超大城市热岛效应的季节变化特征及其年际差异

本文以超大城市上海为例,分析了近50年四季城郊温差的总体变化趋势,同时利用城市化进程中4个年份(1987、1990、1997和2004年)9个气象站的气温数据,重点研究了上海地区热岛效应的季节变化特征及年际差异.结果表明,近50年来上海城郊温差逐年显著增长,年平均热岛天数频率为86.0%,年平均热岛强度为1.17 ℃,秋季热岛频率和强度高于其他季节,累积热岛强度也最大.不同时刻热岛的特征表明,夜间热岛(2∶00,20∶00时刻)累积强度在四季都较大,在春、夏季14∶00时刻热岛累积强度较大,而在秋、冬季8∶00时刻热岛累积强度较大.进一步分析表明,热岛效应的四季差异主要在于较强热岛和强热岛出现频率的差异;秋季大气最稳定的F类型比例较高可能是热岛效应更加显著的原因之一.四个年份对比分析表明,1997年之前的三个年份,热岛效应的四季差异比较显著.之后,随着年代的推移,四季累积热岛强度逐渐趋于均化,并且夏季低强度热岛有向中强热岛和强热岛转化的趋势,一定程度上反映了夏季人为热的贡献.     

The diurnal and seasonal characteristics of urban heat island variation in Beijing city and surrounding areas and impact factors based on remote sensing satellite data

Based on the land surface temperature (LST), the land cover classification map,vegetation coverage, and surface evapotranspiration derived from EOS-MODIS satellite data, and by the use of GIS spatial analytic technique and multivariate statistical analysis method, the urban heat island (UHI) spatial distribution of the diurnal and seasonal variabilities and its driving forces are studied in Beijing city and surrounding areas in 2001. The relationships among UHI distribution and landcover categories, topographic factor, vegetation greenness, and surface evapotranspiration are analyzed. The results indicate that: (i) The significant UHI occur in Beijing city areas in the four seasons due to high heat capacity and multi-reflection of compression building, as well as with special topographic features of its three sides surrounded by mountains,especially in the summer. The UHI spatial distribution is corresponding with the urban geometry structure profile. The LST difference is approximately 4-6℃ between Beijing city and suburb areas, comparatively is 8- 10℃ between Beijing city area and outer suburb area in northwestern regions. (ii) The UHI distribution and intensity in daytime are different from nighttime in Beijing city area, the nighttime UHI is obvious. However, in the daytime, the significant UHI mainly appears in the summer, the autumn takes second place, and the UHI in the winter and the spring seem not obvious. The surface evapotranspiration in suburb areas is larger than that in urban areas in the summer, and high latent heat exchange is evident, which leads to LST difference between city area and suburb area. (iii) The reflection of surface landcover categories is sensitive to the UHI, the correlation between vegetation greenness and UHI shows obviously negative.The scatterplot shows that there is the negative correlation between NDVI and LST (R2 = 0.6481).The results demonstrate that the vegetation greenness is an important factor for reducing the UHI,and large-scale construction of greenbelts can considerably reduce the UHI effect.     

近10年来北京夏季城市热岛的变化及环境效应的分析研究

根据1993～2003年北京地区气象台站7、8月的温度资料,分析研究了近10年来北京夏季城市热岛的变化及其环境效应.结果表明：北京夏季城市热岛的水平范围扩大到近郊区和远郊区的通州,分布特征也由“单中心”转变为“多中心”;平均热岛强度呈逐渐增强趋势,在夏季出现了强热岛;北京夏季出现热岛和强热岛的天数激增,7月最大热岛强度也呈逐年上升趋势;热岛的强度和水平分布都有明显的日变化;由于热岛效应使城区增温显著,北京夏季的高温日（Tmax≥35℃）也逐年增多. 本文还指出朝阳区气象观测站由于周围高大植被的影响,观测资料已不具备城区代表性.同时也证明绿化对降低城市热岛效应是极为有效的.本文的研究成果对北京城市发展和规划有一定的科学参考价值.     

北京城市化进程对城市热岛的影响研究

利用1971～2000年北京20个气象观测站逐日４个时次（02:00、08:00、14:00、20:00）的温度资料,选取具有代表性的城区和郊区多个站点的平均值对北京城市化进程对城市热岛效应的影响、城市热岛强度的日变化和长期变化进行了研究.分析结果指出：（1）北京城市热岛强度和总人口对数呈线性相关关系,其长期变化相关系数为0.76;（2）北京城市建成区的范围与城市热岛影响范围呈同步变化趋势;(3)不同时次城市热岛强度的长期变化指出,北京城市热岛强度以平均每10年0.22℃的速率加剧,其中1999年北京热岛强度达1.13℃（夜间,02:00）;(4)夜间热岛强度明显大于日间.就10年平均而言, 20世纪80年代和90年代夜戒热岛强度均超过0.5℃;(5)一天4个时次热岛强度的季节变化趋势基本一致,均表现为冬季强、夏季弱.并且,夜间02:00时热岛最强,中午14:00时热岛最弱.     

城市化对石家庄站日气温变化的影响

利用1962—2011年逐日平均、最低和最高气温资料,对比分析了石家庄站和藁城站平均、最低和最高气温的概率分布特征.石家庄站是我国少有的自建站以来从未迁址的城市气象站,而附近的藁城站可近似看作乡村气象站.结果表明:城市化致使石家庄站1962—2011年平均、最低和最高气温的概率密度分布向高温方向偏移,其中对最低气温分布的影响尤其明显,对最高气温分布的影响很小;受城市化影响,石家庄站最低气温概率密度分布的高温部分增温比低温部分增温更加明显,最低气温分布形状更加扁平;相对于1962—1986年,1987—2011年石家庄站平均、最低和最高气温概率密度分布均向高温方向偏移,其中最低气温偏移最为明显,并导致1962—2011年整个分析时期最低气温分布出现非正态性;城市化对石家庄站气温分布的影响在冬、春季比夏、秋季更显著,最显著的城市化影响出现在冬季最低气温上;石家庄站基于最低气温的极端气温指数趋势受城市化影响严重,冷夜日数和暖夜日数的城市化影响分别为-1.13 d/10 a、1.48 d/10 a,但基于最高气温的冷昼和暖昼日数等极端气温指数变化趋势受城市化影响不明显.出现这种现象的主要原因是城市化对最低、最高气温分布的影响存在差异.     

Spatial structure and scale feature of the atmospheric pollution source impact of city agglomeration

The spatial structure and multi-scale feature of the atmospheric pollution influence domain of Beijing and its peripheral areas (a rapidly developed city agglomeration) is dissected and analyzed in this paper on the basis of the atmospheric pollution dynamic-chemical process observation data of the urban building ensemble boundary layer of the Beijing City Air Pollution Observation Experiment (BECAPEX) in winter (February) and summer (August) 2003, and relevant meteorological elements and satellite retrieval aerosol optical depth (AOD), etc. comprehensive data with the dynamic-statistical integrated analysis of "point-surface" spatial structure. Results show that there existed significant difference in the contribution of winter/summer different pollution emission sources to the component character of atmospheric pollution, and the principal component analysis (PCA) results of statistical model also indicate that SO2 and NOX dominated in the component structure of winter aerosol particle; instead, CO and NOX dominated in summer. Surface layer atmospheric dynamic and thermal structures and various pollutant species at the upper boundary of building ensembles at urban different observational sites of Beijing in winter and summer showed an "in-phase" variation and its spatial scale feature of "influence domain". The power spectrum analysis (PSA) shows that the period spectrum of winter/summer particle concentration accorded with those of atmospheric wind field: the longer period was dominative in winter, but the shorter period in summer, revealing the impact of the seasonal scale feature of winter/summer atmospheric general circulation on the period of atmospheric pollution variations. It is found that from analyzing urban area thermal heterogeneity that the multiscale effect of Beijing region urban heat island (UHI) was associated with the heterogeneous expansion of tall buildings area. In urban atmospheric dynamical and thermal characteristic spatial structures, the turbulent scale feature of the urban boundary layer (UBL) of architectural complexes had important impact on the multi-scale feature of urban atmospheric pollution. The comprehensive analyses of the variational analysis field of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) AOD-surface PM10 under the condition of clear sky and the correlation resultant wind vector field for pollution source-tracing suggest that the emission sources for winter Beijing atmospheric pollution aerosols particle might be remotely traced to the south peripheral greater-scale spatial range of Hebei, Shandong, Tianjin, etc., and the spatial distribution of the high value area of AOD was associated with that of the high value area of resident family number (heating surface source). The backward trajectory feature of winter/ summer air particles exhibits analogous multi-scale feature, and depicts the difference in the scale feature of the pollution sources spatial distribution in different seasons. The peripheral source trajectory paths of urban atmospheric pollution (UAP) mainly come from the fixed industrial surface source or heating surface source in the outskirt of Beijing, and the diffusion and transport distance of peripheral sources in winter is larger than one in summer. The above conclusions depict the multi-scale spatial influence domain and seasonal features caused by UAP source influence and atmospheric dynamical structure. The high value area of the winter Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) AOD lay in the Beijing region and its south peripheral area, an S-N zonal pattern, which reflects the dynamical effect of peripheral topographic pattern on the diffusion of regional scale atmospheric pollution sources. Study suggests that the extent of winter atmospheric pollution within the "valley" megarelief in Beijing and periphery was close related with the pollution emission sources of the south peripheral area; and the significant "anti-phase" variation feature of winter AOD and sunshine duration in Beijing and its peripheral areas, and regional scale correlation of low cloud cover, fog days, and aerosols reflects the local climatic effect of aerosol influence in this region. Besides, analysis of the impacts of atmospheric dry/wet deposition distributions within a valley-scale on the regional water body of Miyun reservoir also reveals the possible influence of the multi-scale spatial structure of summer water, soil and atmospheric pollution sources on the water quality of Miyun reservoir.     

北京地区夏季城市气候趋势和环境效应的分析研究

本文利用1994～2003年北京市11个气象台站的7、8月夏季常规地面观测资料,并结合中国科学院大气物理研究所325m高铁塔观测资料,分析了近10年的城市化进程对北京市夏季城市气候造成的影响. 结果表明,各气象要素变化都突现了城市化进程的影响：(1)城区相对湿度较郊区明显偏小,呈现一“干岛”特征,且相对湿度呈逐年下降趋势;(2)降水方面,近10年来,北京市的夏季降水量逐年下降非常明显;(3)平均日蒸发量和日照时数城区大于郊区;(4)虽然城区能见度明显小于郊区,但总体来讲,1999年以后,北京地区的能见度趋好;(5)地温同样存在城市热岛现象;(6)北京地区35℃以上高温天数基本呈增多趋势,且城区高温天数明显多于郊区;(7)边界层强逆温的存在有利于城市夏季强热岛的出现.     

巴丹吉林沙漠湖泊季节变化的遥感监测

利用2001年12月28日、2002年3月18日、7月24日、9月26日、12月15日五期ETM+遥感影像,提取了巴丹吉林沙漠湖泊年内季节变化信息,并分析了湖泊季节变化的统计特征与空间分布特征.结果显示,巴丹吉林沙漠湖泊总面积和数量随季节更替呈现出明显的统计特征与空间分布特征.湖泊总面积和数量在当年春、夏、秋、冬季均依...     

淮河流域焦岗湖水质参数时空变化及影响因素

焦岗湖是淮河左岸一个天然湖泊,集防洪、灌溉、养殖、旅游等多种功能于一体.利用焦岗湖4个季节水质监测数据,运用Kriging方法,分析焦岗湖水质参数的时空变化及影响因素.结果表明:由于受水文季节变化过程及人类活动等综合影响,焦岗湖水质参数在时间及空间上均存在一定差异.从时间变化来看,夏季透明度较低、秋季较高;溶解氧浓度在春、冬季显著高于夏、秋季;总氮、总磷浓度与高锰酸盐指数均表现为夏季最高、秋季最低.从空间变化来看,4个季节的透明度空间差异较为显著;溶解氧浓度在春、冬季空间分布较为均匀,夏季呈现中心高周围低的变化趋势,秋季则表现为西高东低;总磷浓度春季分布较为均匀,夏、秋及冬季则呈西高东低之势;高锰酸盐指数在春、秋季节呈现东高西低之势,夏季高浓度主要集中在湖区北部,冬季浓度变化不大.     

北京地区气温的年代际变化和热岛效应

用北京地区20个气象观测站41年(1960~2000年)的年平均气温记录,研究了北京地区的大尺度气温变化及其热岛效应.结果认为,(1)北京地区气温的年际变化具有大尺度的特点,1981年是显著的跃变点,跃变点比跃变前北京地区气温增加了0.55℃,近40年的增温率为0.25℃/10年.(2)北京城市热岛效应具有典型性.1960~2000年北京城市热岛平均强度接近1℃.随着北京城市建设和城市化速度的加快,北京城市热岛强度也在明显地增加,近40年热岛强度的增温率为0.31℃/10年.     

Gravity wave intensity and momentum fluxes in the mesosphere over Shigaraki, Japan (35°N, 136°E) during 1986–1997

Averaged seasonal variations of wind perturbation intensities and vertical flux of horizontal momentum produced by internal gravity waves (IGWs) with periods 0.2/1 h and 1/6 h are studied at the altitudes 65/80 km using the MU radar measurement data from the middle and upper atmosphere during 1986/1997 at Shigaraki, Japan (35°N, 136°E). IGW intensity has maxima in winter and summer, winter values having substantial interannual variations. Mean wave momentum flux is directed to the west in winter and to the east in summer, opposite to the mean wind in the middle atmosphere. Major IGW momentum fluxes come to the mesosphere over Shigaraki from the Pacific direction in winter and continental Asia in summer.     

偏振激光雷达探测的北京地区云的统计特性分析

本文给出了CALIPSO卫星偏振激光雷达自2006年6月至2010年3月间探测的北京地区大气云层的统计特性,并根据理论研究结果对激光雷达探测的云进行了分类,当云的温度低于0℃时发现了过冷水的存在.统计结果表明:温度在0℃以上时,大气中的云大部分为水云;温度在0℃至-25℃之间时,大气中会有过冷水和水平导向的片状晶体的冰云存在;温度低于-45℃时,大气中的云则大部分由随机导向的晶体颗粒组成.最后,本文给出了水云、过冷水和卷云消偏振度、光学厚度和分布高度的季节特性:在夏季和春季时卷云的消偏振度及其高度值要比在冬季和秋季时的值高,并且卷云的高度受到平流层顶高度的调制;水云的消偏振度及高度值在夏季和春季时的值要比在秋季和冬季时的值高;在夏季和秋季时过冷水的高度达到最大值.结果表明:卷云的消偏振度值随着其高度的增加和温度的降低而相应地增加,然而过冷水的消偏振度值却随着其高度的增加而减少.     

Spatial character of the gaseous and particulate state compound correlation of urban atmospheric pollution in winter and summer

The spatial/temporal variation information of atmospheric dynamic-chemical processes at observation site points of the "canopy" boundary of Beijing urban building ensemble and over urban area "surface", as well as the seasonal correlation structure of the gaseous and particulate states of urban atmospheric pollution (UAP) and its seasonal conversion feature at observation points are investigated, using the comprehensive observation data of the Beijing City Air Pollution Observation Experiment (BECAPEX) in winter and summer 2003 with a "point-surface" combined research approach. By using "one dimension spatial empirical orthogonal function (EOF)" principal component analysis (PCA) mode, the seasonal change of gaseous and particulate states of atmospheric aerosols and the association feature of pollutant species under the background of the complicated structure of urban boundary layer (UBL) are analyzed. The comprehensive analyses of the principal components of particle concentrations,gaseous pollutant species, and meteorological conditions reveal the seasonal changes of the complex constituent and structure features of the gaseous and particulate states of UAP to further trace the impact feature of urban aerosol pollution surface sources and the seasonal difference of the component structure of UAP. Research results suggest that in the temporal evolution of the gaseous and particulate states of winter/summer UAP, NOx, CO, and SO2 showed an "in-phase" evolution feature, however, O3 showed an "inverse-phase" relation with other species,all possessing distinctive dependent feature. On the whole, summer concentrations of gaseous pollutants CO, SO2, and NOx were obviously lower than winter ones, especially, the reduction in CO concentration was most distinctive, and ones in SO2 and NOx were next. However, the summer O3 concentration was more than twice winter one. Winter/summer differences in PM10and PM2.5 particle concentrations were relatively not obvious, which indicates that responses of PM10 and PM2.5 particle concentrations to the difference of winter/summer heating period emission sources are far less distinctive than those of NOx, SO2, and CO. The correlation feature of winter/summer gaseous and particulate states depicts that both PM10 and PM2.5 particles were significantly correlated with NOx, and their correlations with NOx are more significant than those with other pollutants. Through PCA, it is found that there was a distinctive difference in the principal component combination structure of winter/summer PM10 and PM2.5 particles: SO2 and NOx dominated in the principal component of winter PM10 and PM2.5 particles; while CO and NOx played the major role in the principal component of summer PM10 and PM2.5 particles. For winter/summer PM10 and PM2.5 particles, there might exist the gaseous and particulate states correlation structures of different "combinations" of such dependent pollutant species. Research results also uncover that the interaction processes of gaseous and particulate states were also related with the vertical structure of UBL, that is to say, the low value layer of UBL O3 concentration was associated with the collocation of atmospheric vertical structures of the low level inversion,inverse humidity, and small wind, which depicts summer boundary layer atmospheric character, i.e.the compound impact of the dependent factor "combination" of wind, temperature, and humidity elements and their collocation structure on the variations of different gaseous pollutant concentrations. Such a depth structure of the extremely low value of O3 concentration in the UBL accords with its "inverse-phase" relation with other gaseous pollutant species. The PCA of meteorological factors associated with PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations also reveals the sensitivity of PM10 and PM2.5 concentration to the combinatory feature of local meteorological conditions.     

Seasonal variations of the Hawaiian Lee Countercurrent induced by the meridional migration of the trade winds

Seasonal variations of the Hawaiian Lee Countercurrent (HLCC) are investigated using satellite observations of sea surface height and wind stress as well as eddy-resolving ocean model simulations. The HLCC is strong from summer to winter and weak in spring between the dateline and the Hawaiian Islands. In response to the seasonal migration of the northeast trade winds in the meridional direction, the wind curl dipole lee of Hawaii varies in strength, exciting westward-propagating Rossby waves. The analyses of both observations and simulations show that the propagation of Rossby waves south of the HLCC, driven by the southern pole of the wind curl dipole in the lee of the islands, contributes the most to the seasonal variations of the HLCC. Unlike the wind-driven seasonal variations, our analysis suggests that other mechanisms such as mode water intrusion or air–sea interaction may cause the interannual variations of the HLCC.     

Seasonal and interannual variations of nitrate and chloride in stream waters related to spatial and temporal patterns of groundwater concentrations in agricultural catchments

Nitrate concentrations in streamwater of agricultural catchments often exhibit interannual variations, which are supposed to result from land‐use changes, as well as seasonal variations mainly explained by the effect of hydrological and biogeochemical cycles. In catchments on impervious bedrock, seasonal variations of nitrate concentrations in streamwater are usually characterized by higher nitrate concentrations in winter than in summer. However, intermediate or inverse cycles with higher concentrations in summer are sometimes observed. An experimental study was carried out to assess the mechanisms that determine the seasonal cycles of streamwater nitrate concentrations in intensive agricultural catchments. Temporal and spatial patterns of groundwater concentrations were investigated in two adjacent catchments located in south‐western Brittany (France), characterized by different seasonal variations of streamwater nitrate concentrations. Wells were drilled across the hillslope at depths ranging from 1·5 to 20 m. Dynamics of the water table were monitored and the groundwater nitrate and chloride concentrations were measured weekly over 2 years. Results highlighted that groundwater was partitioned into downslope domains, where denitrification induced lower nitrate concentrations than into mid‐slope and upslope domains. For one catchment, high subsurface flow with high nitrate concentrations during high water periods and active denitrification during low water periods explained the higher streamwater nitrate concentrations in winter than in summer. For the other catchment, the high contribution of groundwater with high nitrate concentrations smoothed or inverted this trend. Increasing bromide/chloride ratio and nitrate concentrations with depth argued for an effect of past agricultural pressure on this catchment. The relative contribution of flows in time and correlatively the spatial origin of waters, function of the depth and the location on the hillslope, and their chemical characteristics control seasonal cycles of streamwater nitrate concentrations and can influence their interannual trends. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

盐碱池塘浮游动物的群落演替和多样性

于1997年4月5日至1998年9月1日对山东高青赵店乡渔场34个盐碱池浮游动物群落演替及其多样性进行了研究,采集了389个浮游动物定量水样。结果表明,轮虫主要是在夏秋高温季节占主导地位,桡足类在春季和秋末冬初在大部分养鱼池和所有无鱼对照池中占绝对优势,原生动物在养鱼池浮游动物中占相当比重,浮游动物生物量的冬季变动一般都有放养早期的春季生物量峰值和盛夏至初秋的生物量高峰,浮游动物多样性指数的季节变动形式与浮游动物生物量的季节变动不尽相同,其季节变动的总趋势是,冬季最低,春季开始上扬,夏季最高,秋季又开始下降;浮游动物多样性指数在浮游动物生物量峰值时多是低谷,而生物量下降时多样性指数又上升,无鱼对照池和新挖池塘的浮游动物多样性指数和生物量均较一般养鱼池塘的高。     

1960年以来气候变化与人类活动对鄱阳湖流域生态径流改变的影响

基于鄱阳湖流域五河水文站1960-2013年逐日径流量和14个国家级气象站的日气象数据,本文利用长短记忆模型框架构建神经网络模型来开展鄱阳湖流域的径流过程模拟,结合生态赤字与生态盈余等生态径流指标,定量分析了鄱阳湖流域的水文变异特征.同时,利用差异化的情景模拟方式,定量区分了人类活动和气候变化对鄱阳湖流域生态径流变化的...     

湖北金沙河水库浮游植物群落结构及其与水环境因子的关系

为探明长江中游大型水库水质状况,并为饮用水源安全保障提供科学依据,于2013 2014年按季节对湖北红安金沙河水库浮游植物群落结构及其多样性进行调查,并运用多元统计定量分析浮游植物群落结构与环境因子之间的关系.共鉴定出浮游植物8门94属216种,其中绿藻门为优势种群,其种类数占总物种数的51.39%,其次是硅藻门和蓝藻门.金沙河水库优势种随季节变化而变化,夏季以尖针杆藻(Synedra acus)的优势度最大(0.195),秋季以小胶鞘藻(Phormidium tenus)(0.180)和中华尖头藻(Raphidiopsis sinensia)(0.171)的优势度最大,冬季以具星小环藻(Cyclotella stelligera)(0.220)和圆筒锥囊藻(Dinobryon cylindricum)(0.234)的优势度最大,春季则是链状曲壳藻(Achanthidum catenatum)成为绝对优势种(0.910);金沙河水库浮游植物群落总的变化规律为夏季的硅藻门、蓝藻门和绿藻门,秋季的蓝藻门、绿藻门、硅藻门和隐藻门,向冬季的硅藻门和金藻门转变,春季则是硅藻门为绝对优势类群.Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数显示,浮游植物在秋季的多样性和均匀度较高,春季的多样性指数和均匀度指数显著低于其它季节,这是因为春季有绝对单一的优势物种,而秋季没有,且秋季的物种数最多,因此其Margalef丰富度指数也最高.将各季节优势种和经Pearson相关性分析筛选出的环境因子进行冗余分析,结果表明筛选的环境因子中磷酸盐、总磷和溶解氧浓度是影响金沙河水库浮游植物群落结构的主要环境因子.从藻类季节变化规律来看,金沙河水库夏、秋季水质污染程度较春、冬季严重;但从藻类丰度和多样性指数来看,春、夏季水质较秋、冬季污染严重.     

利用COSMIC掩星探测分析120°E经线附近电离层E层闪烁指数变化

利用气象、电离层和气候卫.星联合观测系统COSMIC掩星2007-2013年探测资料,分析了120°E经线附近电离层E层区域(70~140km)闪烁指数的季节、地方时和空间变化.结果表明强电离层闪烁主要集中在磁纬度±30°内,夏季达到最大,冬季其次,春季最小.闪烁峰值大小与太阳辐射有关,但北半球夏冬季闪烁峰值大于南半球观测结果,秋半球闪烁峰值大于春半球观测结果.地磁高纬地区较强闪烁现象出现在地方时傍晚之后,午夜前后达到最大值.地磁中纬和低纬区域日出后即出现较为明显的闪烁现象,一直持续至夜间甚至凌晨,分别约在中午和傍晚前达到最大值.磁赤道区闪烁现象通常始于地方时日出后,最大值发生在傍晚1800LT左右.电离层E区的闪烁峰值大都集中110km高度,但高纬地区的峰值高度略有降低.此外,太阳和地磁活动的增强一定程度上会抑制E层闪烁现象.相关研究结果有利于分析E层不规则结构及物理形成机制,同时为电离层区域闪烁模型的建立提供有用的信息.     

城镇化对极端降水的影响及其贡献率研究——以太湖平原地区为例

城镇化背景下极端降水事件频发,洪涝灾害问题日益突出,探讨城镇化对极端降水的影响已成为热点与难点问题.本文以长江下游太湖平原地区为例,基于区内40个雨量站长序列的逐日资料(1976-2015年),结合城镇化下土地利用/覆被和社会经济等数据,对比分析了不同城镇化阶段极端降水相关指标的时空变化规律,并定量评估不同城镇化水平对...