南海岛礁航空摄影常见问题及对策

为解决远离大陆的海岛礁地形测绘的技术难题,在西沙群岛应用IMU/DGPS辅助海岛礁无控航空摄影技术进行了作业,经实测成果检验,影像精度满足大比例尺航测要求。基于试验分析,对在南海岛礁进行航空摄影常见问题提出了解决建议,有助于航空摄影测量技术在海岛礁测绘中的应用推广。     

变形测量数据采集自动化技术比较

对现有变形测量数据采集自动化的测量机器人技术、GPS技术、传感器技术、航空摄影测量技术、合成孔径雷达干涉测量技术进行了分析比较,并指出各种方法的优缺点。提出了综合各种技术优势,克服相应不足,进而组成综合数据采集自动化系统是今后变形测量数据采集自动化的发展方向。     

海岸地形航空摄影测量技术方案的确定

就海岸地形应用航空摄影方法实现的技术方案进行了探讨，介绍了航空摄影测量中遥感器的选择以及海岸带航空摄影的特点与要求，并给出在当前技术条件下海岸地形航空摄影测量的最佳实施方案。     

航空摄影测量技术的数学方法探讨

航空摄影测量技术经历了模拟、解析、数字摄影测量三个阶段,随着计算机技术及数学算法更加完善,全自动数字摄影技术即将到来,以数字航空摄影测量处理流程为基础,梳理了涉及的数学理论及算法,并从学科融合的角度将控制学、云计算等理论引入算法流程中,以提高航空摄影测量处理自动化程度,为拓展摄影测量领域应用,提高自动化处理能力提供理论依据。     

大倾斜航空摄影图像地理坐标赋予方法

为了获取大倾斜航空摄影图像中目标点的位置,提出了参照基准图像,基于改进的6参数仿射变换模型进行几何纠正的方法。该方法对基准图像和大倾斜航空摄影图像分别进行角点检测,然后进行配对处理,配对后的相邻角点进行分组后,构建Delaunay三角网,在局部范围内分别进行仿射变换。实验表明,对大倾斜航空摄影图像赋予地理坐标能够达到较好的结果。     

基于虚拟仪器的水下目标二维角估计

利用LabVIEW软件,通过8通道数据采集卡和均匀圆阵对水下目标的噪声进行采集和处理。结合一维直线阵波束形成理论,实现了对水下目标二维方向角估计实验研究和算法验证。实验证明利用虚拟仪器方便地实现了对水声信号的采集、处理,以及在方位估计时,为传感器布阵和算法的确定提供参考。     

海岛礁航空摄影测量技术应用研究

海岛礁地形测量是海洋测绘的重要内容,航空摄影测量是地形图测绘的主要手段。针对海岛礁测绘难点,提出了海岛礁航空摄影测量的关键技术和解决方案,通过海岛礁航空摄影、空中三角测量和重要地物测绘等技术方法分析,深化了海岛礁航空摄影测量应用理论基础。     

海洋测绘航空摄影测量体系建设思考

分析了航空摄影测量技术的发展和要求,结合海岸带、海岛礁测绘特点和需求,论述了海洋测绘航空摄影测量技术、装备、标准和人才体系建设的重点和方向,明确提出了技术和装备建设存在的问题、发展思路和技术方案,为海洋测绘航空摄影测量体系建设提供参考。     

海岸地形航空摄影测量技术及其实施

海岸地形测量是海道测量的重要组成部分,随着科学的发展和学科技术的融合,利用航空摄影测量技术完成海岸带地形测量成为必然。本文介绍了海岸带的基本定义、海岸地形航空摄影测量的必要性、基本方法步骤等,并针对开展海岸地形航空摄影测量工作提出了具体的建议和实施措施。     

海洋地震勘探拖曳系统动态运动分析及控制算法优化探讨

准确地描述和预报拖曳系统的性能及运动规律是海洋地震勘探拖曳系统设计与应用的前提条件,文章在多年研究水下拖曳系统及拖缆定深器的基础上,对海洋勘探拖曳系统进行详细的分析,并针对自行研制的某型拖缆定深器进行仿真计算,最后提出一些在工程实践中比较有用的结论,可为地震勘探拖曳系统设计提供参考.     

IMU/DGPS在海洋独立岛屿测量中的应用分析

在传统海洋航空摄影测量中,由于外业控制点和航线连接点的选取困难,使大比例尺独立岛屿的测量精度无法保证.将IMU/DGPS在海洋航空摄影测量中加以运用,通过无控或稀少控制的辅助空中三角测量解算方法,探讨在大比例尺独立岛屿测量中的控制点布设要求,为海岛(礁)的外业控制点布设提供参考.     

Remote and synoptic water-wave measurements by aerial photography: A model, experimental results, and an application

Aerial photography can be an important source of information regarding surface waves and oceanic features that affect the propagation of these waves. This correspondence briefly reviews the parameters involved in aerial photography of coherent trains of surface waves, including the effects of water reflectance, waves, and sun and cloud conditions, on wave imaging in aerial photos. It also describes an analytical model of the specular reflection of sunlight by surface waves, together with experimental results from an outdoor wave facility. Analytical expressions are derived for the accuracy of wavelength measurements using aerial photos of waves in the glitter pattern. Further, it treats wave slope determination from aerial photos of idealized waves and presents experimental results from an outdoor wave facility. The application of remote synoptic surface flow determination by imaging of surface waves is briefly discussed.     

Seasonal and inter-annual variation in occurrence and biomass of rooted macrophytes and drift algae in shallow bays

Submerged rooted macrophytes and drift algae were studied in shallow (0–1 m) brackish soft-bottom bays in the Åland Islands, N Baltic Sea, in 1997–2000. The study was performed by aerial photography and ground-truth sampling and the compatibility of the methods was evaluated. The study provided quantitative results on seasonal and inter-annual variation in growth, distribution and biomass of submerged macrophytes and drift algae.On an average, 18 submerged macrophyte species occurred in the studied bays. The most common species, by weight and occurrence, were Chara aspera, Cladophora glomerata, Pilayella littoralis and Potamogeton pectinatus. Filamentous green algae constituted 45–70% of the biomass, charophytes 25–40% and vascular plants 3–18%. A seasonal pattern with a peak in biomass in July–August was found and the mean biomass was negatively correlated with exposure. There were statistically significant differences in coverage among years, and among levels of exposure. The coverage was highest when exposure was low. Both sheltered and exposed bays were influenced by drift algae (30 and 60% occurrence in July–August) and there was a positive correlation between exposure and occurrence of algal accumulations. At exposed sites, most of the algae had drifted in from other areas, while at sheltered ones they were mainly of local origin.Data obtained by aerial photography and ground-truth sampling showed a high concordance, but aerial photography gave a 9% higher estimate than the ground-truth samples. The results can be applied in planning of monitoring and management strategies for shallow soft-bottom areas under potential threat of drift algae.     

中国第四次北极科学考察期间北极点附近海冰和融池的航空遥感观测

An aerial photography has been used to provide validation data on sea ice near the North Pole where most polar orbiting satellites cannot cover. This kind of data can also be used as a supplement for missing data and for reducing the uncertainty of data interpolation. The aerial photos are analyzed near the North Pole collected during the Chinese national arctic research expedition in the summer of 2010(CHINARE2010). The result shows that the average fraction of open water increases from the ice camp at approximately 87°N to the North Pole, resulting in the decrease in the sea ice. The average sea ice concentration is only 62.0% for the two flights(16 and 19 August 2010). The average albedo(0.42) estimated from the area ratios among snow-covered ice,melt pond and water is slightly lower than the 0.49 of HOTRAX 2005. The data on 19 August 2010 shows that the albedo decreases from the ice camp at approximately 87°N to the North Pole, primarily due to the decrease in the fraction of snow-covered ice and the increase in fractions of melt-pond and open-water. The ice concentration from the aerial photos and AMSR-E(The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-Earth Observing System) images at 87.0°–87.5°N exhibits similar spatial patterns, although the AMSR-E concentration is approximately 18.0%(on average) higher than aerial photos. This can be attributed to the 6.25 km resolution of AMSR-E, which cannot separate melt ponds/submerged ice from ice and cannot detect the small leads between floes. Thus, the aerial photos would play an important role in providing high-resolution independent estimates of the ice concentration and the fraction of melt pond cover to validate and/or supplement space-borne remote sensing products near the North Pole.     

利用ADS40相机快速生成正射影像图的方法研究

介绍了ADS40相机快速生成正射影像图的方法,即利用高精度POS设备能直接定向测图的特点,省去空三T序,利用POS解算出的外方位元素和自动提取的DEM进行正射影像纠正,结合实际生产项目对成图精度进行了分析。试验结果表明,ADS40相机应用于航测生产可大幅度缩短成图周期,利用本文的生产方法可以满足正射影像图精度要求,并节省大量时问,适用于应急测绘保障。     

基于多源数据的福建东山岛海岸侵蚀及其不同时空尺度成因分析

海岸侵蚀对海岛紧缺的陆地资源及旅游价值较大的沙滩危害巨大。基于卫星遥感、有人航空摄影、无人机航测、GPS和现场调查等多源数据,利用GIS分析了东山岛海岸线类型、位置与长度变化及滩面冲蚀演变。研究表明,东山岛多处曲折自然岸线转化为较为平直的人工岸线致使整体岸线长度减少,无人机高程反演满足滩面排水冲蚀监测精度要求,乌礁湾和山南湾不同养殖排水方式形成不同特征的滩面冲沟,改变了沙滩微地貌形态。海平面上升和台风风暴潮是长期趋势性和短期突发性侵蚀因素的代表,当前短时间尺度的人类活动已成为滩面冲蚀的最主要因素,且有可能转变为长期趋势性因素。     

基于ADS40无控条件的海岛礁地形测量方法研究

针对远离大陆的海岛礁地形测绘与高程基准转换困难的问题,基于ADS40航摄系统获取远离大陆的海岛礁区域遥感影像,按照GPS差分无地面控制点的空中三角测量模式实现海岛礁的地理定位,选择高精度的卫星测高模型实现海岛礁区域的高程基准转换。在某海域进行了ADS40测量作业与高程基准转换试验,结果表明,无地面控制点空中三角测量的平面精度达到0.587m;基于卫星测高模型进行垂直基准转换的精度与同步验潮水位观测法得到的高程传递精度相当。     

Assessing the extent of mangrove change caused by Cyclone Vance in the eastern Exmouth Gulf, northwestern Australia

Changes in mangal area were quantified in the eastern Exmouth Gulf over six years (1999–2004) after Cyclone Vance using Landsat TM satellite imagery and aerial photography. Vance was the strongest tropical cyclone ever to impact the Australian mainland before 2006 and produced wind gusts of more than 280 km h⁻¹. Image data were processed using ENVI™ and IDRISI™ software. Three sets of Landsat TM images from 1999 (a few days before the cyclone), 2002 and 2004 were used, along with 2004 digital aerial photography. A ‘common’ subset of 904 km² was selected from all images and classification was developed using ISODATA™ unsupervised classification to identify spectrally distinct areas followed by principal component analysis (PCA), vegetation indices and supervised classification. Some 12,800 ha of mangrove habitat was present before the cyclone and approximately 5700 ha (44%) was removed by it. Most mangroves lost (74%) between 1999 and 2004 were converted either to bare sediment or to live saltmarshes and this occurred mostly between 1999 and 2002. Five basic categories of damage were conspicuous from imagery and field observations, and evidence suggests that much of the loss was due to the longer term consequences of sediment deposition or smothering, rather than the immediate effects of wind or waves. Mangroves exhibited accelerated recovery between 2002 and 2004, and around 1580 ha regenerated during this time, amounting to a return of 68% of their former coverage. At this recovery rate we estimate that they should have returned to their pre-cyclone area by 2009. Over half of the saltmarsh habitats (54%) were removed by the cyclone (4060 ha) but their recovery has been far more rapid than mangroves. After 5 years, saltmarshes had returned to 87% of their previous area. The 5700 ha of mangrove habitat damaged by Cyclone Vance exceeds any anthropogenic impact that has ever taken place in Western Australia by several orders of magnitude.