Coda wave analysis for distinguishing attenuation due to isotropic scattering from attenuation due to absorption

When the quality factorQ is taken into account in attenuation studies, it is necessary to know the relative losses of wave energy due to scattering and to anelastic absorption. The coda is the most important phenomenon now known which is related to elastic scattering of seismic waves. Utilizing coda, this study presents relationships which give theQ factors of the medium around the recording station and discriminate between attenuations arising from elastic scattering (under the assumption of isotropic scattering) and those arising from anelastic absorption. This work proposes a technique for separately determining the attenuation due to isotropic scattering and that due to absorption from the observed envelope of coda waves.     

Ballast water: A threat to the Amazon Basin

Ballast water exchange (BWE) is the most efficient measure to control the invasion of exotic species from ships. This procedure is being used for merchant ships in national and international voyages. The ballast water (BW) salinity is the main parameter to evaluate the efficacy of the mid-ocean ballast water exchange. The vessels must report to the Port State Control (PSC), via ballast water report (BWR), where and how the mid-ocean BWE was performed. This measure allows the PSC to analyze this information before the ship arrives at the port, and to decide whether or not it should berth.Ship BW reporting forms were collected from the Captaincy of Santana and some ships were visited near the Port of Santana, located in Macapá (Amazon River), to evaluate the BW quality onboard. We evaluated data submitted in these BWR forms and concluded that the BWE efficacy might be compromised, because data contained in these BWR indicate that some ships did not change their BW. We found mistakes in filling the BWR forms and lack of information. Moreover, these ships had discharged BW with high level of salinity, Escherichia coli and total coliforms into the Amazon River. We concluded that the authorities of the Amazon Region need to develop more efficient proceedings to evaluate the ballast water reporting forms and BW quality, as there is potential risk of future invasion of exotic species in Brazilian ports.     

Laboratory measurements of spatialQ,wave velocities,attenuation of Rayleigh waves with distance and depth

Summary The major drawback to the use of the statistical estimation procedure proposed recently by Anderssen and Seneta for Monte Carlo Inversion is the necessity to generate and test an excessive number of random models before the requiredM successive successful acceptable solutions are obtained. In this paper, it is shown that this difficulty can be alleviated in situations where the occurrences of a non-successful non-acceptable solution can be regarded to be equivalent in some sense to the occurrence of a successful acceptable solution as far as support for the validity of a given refinement is concerned. However, the problem of using this equivalence to gain greater efficiency is a difficult one, since plausible reasoning to this end results in a manifestation of Hempel's paradox.     

Three-dimensional Marchenko internal multiple attenuation on narrow azimuth streamer data of the Santos Basin,Brazil

In recent years, a variety of Marchenko methods for the attenuation of internal multiples has been developed. These methods have been extensively tested on two-dimensional synthetic data and applied to two-dimensional field data, but only little is known about their behaviour on three-dimensional synthetic data and three-dimensional field data. Particularly, it is not known whether Marchenko methods are sufficiently robust for sparse acquisition geometries that are found in practice. Therefore, we start by performing a series of synthetic tests to identify the key acquisition parameters and limitations that affect the result of three-dimensional Marchenko internal multiple prediction and subtraction using an adaptive double-focusing method. Based on these tests, we define an interpolation strategy and use it for the field data application. Starting from a wide azimuth dense grid of sources and receivers, a series of decimation tests are performed until a narrow azimuth streamer geometry remains. We evaluate the effect of the removal of sail lines, near offsets, far offsets and outer cables on the result of the adaptive double-focusing method. These tests show that our method is most sensitive to the limited aperture in the crossline direction and the sail line spacing when applying it to synthetic narrow azimuth streamer data. The sail line spacing can be interpolated, but the aperture in the crossline direction is a limitation of the acquisition. Next, we apply the adaptive Marchenko double-focusing method to the narrow azimuth streamer field data from the Santos Basin, Brazil. Internal multiples are predicted and adaptively subtracted, thereby improving the geological interpretation of the target area. These results imply that our adaptive double-focusing method is sufficiently robust for the application to three-dimensional field data, although the key acquisition parameters and limitations will naturally differ in other geological settings and for other types of acquisition.     

Erosion of an active fault scarp leads to drainage capture in the Amazon region,Brazil

Far from the continental margin, drainage basins in Central Amazonia should be in topographic steady state; but they are not. Abandoned remnant fluvial valleys up to hundreds of square kilometers in size are observed throughout Amazonia, and are evidence of significant landscape reorganization. While major Late Miocene drainage shifts occurred due to initiation of the transcontinental Amazon River, local landscape change has remained active until today. Driven either by dynamic topography, tectonism, and/or climatic fluctuations, drainage captures in Amazonia provide a natural experiment for assessing the geomorphic response of low‐slope basins to sudden, capture related base‐level falls. This paper evaluates the timing of geomorphic change by examining a drainage capture event across the Baependi fault scarp involving the Cuieiras and Tarumã‐Mirim River basins northwest of the city of Manaus in Brazil. A system of capture‐related knickpoints was generated by base‐level fall following drainage capture; through numerical modeling of their initiation and propagation, the capture event is inferred to have occurred between the middle and late Pleistocene, consistent with other studies of landscape change in surrounding areas. In low‐slope settings like the Amazon River basin, base‐level fall can increase erosion rates by more than an order of magnitude, and moderate to large river basins can respond to episodes of base‐level fall over timescales of tens to hundreds of thousands of years. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Measuring the ecological integrity of an industrial district in the Amazon estuary, Brazil

The aim of the present study is to provide information on the ecological integrity of an industrial district located in the estuary of Pará River (Amazon estuary), by applying a selection of fish based multimetric indices of ecosystem integrity: Abundance Biomass Comparation (ABC); Biological Health Index; Estuarine Fish Community, Transitional Fish Classification and Estuarine Biotic Integrity Indexes. To evaluate the impacts of the industrial area and cargo terminal, three areas were considered: Zone 1, (maximum impact), Zone 2 (median risk) and Zone 3 (reference area). All the biological indices used were considered to be excellent indicators of the ecological integrity of the different sectors of the study area and were especially effective for the demonstration of the critical alterations of the fish community of Zone 1 and Zone 2. The simultaneous use of different indices family, with different assumptions, did strengthen the results enhancing the confidence in the diagnostic.     

Fast mapping of magnetic basement depth,structure and nature using aeromagnetic and gravity data: combined methods and their application in the Paris Basin

Assessment of deep buried basin/basement relationships using geophysical data is a challenge for the energy and mining industries as well as for geothermal or CO₂ storage purposes. In deep environments, few methods can provide geological information; magnetic and gravity data remain among the most informative and cost‐effective methods. Here, in order to derive fast first‐order information on the basement/basin interface, we propose a combination of existing and original approaches devoted to potential field data analysis. Namely, we investigate the geometry (i.e., depth and structure) and the nature of a deep buried basement through a case study SW of the Paris Basin. Joint processing of new high‐resolution magnetic data and up‐to‐date gravity data provides an updated overview of the deep basin. First, the main structures of the magnetic basement are highlighted using Euler deconvolution and are interpreted in a structural sketch map. The new high‐resolution aeromagnetic map actually offers a continuous view of regional basement structures and reveals poorly known and complex deformation at the junction between major domains of the Variscan collision belt. Second, Werner deconvolution and an ad hoc post‐processing analysis allow the extraction of a set of magnetic sources at (or close to) the basin/basement interface. Interpolation of these sources together with the magnetic structural sketch provides a Werner magnetic basement map displaying realistic 3D patterns and basement depths consistent with data available in deep petroleum boreholes. The last step of processing was designed as a way to quickly combine gravity and magnetic information and to simply visualize first‐order petrophysical patterns of the basement lithology. This is achieved through unsupervised classification of suitably selected gravity and magnetic maps and, as compared to previous work, provides a realistic and updated overview of the cartographic distribution of density/magnetization of basement rocks. Altogether, the three steps of processing proposed in this paper quickly provide relevant information on a deep buried basement in terms of structure, geometry and nature (through petrophysics). Notwithstanding, limitations of the proposed procedure are raised: in the case of the Paris Basin for instance, this study does not provide proper information on Pre‐Mesozoic basins, some of which have been sampled in deep boreholes.     

Coda Q in the Kachchh Basin, Western India Using Aftershocks of the Bhuj Earthquake of January 26, 2001

Q_C-estimates of Kachchh Basin in western India have been obtained in a high frequency range from 1.5 to 24.0 Hz using the aftershock data of Bhuj earthquake of January 26, 2001 recorded within an epicentral distance of 80 km. The decay of coda waves of 30 sec window from 186 seismograms has been analysed in four lapse time windows, adopting the single backscattering model. The study shows that Q_c is a function of frequency and increases as frequency increases. The frequency dependent Q_c relations obtained for four lapse-time windows are: Q_c=82 f^1.17 (20–50 sec), Q_c=106 f^1.11 (30–60 sec), Q_c=126f^1.03 (40–70 sec) and Q_c=122f^1.02 (50–80 sec). These empirical relations represent the average attenuation properties of a zone covering the surface area of about 11,000, 20,000, 28,000 and 38,000 square km and a depth extent of about 60, 80, 95, 110 km, respectively. With increasing window length, the degree of frequency dependence, n, decreases marginally from 1.17 to 1.02, whereas Q₀ increases significantly from 82 to 122. At lower frequencies up to 6 Hz, Q_c⁻¹ of Kachchh Basin is in agreement with other regions of the world, whereas at higher frequencies from 12 to 24 Hz it is found to be low.     

中国大陆Lg波衰减成像

本文利用2009—2019年间中国大陆固定台站记录的宽频带地震波形数据, 采用反双台法, 获得了约36万个台站对的Lg波Q值, 并反演得到了中国大陆Lg波的衰减模型.结果显示, 中国大陆Lg波衰减的Q值结构存在显著的横向非均一性.青藏高原、渤海湾盆地以及祁连山造山带等构造活动块体展现出明显的地壳低Q值强衰减特征, 而华南块体、鄂尔多斯盆地以及塔里木盆地等相对稳定的地区则呈现地壳高Q值弱衰减特征.Lg波衰减与构造活动强度、松散沉积物、地下流体或部分熔融以及地质块体结构等因素密切相关.渤海湾盆地的强衰减主要由上地壳巨厚的松散沉积物和较高的地壳温度导致.青藏高原和祁连山造山带的地壳强衰减主要归因于现今活跃的构造活动、复杂的断裂系统和地质结构以及富含地下流体甚至是部分熔融等因素.华南造山带和大兴安岭地区的地壳弱衰减特征可能与侵入岩冷却形成高强度的结晶基底以及古老造山带地壳构造趋于稳定相关.

     

On the use of the autocorrelation method for estimating the depth to the magnetic basement

The depth to the top of magnetic dykes can be estimated from total field aeromagnetic data using the relation between the depth to magnetic sources and the autocorrelation function of magnetic data. By using synthetic anomalies we show that in the ideal case, depth can be determined to an accuracy of 10% or better, when the anomaly sources are two-dimensional dykes. However, the estimated depths depend on the width of the dykes. The estimated depth is about 0.6 times the actual depth to the top of thin dykes, and around the true depth for thick dykes having width-to-depth ratio around 3. The depth is considerably overestimated for very thick dykes (e.g., contacts, which is a special case of the thick dyke). Thus, the autocorrelation method requires that the width-to-depth ratio of the dyke is estimated independently to correctly estimate the depths. Alternatively, it must be assumed that the width-to-depth ratio for the two-dimensional source body is between 1.5 and 4.     

Lg波Q值随震源深度的变化作为地壳本征衰减深度的判据

Lg波的Q_Lg值是描述区域地壳结构及介质衰减特性的重要参数之一,Q_Lg层析成像被广泛应用于地壳衰减结构横向不均匀性的研究中.但是,对Q_Lg在垂直方向上的不均匀性的研究较少.当发现一个地区发生Q_Lg值低时,我们希望进一步了解这种介质衰减深度.本文通过数值模拟合成地震图的方法,通过分析不同震源深度和介质模型计算Q_Lg,判断Lg波发生主要衰减的深度.研究结果显示：（1）当震源深度浅时,上地壳介质衰减对于Lg波Q值的影响明显比下地壳的影响更大.而震源深度深时,两者贡献基本相当;（2）如果上地壳介质衰减强,则随着震源深度的增加,η值逐渐减小;如果下地壳介质衰减强,η值先增大后减小;但如果下地壳存在低速层,则η值持续增大;（3）如果上地壳介质衰减强,则随着震源深度的增加,Q₀逐渐增大;反之如果下地壳介质衰减强,则Q₀逐渐减小.因此,我们可以通过调查某一区域不同深度地震的Lg波衰减规律,来判断这一地区的地壳介质衰减情况.

     

Implementation of viscoelastic mud-induced energy attenuation in the third-generation wave model,SWAN

The interaction of waves with fluid mud can dissipate the wave energy significantly over few wavelengths. In this study, the third-generation wave model, SWAN, was advanced to include attenuation of wave energy due to interaction with a viscoelastic fluid mud layer. The performances of implemented viscoelastic models were verified against an analytical solution and viscous formulations for simple one-dimensional propagation cases. Stationary and non-stationary test cases in the Surinam coast and the Atchafalaya Shelf showed that the inclusion of the mud-wave interaction term in the third-generation wave model enhances the model performance in real applications. A high value of mud viscosity (of the order of 0.1 m²/s) was required in both field cases to remedy model overestimation at high frequency ranges of the wave spectrum. The use of frequency-dependent mud viscosity value improved the performance of model, especially in the frequency range of 0.2–0.35 Hz in the wave spectrum. In addition, the mud-wave interaction might affect the high frequency part of the spectrum, and this part of the wave spectrum is also affected by energy transfer from wind to waves, even for the fetch lengths of the order of 10 km. It is shown that exclusion of the wind input term in such cases might result in different values for parameters of mud layer when inverse modeling procedure was employed. Unlike viscous models for wave-mud interaction, the inverse modeling results to a set of mud parameters with the same performance when the viscoelastic model is used. It provides an opportunity to select realistic mud parameters which are in more agreement with in situ measurements.     

华北克拉通中东部基底构造单元的重磁特征

系统收集并重新处理了华北克拉通中东部的重磁资料,利用处理结果,结合近年来华北克拉通前寒武纪结晶基底构造研究的进展,重新将华北克拉通中东部划分为2个一级重磁异常单元和7个二级重磁异常单元;重点描述了7条分划性断裂的重磁特征,特别指出中国东部重力梯度带正是华北克拉通中部带的集中表现,而郯庐断裂带和兰考～聊城～盐山～台安-大洼断裂带是燕山期陆内不同刚性块体调整的重要边界,所以也是重磁特征的变异带．据此,对华北克拉通断裂与构造单元的重磁异常特征赋予了新的地质意义．研究表明,华北克拉通现今的地球物理特征能够反映结晶基底构造,其原因是华北克拉通现今构造格局是中新生代构造继承结晶基底构造的结果．     

Coda Q Estimates in the Koyna Region, India

—The coda Q, Q _c ?, have been estimated for the Koyna region of India. The coda waves of 76 seismograms from thirteen local earthquakes, recorded digitally in the region during July–August, 1996, have been analyzed for this purpose at nine central frequencies viz., 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, 12.0, 16.0 and 24.0 Hz using a single backscattering model. All events with magnitude less than 3 fall in the epicentral distances less than 60 km and have focal depths which range from 0.86 to 9.43 km. For the 30 sec coda window length the estimated Q _c values vary from 81 to 261 at 1.5 Hz and 2088 to 3234 at 24 Hz, whereas the mean values of Q _c with the standard error vary from 148 ± 13.5 at 1.5 Hz to 2703 ± 38.8 at 24 Hz. Both the estimated Q _c values and their mean values exhibit the clear dependence on frequency in the region and a frequency dependence average attenuation relationship, Q _c = 96f ^1.09, has been obtained for the region, covering an approximate area of 11500 km² with the surfacial extent of about 120 km and depth of 60 km.¶Lapse time dependence of Q _c has also been studied for the region, with the coda waves analyzed at five lapse time windows from 20 to 60 sec duration with the difference of 10 sec. The frequency dependence average Q _c relationships obtained at these window lengths Q _c = 66f ^1.16 (20 sec), Q _c = 96f ^1.09 (30 sec), Q _c =131f ^1.04 (40 sec), Q _c = 148f ^1.04 (50 sec), Q _c = 182f ^1.02 (60 sec) show that the frequency dependence (exponentn) remains mostly stationary at all the lapse time window lengths, while the change in Q ₀ value is significant. Lapse time dependence of Q _c in the region is also interpreted as the function of depth.     

Coupling the terrestrial hydrology model with biogeochemistry to the integrated LAND surface model: Amazon Basin applications

ABSTRACT

We coupled the hydrologic routing and flood dynamics model Terrestrial Hydrology Model with Biogeochemistry (THMB) to the Integrated LAND Surface Model (INLAND) and compared simulations of the discharge and flood extent area against gauge station and satellite-based information in the Amazon Basin. The coupled model represents well the seasonality of the flooding and discharge, but underestimates both of them. This can be related to an already discussed underestimate of the precipitation in the east of the Andes Mountains. A photosynthesis limitation on the flooded area was also included, showing changes in plant productivity and reduction in vegetation carbon stocks. Despite its limitations, the model proves to be a valuable tool for studies of the hydrological cycle and flood dynamics response to climate change projections, allowing it to be used to represent the feedbacks between continental surface water cycle and vegetation.     

Morphology and modern sedimentary deposits of the macrotidal Marapanim Estuary (Amazon,Brazil)

The northern Brazilian coast, east of the Amazon River is characterized by several macrotidal estuarine systems that harbor large mangrove areas with approximately 7600 km². The Marapanim Estuary is influenced by macrotidal regime with moderate waves influence. Morphologic units were investigated by using remote sensing images (i.e., Landsat-7 ETM+, RADARSAT- 1 Wide and SRTM) integrated with bathymetric data. The modern sedimentary deposits were analyzed from 67 cores collected by Vibracore and Rammkersonde systems. Analysis of morphology and surface sedimentary deposits of the Marapanim River reveal they are strongly influenced by the interaction of tidal, wave and fluvial currents. Based on these processes it was possible to recognize three distinct longitudinal facies zonation that revels the geological filling of a macrotidal estuary. The estuary mouth contain fine to medium marine sands strongly influenced by waves and tides, responsible for macrotidal sandy beaches and estuarine channel development, which are characterized by wave-ripple bedding and longitudinal cross-bedding sands. The estuary funnel is mainly influenced by tides that form wide tidal mudflats, colonized by mangroves, along the estuarine margin, with parallel laminations, lenticular bedding, root fragments and organic matter lenses. The upstream estuary contains coarse sand to gravel of fluvial origin. Massive mud with organic matter lenses, marks and roots fragments occur in the floodplain accumulates during seasonal flooding providing a slowly aggrading in the alluvial plain. This morphologic and depositional pattern show easily a tripartite zonation of a macrotidal estuary, that are in the final stage of filling.     

Insight into craton evolution: Constraints from shear wave splitting in the North China Craton

The multi-episodic tectonic activities from the Precambrian to Cenozoic, including nucleus formation, cratonic amalgamation, and rejuvenation, make the North China Craton (NCC) an ideal natural laboratory for studying craton evolution. Spatial change in the upper deformation records is an important aspect for understanding cratonic formation and rejuvenation. In this study, we performed seismic shear wave splitting analysis using SKS phases from 50 portable stations. Two different methodologies, shear wave splitting measurement and amplitude analysis of transverse/radial components, produced mutually consistent splitting results. These results showed that the seismic anisotropy beneath the Ordos Block can be divided into three subgroups reflecting the tectonic control. Combining these results with those from previous splitting studies in the eastern NCC, we suggest that the Proterozoic amalgamation generated the seismic anisotropy in the boundary zone between the Ordos Block and the Trans-North China Orogen, while the anisotropy in the eastern Trans-North China Orogen and eastern NCC were possibly associated with the lithospheric rejuvenation during the Late Mesozoic to Cenozoic.     

Upper crust attenuation in the Basin and Range Province of Sonora,Mexico

Journal of Seismology - We estimated the S-wave quality factor Q(f) of the upper crust in northeastern Sonora, Mexico, using a two-layer model. The first layer of the model has a thickness of 1 km,...     

Great-circle Rayleigh wave attenuation and group velocity,Part III: Inversion of global average group velocities and attenuation coefficients

Average shear-velocity models for the upper mantle have been derived by controlled Monte Carlo inversion of global average Rayleigh wave group velocity (GAGV) data for periods between 50 and 300 seconds. GAGV data have been corrected for attenuative dispersion using a method based on the theory of Liu, Anderson and Kanamori. Two types of model bounds have been used with one- or two-layer low-velocity zones beginning at depths of 70 and 100 km. All models fitting GAGV data within one standard deviation have low-velocity zones in the 100–200 km depth range. Models with low-velocity zones beginning at 70 km, as well as 100 km, fit GAGV data within one standard deviation, so the average thickness of the lithosphere (taken as the depth to the top of the low-velocity zone) cannot be determined with precision.Global average models for shear-wave attenuation (Q^?1_β) have been derived from global average Rayleigh wave attenuation coefficients for periods between 50 and 300 s and average shear-velocity models. Zones of high Q^?1_β coincide with the low-velocity zones of all shear-velocity models, however, models with low-velocity zones beginning at a depth of 70 km have the highest-attenuation layer in the lower half of the low-velocity zone. Resolution kernels for these attenuation models show that parameters for layers shallower than the lower part of the low-velocity-high-attenuation zone are strongly coupled but are distinct from the lower part of this zone. This suggests that the deeper part of the low-velocity-high-attenuation zone is the most mobile part of the zone or that on the average, the top of the zone is deeper than 70 km.The average Q_β of the lithosphere, low-velocity zone, and sub-low-velocity layer (asthenosphere) are approximately 200, 85–110 and 170–200, respectively.