area is very sensitive to climatic changes, and may be play a very important role in understanding the features and mechanism of palaeoclimatic changes.     

Toxic effects of Zn2+, Cu2+, Cd2+ and NH3 on Chinese prawn

This study deals with the toxic effects of Zn²⁺, Cu²⁺, Cd²⁺ and NH₃ on Chinese prawn (Penaeus orientalis). The median lethal concentrations of the toxic matters on Chinese prawn were determined. Cd²⁺>Cu²⁺>Zn²⁺>NH₃-Nm is the toxic order of these chemicals to Chinese prawn. The toxic order of concentrated Zn²⁺ and Cd²⁺ in tissues and organs of Chinese prawn is in the order. gill>shell+appendage>viscera>muscle.     

Hyper-spectrum models for monitoring water quality in Dianshan Lake,China

The correlation between water quality parameters and hyper-spectral reflectance is studied with models established for each parameter and applied in Dianshan Lake, in the upstream of the Huangpu River running through Shanghai, China. Models are for dissolved oxygen (DO in mg/L): R720/R680 = 20.362×(R720/R680)2-31.438×(R720/R680)+19.156; for turbidity (NTU): R*714.5 = 206.07× (R*714.5)2-582.5×R*714.5 + 423.24; and for total phosphorus (TP in mg/L): R*509.5 = 16.661× (R*509.5)2-32.646×R*509.5+16.116. The R2 values are 0.770 8, 0.660 4 and 0.738 7, respectively, showing strong positive relationships. The models were then applied to assess water quality of different times. Results are quite satisfactory for some samples.     

Effects of heavy metals （Pb^2＋ and Cd^2＋） on the ultrastructure, growth and pigment contents of the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803

The unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, a model organism known for its unique combination of highly desirable molecular genetic, physiological and morphological characteristics, was employed in the present study. The species was cultured in BG11 liquid medium contained various initial concentrations of Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 mg/L). The experiment was conducted for six days and the metal induced alterations in the ultrastructure, growth and pigment contents were assessed. Alterations in the ultrastructure of the Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 cells became evident with the increased (>4 mg/L Pb²⁺) metal concentration. The photosynthetic apparatus (thylakoid membranes) were found to be the worst affected. Deteriorated or completely destroyed thylakoid membranes have made large empty spaces in the cell interior. In addition, at the highest concentration (8 mg/L Pb²⁺), the polyphosphate granules became more prominent both in size and number. Despite the initial slight stimulations (0.2, 3.8 and 6.5% respectively at 0.5, 1 and 2 mg/L Pb²⁺), both metals inhibited the growth in a dose-dependent manner as incubation progressed. Pigment contents (chlorophyll α, β carotene and phycocyanin) were also decreased with increasing metal concentration. Cells exposed to 6 mg/L Pb²⁺, resulted in 36.56, 37.39 and 29.34% reductions of chlorophyll α, β carotene and phycocyanin respectively over the control. Corresponding reductions for the same Cd²⁺concentrations were 57.83, 48.94 and 56.90%. Lethal concentration (96 h LC₅₀) values (3.47 mg/L Cd²⁺ and 12.11 mg/L Pb²⁺) indicated that Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 is more vulnerable to Cd²⁺ than Pb²⁺. Supported by the Chinese Scholarship Council     

Structural studies on the oligomers from the polysaccharide ofGracilaria textorii (Rhodophyta) using β-agarase and13C-NMR spectroscopy

The 60% ethanolic extract fromGracilaria textorii (Rhodophyta) was degraded with β-agarase, and certain charged (sulfated) and neutral oligosaccharides were separated by using DEAE Sephadex A25 and Bio- gel P6, P2 chromatographic techniques. Some of the charged oligomers were verified to be neoagarotetraose-6³-sulfate (DP2), neoagarohexaose-6³, 6⁵-disulfate (DP3) and neoagarooctaose-6³, 6⁵, 6⁷-trisulfate (DP4) by using¹³C- and¹H-NMR spectroscopy. One neutral oligomer was assumed to be a mixture of methylated neoagarotetraoses (DP2) by¹H-NMR spectroscopy. These oligomers assigned by their chemical shifts may be used as the model compounds for the structural investigation of the agar-type sulfated polysaccharides using the β-agarase degradation method. Contribution No. 1749 from the Institute of Oceanology, Academia Sinica.     

The hydrochemical features of salt lakes in Qaidam Basin

There are 37 lakes in the Qaidam Basin: 1 freshwater lake, 6 brackish-water lakes, 2 saline-water lakes and 28 salt lakes. The pH value of salt lake brines is 7.014 on the average, and the average total mineralization is 340.75 g/1. Their water bodies belong mainly to the five-component equilibrium system,: Na, K, Mg//SO₄, Cl-H₂O, which can be further grouped into sodium-magnesium sulfate subtype, magnesium sulfate subtype, chloride transition subtype and chloride type water by their hydrochemical property. The salt lake brines of the first salt forming epoch (N₂−Q₃) were of the sulfate type. In the second salt forming epoch (Q₃−Q₄), some of them were of the chloride type. The pH value of brines decreases with the increase of total mineralization. The pH value is lower when the total mineralization is from 50–310 g/l and higher when the total mineralization is from 310–355 g/l, however, when the total mineralization is higher than 355 g/l, the pH value decreases slowly again. The total mineralization of the chloride type and the chloride transition subtype brine is higher than the sulfate type, being 310–530 g/l, 310–470 g/l, and less than 355 g/l in that order. Of the 40 chemical compositions in the saline lake brines in Qaidam Basin, potassium is mainly concentrated in the chloride type and chloride transition subtype brine, boron and lithium mainly in the sulfate type. Evaporation experiments show that boron and lithium are accumulated in concentrated brine until crystallization of bischofite takes place. Potassium is also accumulated in concentrated brine during the salt forming stage, but its concentration decreases with the increase of total mineralization during the potassium forming stage. This paper was published in Chinese inOcean. et Limn. Sinica;15 (4):341–359, 1984.     

Bioaccumulation of Pb<Superscript>2+</Superscript> and its effects on growth,morphology and pigment contents of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Spirulina</Emphasis> (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Arthrospira</Emphasis>) <Emphasis Type="Italic">platensis</Emphasis>

A laboratory experiment was conducted to assess the bioaccumulation of Pb²⁺ and its effects on growth, morphology and pigment contents of Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis. The specimen cultured in Zarrouk liquid medium was treated with various initial metal concentrations (0, 5, 10, 30, 50 and 100 μg mL⁻¹). The growth of S. platensis was adversely affected by Pb²⁺ at high concentrations (30, 50 and 100 μg mL⁻¹). However, at low concentrations (5 μg mL⁻¹), Pb²⁺ could stimulate its growth slightly. The pigment contents (chlorophyll α and β carotene) were decreased in a dose-dependent manner. The highest reductions (67% and 53% respectively in chlorophyll α and β carotene) were observed in 100 μg mL⁻¹ treatment group. The LC₅₀ (96 h) of Pb²⁺ was measured as 75.34 μg mL⁻¹. Apart from a few cases of filament breakages at elevated concentrations (50 and 100 μg mL⁻¹), morphological abnormalities are not specific. Metal bioaccumulation increased with Pb²⁺ concentrations, but decreased with exposure time. The maximum accumulated amount was 188 mg g⁻¹ dry weight. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) reached to a peak at day 2, followed by a gradual reduction for all the exposure concentrations. S. platensis is able to tolerate considerably high Pb²⁺ concentrations. Consequently it can be used as a potential species to remove heavy metal from contaminated waters.     

Spatial and temporal variations of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Synechococcus</Emphasis> and picoeukaryotes in the Taiwan Strait,China

The size-fractionated phytoplankton biomass, and the spatial and temporal variations in abundance of Synechococcus (SYN) and picoeukaryotes (PEUK) were measured in the Taiwan Strait during three cruises (August 1997, February–March 1998, and August 1998). The results show that picophytoplankton and nanophytoplankton dominate the phytoplankton biomass, in average of 38% and 40%, respectively. SYN and PEUK varied over time in abundance and carbon biomass, greater in summer than in winter, in range of (7.70–209.2)×10⁶ and (0.75–15.4)×10⁶ cells/cm² in the abundance, and 1.93–52.3 and 1.57–32.4 μgC/cm² in the carbon biomass, for SYN and PEUK, respectively. The horizontal distributions of both groups were diurnal but heterogeneous in abundance, depending on the groups and layer of depths. Temperature is the key controlling factor for picophytoplankton distribution (especially in winter) in the Strait. Supported by Natural Science Foundation of China (No.40730846; 40521003)     

Optimum temperature for the growth performance of juvenile orange-spotted grouper （Epinephelus coioides H.）

Effects of water temperature （17, 21, 25, 30 and 35℃） and body size （14.75-281.41 g initial body weight） on food consumption, growth, feed conversion, and dry matter content in orange-spotted grouper fed to satiation were investigated. The combined effect of temperature （T, ℃） and body weight （W, g） on maximum food consumption （Cmax, g/day） was described as： InCmax=-7.411＋0.828 InW＋0.317T4）.004 7T2, and the optimum feeding temperature was 33.9℃. The combined effect of temperature and body weight on growth （G） was described as： lnG=-4.461-0.2081nW＋0.394T-0.006 3T^2. The optimum growth temperature was 31.4℃, whereas overall growth rates were high at 25, 30 and 35 ℃. Feed conversion efficiencies （FCE, %）, increasing first and then decreasing with increasing temperature, averaged from 1.8 to 2.1 in terms of dry weight of food fish. The optimum temperature for FCE tended to be lower than that for growth or feeding. Dry matter content increased with both increasing water temperature （17, 25, 30 and 35℃） and body weight, and the combined effect of temperature and body weight on dry matter content （DM, %） was described as： lnDM =3.232＋0.01 4 lnW-0.004 4T＋0.001 2TInW.     

Effects of Na+/K+ ratio of groundwaters on the gill ion-transport enzyme activity, plasma osmolality and growth of Cynoglossus semilaevis juveniles

The effects of environmental Na⁺/K⁺ ratio on the gill ion-transport enzyme activity, plasma osmolality and growth of Cynoglossus semilaevis juveniles were investigated. The results showed that, plasma osmolality was similar among flounder adapted to different Na⁺/K⁺ ratios of saline groundwaters (P>0.05), while the growth, gill Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase and HCO₃ ⁻-ATPase activities were affected by Na⁺/K⁺ ratio significantly (P<0.05). The gill Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity reached its maximum on day 3, then decreased gradually from day 3 to day 9 and remained constant from day 9 to day 15. The peak values of gill Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity were detected on day 3 for all Na⁺/K⁺ ratios of saline groundwaters, then the enzyme activities descended, and on day 9 the enzyme activities achieved steady state, and the gill HCO₃ ⁻-ATPase activity increased rapidly and achieved steady state after one day. During steady state, the gill Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase and HCO₃ ⁻-ATPase activity of Na⁺/K⁺ ratios 20 and 40 treatments were significantly higher than those in the control group (Na⁺/K⁺ ratio 27.5), while there were no significant differences between the Na⁺/K⁺ ratio 30 treatment and the control group; the gill Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity of Na⁺/K⁺ ratio 20 and 40 treatments were significantly higher than that for ratio 30 treatment, but there were no significant differences of gill HCO₃ ⁻-ATPase activity among these treatments. At the end of the 15-day experiment, the weight gain (%) and specific growth rate (SGR) of flounders maintained in seawater were significantly higher than those in groundwaters; significant differences also occurred among the treatments; Na⁺/K⁺ ratio 30 treatment had the highest values (33.7% and 1.94 respectively), which were significantly higher than those under Na⁺/K⁺ ratios 20 and 40 treatments. Therefore, for the saline groundwater used in this experiment, it is suggested that the Na⁺/K⁺ ratio be adjusted to approximately 30, i.e., as close to that of natural seawater as possible in the culture of flounder.     

Effects of nutritional factors on the growth and heterotrophic eicosapentaenoic acid production of diatom <Emphasis Type="Italic">Nitzschia laevis</Emphasis>

The effects of several nutritional factors on the growth and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) production of diatom Nitzschia laevis were studied. 4 LDM (quadrupled concentration of the nutrient salt) was the optimal concentration of nutrient salt for the growth and EPA production of N. laevis. The growth of N. laevis was inhibited when the glucose concentration was either lower than 10 gL⁻¹ or higher than 15 gL⁻¹. Both sodium nitrate and urea were good nitrogen sources for the growth and EPA production, while ammonium chloride seriously decreased the dry cell weight (DW) and the EPA content. Silicate seriously influenced the growth of N. laevis. The maximum DW of 2.34 gL⁻¹ was obtained in the presence of 150 mgL⁻¹ Na₂SiO₃·9H₂O. The EPA content remained almost the same when the silicate concentration was lower than 150 mgL⁻¹; however, higher silicate concentrations resulted in a steady decrease of EPA content. Low medium salinity (⩽29) did not seem to influence the DW of N. laevis, and high salinity resulted in a decrease of DW. The highest EPA content (4.08%) and yield (110 mgL⁻¹) were observed at the salinity of 36 and 29, respectively.     

Effects of iron electrovalence and species on growth and astaxanthin production of Haematococcus pluvialis

To increase the cell concentration and the accumulation of astaxanthin in the cultivation of Haematococcus pluvialis, effects of different iron electrovalencies (Fe²⁺-EDTA and Fe³⁺-EDTA) and species (Fe-EDTA, Fe(OH)_x^32x and FeC₆H₅O₇) addition on cell growth and accumulation of astaxanthin were studied. Results show that different iron electrovalencies have various effects on cell growth and astaxanthin accumulation of H. pluvialis. Compared with Fe³⁺-EDTA, Fe²⁺-EDTA stimulate more effectively the formation of astaxanthin. The maximum astaxanthin content (30.70 mg/g biomass cell) was obtained under conditions of 18 μmol/L Fe²⁺-EDTA, despite the lower cell density (2.3×10⁵ cell/ml) in such condition. Fe³⁺-EDTA is more effective than Fe²⁺-EDTA in improving the cell growth. Especially, the maximal steady-state cell density, 2.9×10⁵ cell/ml was obtained at 18 μmol/L Fe³⁺-EDTA addition. On the other hand, all the various species of iron (EDTA-Fe, Fe(OH)_x^32x, FeC₆H₅O₇) are capable to improve the growth of the algae and astaxanthin production. Among the three iron species, FeC₆H₅O₇ performed the best. Under the condition of a higher concentration (36 μmol/L) of FeC₆H₅O₇, the cell density and astaxanthin production is 2 and 7 times higher than those of iron-limited group, respectively. The present study demonstrates that the effects of the stimulation with different iron species increased in the order of FeC₆H₅O₇, Fe(OH)_x^32x and EDTA-Fe. Supported by Xiamen Scientific and Technologic Projects (No. 3052Z20031086), Xiamen University Alumni Association Foundation in Singapore, and the First National College Students Innovative Experimental Project     

Chemical characteristics of four kinds of water in the rongbuk glacier basin, Mount Qomolangma

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Notes on Two Marine Ciliates from the Yellow Sea,China： Placus salinus and Strombidium apolatum（Protozoa, Ciliophora）

The living morphology and infraciliature of two rare marine ciliates, Placus salinus Dietz, 1964 and Strombidium apolatum Wilbert and Song, 2005, collected from the coastal waters near Qingdao, China, were investigated by in vivo observation and protargol impregnation technique. The improved diagnosis for Placus salinus is as follows: medium-sized marine Placus, in vivo (50–60)μm×(30–40)μm; cell elliptical to barrel-shaped; 28–31 somatic kineties; single macronucleus usually ellipsoid and one micronucleus located in the indention of the macronucleus; one contractile vacuole posteriorly positioned. Strombidium apolatum is characterized by: marine strombidium (40–60)μm×(30–45)μmm in vivo, cordiform in shape with somewhat pointed posterior end and conspicuous apical protrusion; extrusomes prominent, about 15μm in length and evenly arranged along the circle kinety; about 16 collar and 5–6 buccal membranelles; one elongate macronucleus and one micronucleus; circle and ventral kineties consisting of about 53 and 45 dikinetids respectively.