内蒙古区域模式三维变分中背景场误差协方差结构特征分析

背景场误差协方差矩阵的统计是资料同化的重点工作。文章利用NMC方法对内蒙古区域模式2017年7月和2018年2月各月的预报场进行背景场误差协方差矩阵的统计,通过对重新统计背景场误差协方差矩阵的特征、单点试验及预报效果进行分析。结果表明:内蒙古夏季和冬季控制变量的特征向量变化特征相似,但由于天气系统的影响而有所差别;夏季和冬季各控制变量在各模态上的特征值都随着模态数的增加而快速减小,冬季误差模态振幅要小于夏季,这主要是由于影响内蒙古夏季的天气系统较多,天气过程较冬季复杂;对模式贡献越小的特征向量,其特征长度尺度也越小,影响的范围也越小;单点试验验证了应用本地资料重新统计的背景场误差协方差矩阵的合理性。对暴雨个例的数值模拟试验表明:应用本地化背景场误差协方差同化后模拟的强降水范围和强度均得到明显改善,降水模拟更接近实况。说明本地化后的背景场误差协方差对模式预报具有一定的改进作用,在三维变分同化系统中,背景场误差协方差的重新统计工作十分必要。     

GRAPES全球三维变分同化系统--基本设计方案与理想试验

中国气象局数值预报研究中心开发了一个全球和区域统一框架的格点三维变分资料同化系统(GRAPES3D-Var).作者给出全球版本的方案设计,采用单点观测试验检验方案设计的合理性和正确性.全球方案选择流函数、速度势、非平衡高度和相对湿度作为分析求解的控制变量,用线性平衡方程作为质量场和风场的动力约束,通过预调方法解决背景误差协方差矩阵阶数过大和难以求逆的问题,其中垂直变换和物理变换以及观测算子设计等方面与区域方案相同,但预调的水平变换采用球谐函数谱滤波表示背景误差协方差的水平相关模型,避免了递归滤波在高纬和极区因相关尺度过大无法实施的问题.另外,设计了一个使极区插值和差分计算完全闭合的网格以及相应的算法,解决了极点分析问题.单点观测理想试验结果表明,GRAPES 3D-Var系统能够合理给出全球任何地区的分析.     

背景误差协方差变量平衡特征及其对台风同化和预报的影响

构造合理的背景场误差协方差是做好资料同化的关键。分析了背景误差协方差中变量相关关系在台风季节和非台风季节隐含的不同动力平衡特征,并讨论其对台风同化和预报的影响。分析发现,与非台风季节相比,在台风季节温度与非平衡速度势具有更强的动力相关性,拟相对湿度与其他控制变量的相关性也更显著。这些动力相关性在背景场误差中协方差的引入,将在同化分析过程中使得观测信息可以合理地对同化分析场产生影响。台风循环同化和预报的结果验证了对变量平衡特征的分析:背景误差协方差中新平衡关系的建立,对同化和预报有较大的正面影响,尤其是相对湿度和其他控制变量相关的建立,明显改善了台风路径、强度和降水的预报效果。      

大气风温湿垂直观测网资料快速更新混合同化试验研究

基于WRF预报模式、WRFDA Hybrid集合变分同化系统和ETKF方法,构建了面向城市气象观测网数据的快速更新混合同化系统。针对北京地区地基微波辐射计和风廓线雷达组网观测资料数据同化,开展了静态背景误差调整因子(特征长度尺度因子和方差因子)、局地化距离和集合权重系数4个重要参数敏感性试验研究。试验结果表明：当温度、相对湿度、u风和v风的特征长度尺度因子和方差因子分别调整为0.7/1.0、1.0/1.0、0.7/1.0和0.7/1.0,局地化距离和集合权重系数分别调整为11.2 km和0.5时,快速更新混合同化系统的分析场均方根误差最小。为对比三种常用同化方案,开展了默认参数混合同化、最优参数混合同化、三维变分同化对比试验,试验结果表明：在针对北京地区地基微波辐射计和风廓线雷达组网观测资料的快速更新同化预报试验中,混合同化方案表现优于三维变分,同时相对于默认参数混合同化方案,最优参数混合同化方案的风场、温度及湿度的分析场和预报场得到了进一步改善：风温湿的分析场均方根误差分别最大降低了13%、19%和5%,12～24 h预报场的均方根误差分别最大降低了2%、12%和5%。     

GRAPES非静力数值预报模式的三维变分资料同化系统的发展

为了减少分析变量与模式状态变量之间的插值误差,改善业务预报模式的初值质量,在GRAPES等压面三维变分资料同化系统的基础上,研究发展了针对GRAPES区域模式的非静力模式变量三维变分资料同化系统(GRAPES m3DVAR).该资料同化系统的垂直坐标及其分析变量的水平分布格式、垂直跳点方案与GRAPES预报模式保持完全一致.由于垂直坐标的变化和非静力关系,m3DVAR分析系统中设计了求解动力学约束方程的新方案.通过有效的高精度数学方案,避免了地形追随坐标下平衡方程的非线性项造成的复杂计算,有效解决了非静力平衡条件下求解平衡方程中非线性项的切线性方程和伴随方程引起的困难.重新构造各种观测算子,并考虑了质量场和风场之间的平衡约束关系、背景误差协方差结构,实现对探空、地面资料、船舶报等常规观测的同化.理想单点试验和实际资料的多变量资料同化分析结果表明,非静力模式变量三维变分资料同化系统能够正确地描写多变量之间的相互作用以及物理约束关系,分析结果合理,能够有效减少原等压面三维变分资料同化系统的分析与模式变量之间需要相互插值、变换产生的误差,在一定程度上提高了分析场质量,对预报模式的初值具有一定改善.     

GSI同化系统的背景误差协方差特征及对预报的影响

在同化系统中使用更合理的背景误差协方差对于得到更良好的同化效果至关重要。首先采用NMC方法针对中国区域构建更适合WRF-ARW区域预报系统的B矩阵,并对比分析了其与GSI同化系统预设的NCEP预报系统的B矩阵在分析变量间的平衡关系、分析控制变量的标准差、水平和垂直特征尺度等方面的特征差异。参照这些特征差异设计单点观测试验、背景误差协方差调优参数敏感性试验,确定针对中国区域构建B矩阵的最佳调优参数。并讨论其对一次季风低压强降水天气过程的循环同化和预报效果的影响。结果表明,采用最佳调优参数使用针对中国区域构建B矩阵的试验(Sen6)对V风分量场和相对湿度场的预报性能改进显著,同时也引出了GSI同化系统背景误差协方差参数调优(尤其是水平特征尺度参数调整)的两难问题。在此基础上,采用Hybrid同化方法使用针对中国区域构建B矩阵的循环同化试验(Hyb3)可以进一步改善预报效果,并在一定程度上修正个例模拟雨带的位置。      

江西区域多元变量背景误差协方差特征分析

江西省暴雨灾害频繁发生,改善同化系统性能是提高数值天气预报水平的有效手段,构建合理的背景误差协方差是做好资料同化的关键工作。基于WRF模式的江西区域一个月控制预报为样本,计算得到多元变量相关的背景误差协方差,分析其平衡约束特征、特征值、特征向量以及特征长度尺度。结果表明,江西区域模式层中的低层和高层风场辐合、辐散分量的作用更大,各个变量对水汽场的贡献也集中在低层和高层,其中温度场起主导作用;模式层高层温度场的模拟效果偏差,各个变量的垂直相关性较大;相较于风场,温度场和水汽场在水平方向影响范围小,具有较强的局地性。     

全球资料同化中误差协方差三维结构的准确估计与应用Ⅱ:背景误差协方差调整与数值试验分析

利用NMC方法针对背景误差协方差的方差、三维相关与特征长度来揭示T213L31模式的误差主要特点,并与传统更新矢量方法的计算结果进行了对比与调整。结果表明NMC方法结果与更新矢量方法结果在大体特征上基本吻合,但细节上的差异不可忽视,特别是对背景误差方差与特征长度的估计存在显著的差异,其主要原因是NMC方法倾向于高估天气尺度波的背景误差,而低估次天气尺度到中尺度波的背景误差。通过对背景误差方差、特征长度的调整,显著改善了背景误差功率谱的分布特点,使得NMC方法结果与更新矢量方法结果更为吻合。通过三维变分同化与最优插值中观测与背景误差相对重要性的比较,发现两者结果基本一致,但三维变分同化在850 hPa以下的温度场和300 hPa以上的风场统计结果都表现出背景误差相对于观测误差偏小的特点。背景误差相对于观测误差偏小有助于保证分析场中质量场与风场平衡,消除了大气底层和高层质量场与风场不匹配现象。在数值试验中,针对不同的背景误差均方差与特征长度的特点,分析了分析增量和预报效果的差异,结果表明,准确的背景误差估计与优化工作改善了预报效果,使得北半球三维变分同化的120 h预报效果整体好于现有最优插值。     

背景场误差样本模拟对同化及数值预报效果的影响北大核心CSCD

合理估计背景场误差协方差矩阵(B)是做好变分同化的关键环节。利用控制变量随机扰动法(RandomCV)、增长模繁殖法(BGM)及NMC法等3种背景场样本模拟方法,基于WRFDA系统计算B矩阵,对B矩阵的特征及其对同化预报效果的影响进行了研究。B矩阵的特征分析和单点观测试验表明,NMC法与RandomCV法得到的B矩阵误差方差较大,在同化中观测的权重更大;RandomCV法得到的B矩阵,背景场误差中变量的长度尺度更大,说明同化中观测的水平影响范围更大。连续循环同化和预报试验表明:应用RandomCV法计算得到的B矩阵分析与预报的效果明显优于系统自带的以及BGM法得到的B矩阵,且效果与NMC法相当与NMC方法相比,采用RandomCV方法产生背景场样本具有时间和人力成本相对低的优点。     

一个用于气候模式的三维变分资料同化系统——方案设计及检验

介绍了一种适合格点模式的三维变分同化方案,并应用于中国科学院大气物理研究所的9层大气环流格点模式（IAP9L2°×2.5°-AGCM）中。同化方案考虑质量场和风场的动力约束关系,并通过变量变换将模式变量转化为互不相关的控制变量：流函数、非平衡速度势、非平衡位势和比湿;同时采用共轭梯度法求解代价函数避免了直接计算背景误差协方差矩阵逆的困难。通过理想试验、模式连续同化积分试验以及对东亚地区特殊寒潮天气的同化试验,结果表明：该系统能够正确反应多变量之间的相互关系,并且长时间运行稳定,更重要的是同化不仅可以明显改善直接参与同化的物理量,而且经过模式的动力调整也改善了未参与同化的物理量（如海平面气压、近地面气温、降水等）,这为大气的持续性信息存储于陆面物理量提供了可能,从而可为IAP9L2°×2.5°-AGCM提供陆—气相协调的初始场。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.