三峡工程运行对鄱阳湖水位影响试验

三峡工程运行改变了长江中下游水沙情势,影响了鄱阳湖湖区水位,造成了水资源利用、水质、湿地和生态等方面的新问题.实测日水位资料分析认为:湖区水位年内变化可分为低水、涨水、顶托倒灌和退水4个阶段;顶托倒灌阶段湖区水位基本由长江干流控制,另外3个阶段湖区水位受湖口流量和长江干流的共同影响,受影响程度与水位站位置、湖口流量和长江干流相互作用强弱有关;三峡工程运行没有改变鄱阳湖水位"高水湖相、低水河相"的基本特征,但对水位造成了一定影响.开展物理模型试验探索三峡工程运行对湖区水位的影响程度,结果表明:蓄水期三峡工程运行造成湖区水位降幅较大,枯水年都昌站平均(最大)降幅为0.94 m(2.58 m),枯水年湖区水面面积减小68%;增泄期会增加湖区水位,都昌水位最大增幅约1 m,平水年湖区面积增加约32%;枯水期三峡工程运行对鄱阳湖水位基本无影响.     

呼伦湖水位、盐度变化(1961-2002年)

为重建水文资料缺乏的呼伦湖流域的水文、水质序列,本研究基于长期的气象观测记录,采用彭曼公式估计了湖泊的水面蒸发,并建立一个两参数月水量平衡模型模拟湖周的入流,通过水量平衡计算．建立了42年(1961-2002)的呼伦湖区水量变化序列,并模拟了湖泊月水量、水位、含盐度的变化．模拟的水位、含盐度变化趋势与实际比较接近,模拟精度较好,其误差在可以接受范围内.所重建的42年呼伦湖区水文、含盐度序列,可为该区域的水资源评价管理、开发利用提供科学依据.     

湖北省平原湖区洪水分析和防洪对策

针对湖北省平原湖区特定的自然地理和气候特点,以及防洪能力较低、易遭受洪水灾害等特点,从地情、雨情、水情、灾情等方面,对平原湖区的洪水进行分析。同时,从防洪排涝、工程治理和调度应用,合理利用湖泊水资源,农业区域水利规划,充分发挥现有水利设施排涝效益等亟待解决的问题出发,提出防洪、排涝对策。     

太湖水情特征

根据太湖湖区及环湖河道主要测站的历年水文气象资料,分析探讨了太湖的径流、水位、增减水现象和河湖流向等水情特征,为合理利用和保护湖泊水资源提供依据。     

东、南洞庭湖的径流、泥沙特征及冲淤规律

通过实地调查并对1957年以来水文、泥沙观测资料做系统分析和计算,探讨东、南洞庭湖出、入湖水量、沙量的年际和年内变化特征,以及长江下荆江段裁弯对湖区径流和泥沙的影响。提出了湖区泥沙汛淤枯冲的变化规律及水位升降与湖区泥沙冲淤的关系;论证了丰、平、枯年湖区淤积严重,面积日益缩小对径流的调节作用正在减弱。     

马湖水资源的初步分析

详细阐述了马湖的地理位置、湖盆形态、流域水系特征及湖区自然概况。从研究水资源的角度出发,实测了水下地形,并进行了湖水的水量平衡分析计算。分析湖水的理化特性,包括:水色、透明度、温度、溶解性气体、pH值、营养物质、矿化度和水型等,并根据其水资源特点,提出了开发和综合利用的措施。     

鄱阳湖水质现状及变化趋势

根据鄱阳湖1990年监测资料,对水质污染现状进行分析,同时利用1981—1990年资料,分析了水质变化趋势。分析表明:湖体、河口水质均属较清洁水或尚清洁水。但是,随着入湖污染负荷量的增加,湖区水体污染呈上升趋势,宜引起有关部门高度重视。     

太湖不同富营养水平湖区轮虫季节变化的比较

2003年10月-2004年9月对太湖不同富营养水平湖区(太湖大太湖湖区、梅梁湾和五里湖)轮虫的季节变化进行了研究.五里湖营养水平最高,太湖大太湖湖区最低;轮虫的种类数、数量和生物量都是五里湖最高,太湖大太湖湖区最低.回归分析表明,轮虫数量与总氮和叶绿素a浓度呈显著正相关;轮虫生物量与叶绿素a浓度呈极显著正相关.结果表明,太湖三个湖区轮虫群落结构显著不同,同时表明太湖水体富营养化对轮虫的群落结构有明显的影响.     

柴达木盆地水资源开发与生态环境保护浅析

根据柴达木盆地水资源的形成与分布,结合盆地水资源时空分布不均匀性,分析了盆地水资源开发利用现状,探讨了地表水、地下水开发利用模式,对盆地的生态环境现状和人类对水资源的开发利用不当而引起的一系列环境问题,提出了进一步加强对水资源的保护,调整农业种植结构,提高人们节约用水意识,加强对现有荒漠沙生植被的保护,科学合理利用有限的水资源,使人与自然和谐发展,促进盆地经济建设和生态环境可持续发展。     

鄱阳湖水利枢纽工程施工和运行对湖区及尾闾洪水动力的影响

鄱阳湖是长江水系中的两大通江湖泊之一,在调节长江水位、涵养水源、改善当地气候和维护周围地区生态平衡等方面都起着巨大的作用。鄱阳湖水利枢纽的修建可能导致湖泊水文情势和水动力的变化。本文基于MIKE 21构建鄱阳湖二维水动力模型,选取1954年和1998年特大洪水年以及1991年长江倒灌年作为运行期的典型年,选取1995年作为施工期典型年,按照规划中的鄱阳湖水利枢纽工程施工及运行调度方案,计算水利枢纽修建前后鄱阳湖水位和流量的变化,定量分析枢纽工程对长江干流、鄱阳湖湖区及尾闾附近洪水动力的影响。结果表明:不同典型年鄱阳湖水利枢纽对长江干流、湖区及尾闾的洪水动力影响相似,其中洪水期、倒灌期及施工期一期对长江防洪、湖区及尾闾附近的影响较小,施工期二期湖区水位壅高幅度最高达0.237 m,对鄱阳湖湖区及尾闾附近防洪有一定影响;枢纽工程对星子、都昌、康山等湖区水文站水位影响幅度较为接近,且越靠近尾闾,影响越小。整体而言,鄱阳湖水利枢纽的修建会导致洪水年鄱阳湖湖区水位壅高,倒灌期湖区水位降低,湖区流速降低,但变化幅度均较小,故枢纽工程施工期和运行期对汛期行洪影响不大。     

从经济损失中评估水资源的价值

This paper has calculated the economic losses resulted from water pollution within the district of south Jiangsu Province of Taihu Lake water system in industry, agriculture, drinking, fishery and tourism. It has also evaluated the value of the water resources in the district by a value-function loss model. A new method of natural resources evaluation has been put forward in the paper and a new way in which natural resources can be priced reasonably has been discussed as well.     

云南高原湖泊的开发与保护

介绍了云南高原湖泊的形成演化,重点论述其在云南社会、经济发展中的地位,分析了湖泊不合理开发带来的不良生态后果,并提出了一些建议。     

基于模拟优化与正交试验的库塘联合灌溉系统水资源调控

依托灌溉试验站田间降水-作物耗水-土壤水相互转化的长序列试验成果,构建灌区田间尺度水量蓄-耗-灌-排全过程的水资源模拟模块,结合系统仿真方法,建立库塘联合灌溉系统水量分配仿真模拟模型,以保障灌区基本需水(包括农村生活需水与生态环境需水)供水安全前提下的经济效益最大化为目标,运用正交试验选优原理,构建了库塘联合灌溉系统水资源优化调控模型,形成了基于仿真模拟与正交试验优化的库塘联合灌溉系统水资源优化调控技术体系,并应用于巢湖流域大官塘水库灌区,明确了灌区合理的工程布局规格与规模,确定了适宜的节水灌溉技术模式与灌溉制度,制定了塘坝和水库科学的调度规则,提出了具有可操作性的作物种植结构调整规则,提高了灌区径流拦蓄利用率,提升了塘坝和水库年际调蓄供水能力,增强了抗旱减灾能力,为巢湖流域水库灌区综合治理、库塘联合灌区水量分配方案、水库和塘坝调度规则及作物灌溉制度等地制定提供理论依据.     

太湖流域省市边界圩区建设问题初探

太湖流域的苏、浙、沪边界地区地处太湖流域下游,地势低洼,水网纵横,是太湖流域洪涝威胁最严重和水环境恶化地区,同时因为地处省市行政区边界,水利矛盾极为突出.解决好边界圩区问题,有利于减轻流域洪涝灾害,促进水资源保护,水环境恢复.本文分析了太湖流域二省一市边界圩区的发展历史和现状,归纳了边界圩区的格局和特点.考虑到防洪、水资源、水环境的影响,从圩区面积、圩内水面率和圩堤线长度几个方面对边界圩区做了研究,给出了边界圩区合适的圩区规模和圩内排涝动力,在此基础上,就边界圩区的建设提出了建议.研究表明,边界圩区的理想规模是400-533hm2,排涝模数为0.83m3/(s·km2).圩区建设应该局部服从整体利益,采用有效的协商机制解决边界圩区的矛盾.     

南昌市区地下水与地下水地源热泵系统

南昌市区地下浅部广泛分布有第四系砂砾石孔隙地下水,水量丰富,大部分地方水质较好,地下水的这些性质符合地下水水源热泵系统用水水源的要求。近年来南昌市区地下水地源热泵系统已陆续使用,但经验较少,回灌技术不成熟,监测和管理工作尚不到位和完善,现阶段热泵系统应以局部试用为好,在试用中做好与热泵系统使用有关的水文地质勘察和水资源论证、地下水回灌、热泵用水和地下水定期监测以及地下水地源热泵系统行政管理等各项工作,逐渐积累经验,使今后热泵系统使用地下水真正做到高效、安全和环保。     

Optimizing layout of pumping well in irrigation district for groundwater sustainable use in northwest China

Optimizing layout of pumping well plays a vital role in curbing the groundwater level decline. A novel optimization model is presented in this study. First, the optimal well number is obtained by taking into account factors of local economy and environment based on nonlinear programming model. Then, the well spatial layout assessment model is attained based on information entropy weight and technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS). After that, the relative closeness to positive ideal solution of alternative (c_i) on the rationality of well spatial layout in cultivated land is calculated, and a set of alternatives are ranked according to the descending order of c_i. Finally, the well optimization layout is obtained by combining the optimal well number with well spatial layout assessment result based on the GIS data of pumping wells. As a case study, this method was applied in Yongchang Irrigation District of Shiyang River Basin, the arid region of northwest China. Results show that under the conditions of sustainable use of water resources, the irrigation district needed 724 wells for irrigation, with a decrease of 31.0% when compared with the existing number of wells. The wells with low flow rate and operating efficiency distributed in high density where groundwater is over‐exploitation were recommended to be closed. This well optimization layout method is expected to play a significant role in helping make plans for exploiting groundwater at more sustainable level, curbing the groundwater level decline trend, and improving the local ecological environment. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evolutionary multiobjective optimization in water resources: The past,present, and future

This study contributes a rigorous diagnostic assessment of state-of-the-art multiobjective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs) and highlights key advances that the water resources field can exploit to better discover the critical tradeoffs constraining our systems. This study provides the most comprehensive diagnostic assessment of MOEAs for water resources to date, exploiting more than 100,000 MOEA runs and trillions of design evaluations. The diagnostic assessment measures the effectiveness, efficiency, reliability, and controllability of ten benchmark MOEAs for a representative suite of water resources applications addressing rainfall–runoff calibration, long-term groundwater monitoring (LTM), and risk-based water supply portfolio planning. The suite of problems encompasses a range of challenging problem properties including (1) many-objective formulations with four or more objectives, (2) multi-modality (or false optima), (3) nonlinearity, (4) discreteness, (5) severe constraints, (6) stochastic objectives, and (7) non-separability (also called epistasis). The applications are representative of the dominant problem classes that have shaped the history of MOEAs in water resources and that will be dominant foci in the future. Recommendations are given for the new algorithms that should serve as the benchmarks for innovations in the water resources literature. The future of MOEAs in water resources needs to emphasize self-adaptive search, new technologies for visualizing tradeoffs, and the next generation of computing technologies.     

近40年洞庭湖区内湖水面面积变化及其驱动因素

选择1979-2016年间多时期、多类型、多光谱遥感数据,分析评价洞庭湖区内湖近40年的面积变化.结果表明,最近40年洞庭湖区内湖面积保持相对稳定,丰水期间呈上升趋势,枯水期间波动下降,2016年内湖总面积比1980s初减少3.94%.随着湖泊面积增加,湖泊水面面积变化的比例和幅度逐渐减小,大型湖泊（>10 km²）和中型湖泊（5~10 km²）面积相对稳定,小型内湖（<5 km²）面积变化尤为剧烈.内湖水面面积主要受降雨、蒸发等气候因素和生产生活取水、防洪排涝和退田还湖等人为活动调控.1980-2000年和2001-2015年两个时期,洞庭湖区多年平均降雨量呈现不同程度的下降趋势,多年平均蒸发量明显上升.三峡工程运行后,三口分流衰减,但水资源需求量不断增长,退田还湖和留蓄雨洪作为水资源使得丰水期间内湖水面面积增长,气候变化和水资源开发利用导致枯水期水面面积趋于减少.有必要加强洞庭湖区内湖的研究和保护,适当退田还湖提高湖泊率,优化三口水系格局,实施河湖水系连通工程,缓解洞庭湖区季节性水资源紧张问题.     

地下水超采区井水位非前兆异常分析

根据地下水过量开采的现状,结合每一个观测井所处的地质环境以及井区的水文地质条件、观测系统等因素,对超采地下水造成井水位非前兆异常特征的普遍性与个性进行研究。结果表明,这类非前兆异常与含水层状态密切相关,变化幅度大,空间上不集中,时间上不丛集,一般为单个变化,个性特征较明显。     

Optimal design of hydroelectric projects in Uttara Kannada,India

Abstract

The planning of water resources depends on the type and size of projects, the ecological factors involved, etc. Emphasis is placed on presenting an overview of water resources through meteorological, hydrological, ecological and economic data. Economic data include all costs and benefits, specifically those hitherto under estimated, environmental social costs and benefits. This study was carried out on the Bedthi and Aghnashini rivers in the Uttara Kannada district of the Western Ghats region, Karnataka State, India. It is estimated that 720 and 510 million kWh of electricity can be generated in Bedthi and Aghnashini River basins, respectively, if all the streams are harnessed. Focusing on land submergence impact, a model is proposed to minimize submergence and maximize net energy in a region with seasonal power generation, reservoir storage capacity (to meet the region's demand during all seasons) and installed generation capacity as the decision variables. Net energy analyses incorporating biomass energy lost in submergence show that maximization in net energy at a site is possible if the hydroelectric generation capacity is adjusted according to the seasonal variations in the river's water discharge. A Decision Support System (DSS) used for optimal design of hydroelectric projects in Uttara Kannada district is discussed.