下扬子区上石炭统船山组碳酸盐台地层序与相对海平面变化控制:以句容剖面为例

江苏句容地区的上石炭统船山组碳酸盐沉积发育泥晶灰岩、细晶灰岩、生物碎屑泥晶灰岩、泥晶生物碎屑灰岩、含生物碎屑泥晶灰岩和含生物屑核形石灰岩6种岩性,可区分出潮坪、开阔台地、台盆、浅滩和生物礁5种相类型。这套碳酸盐沉积序列由S1、S2和S3三个层序构成,其中S1为Ⅰ型层序,S2和S3为Ⅱ型层序。依据岩性、沉积相、古生物与元素地球化学特征编制出的相对海平面变化曲线,反映船山组经历了3次海平面相对上升和下降。相对海平面升降控制了层序的发育,层序S1由滨海砾岩-潮坪结晶灰岩(低水位体系域)、台盆相含生物碎屑泥晶灰岩-泥晶灰岩(海侵体系域)和浅滩相含生物屑核形石灰岩(高水位体系域)构成;层序S2由生物礁相泥晶生物碎屑灰岩与开阔台地相生物碎屑泥晶灰岩-含生物碎屑泥晶灰岩-泥晶灰岩(海侵体系域)和开阔台地相含生物碎屑泥晶灰岩(高水位体系域)构成;层序S3由开阔台地相泥晶灰岩(海侵体系域)和浅滩相含生物屑核形石灰岩-潮坪相结晶灰岩-块状灰岩(高水位体系域)构成。下扬子区船山组是在构造相对稳定背景下发育的一套以开阔台地为主局部有滩有盆出现的碳酸盐沉积。开阔台地和台盆环境中沉积的灰岩是良好的生油层位,礁滩环境中的灰岩具备良好的储集性能。     

鄂尔多斯盆地中东部奥陶系马家沟组沉积相演化模式研究

通过野外露头、岩心和薄片观察,结合测井资料,综合古气候、古沉积格局分析,系统地总结了鄂尔多斯盆地中东部奥陶系马家沟组沉积微相类型,并建立了沉积相演化模式。研究表明:(1)鄂尔多斯盆地中东部马家沟期具有"隆洼相间型"和"平底锅型"两种古沉积格局并存的特征;(2)主要发育9种微相类型,根据不同海平面高度的沉积微相平面组合类型,可将一个完整的海侵—海退旋回细分为海侵初期、中期和末期,海退初期、中期和末期等6个演化阶段;(3)古气候、古沉积格局和海平面升降变化共同控制了马家沟组生储盖分布,指出位于海侵期的东部隆起带及邻近区域发育的颗粒滩和白云岩坪,具有良好的成藏条件,有望成为一个碳酸盐岩勘探新领域。     

云南寻甸县灯影组第三段沉积环境分析

寻甸地区位于上扬子地台,该区灯影组三段发育了一套以白云岩夹粉砂岩泥岩为主的沉积岩层。通过对摩洛河剖面岩石学特征及沉积相的研究,结合前人的研究成果,认为该区灯影组三段可分为三个岩性段:下部以细粒石英砂岩、泥岩为主;中部以砂屑白云岩为主,夹少量石英细砂岩和泥质粉砂岩为主;上部以泥晶灰岩、泥质灰岩夹钙质泥岩钙质粉砂岩为主。岩层中主要发育水平层理和平行层理;并且认为研究区灯影组三段地层发育在碳酸盐台地一陆表海环境中,从底到顶可识别出潮坪浅滩相、瀉湖相和开阔台地相的沉积。总体上为海退一海侵的沉积旋回。     

湖北秭归兴滩二叠系沉积及演化特征

湖北省秭归兴滩地区,地层出露良好,特征明显,在前人研究的基础上,通过野外剖面实测,运用沉积相分析,结合微相及古生物学研究,对湖北秭归兴滩地区的二叠系进行了岩相及沉积划分,对沉积演化做了初步研究。岩相分析表明,研究区中-上二叠统主要由生物碎屑颗粒灰岩、泥晶灰岩、砂屑灰岩、砾屑灰岩、硅质岩等组成。沉积相分析表明,中-上二叠统主要为碳酸盐斜坡、台地沉积,其次为滨岸和盆地沉积。中二叠世发育两个海进-海退旋回,分别为栖霞期和茅口期,晚二叠世吴家坪期主要为开阔台地沉积,总体为2个半旋回。     

歧口凹陷中奥陶统沉积相特征再认识

歧口凹陷奥陶系地层发育碳酸盐岩沉积,主要为泥晶灰岩、泥晶白云岩、岩溶角砾岩。综合岩相、沉积构造特征及测井相分析重新确定其沉积相类型为开阔台地、局限台地和蒸发台地,提高了对歧口凹陷奥陶系古岩溶发育情况的认识,为该区油气勘探预测有利区带提供了可靠依据。     

安徽南部下、中奥陶统紫台组碳酸盐岩微相与海平面变化

下、中奥陶统紫台组形成于华南奥陶纪生物大辐射的关键时期,其中蕴藏了一些与大辐射有关的重要信息。笔者通过对安徽南部石台丁香剖面、池州洪家剖面的紫台组进行野外实测、采样、室内切片和镜下观察与分析,共识别出9个碳酸盐岩微相,即:MF-1钙质泥岩、MF-2泥质泥晶灰岩、MF-3泥晶灰岩、MF-4腹足类—介形虫生屑泥晶灰岩、MF-5海绵骨针含生屑泥晶灰岩、MF-6含生屑泥质泥晶灰岩、MF-7生屑泥质泥晶灰岩、MF-8生屑泥晶灰岩和MF-9泥晶生屑灰岩。这些微相主要形成于深潮下带及相邻环境中。研究表明:皖南紫台组沉积时期水深波动幅度不大,且自早至晚沉积水深逐渐加大;丁香剖面由于更接近台地边缘,总体沉积水深要大于洪家剖面。在2条剖面的紫台组中识别出至少5次比较显著的海平面上升事件,它们与上扬子区海侵事件具有良好的对应关系,并可以与澳大利亚、北欧、北美、华北等板块进行对比。由此推断,区域性相对海平面变化、甚至全球性海平面变化控制着下扬子区下、中奥陶统紫台组的沉积及其变化。     

川北地区下寒武统龙王庙组沉积相 及与储层的关系

以四川盆地北部下寒武统龙王庙组为研究对象,利用野外露头、测井及岩心等资料,探讨了川北地区下寒武统龙王庙组的沉积相类型及特征,并分析了其对储层的影响。研究认为:川北地区在早寒武世龙王庙期的沉积环境为碳酸盐台地,发育潮坪、局限台地和开阔台地等3种相带,这些相带又进一步细分为混积潮坪、台内点滩、潟湖和滩间海等4种亚相。其中,混积潮坪亚相主要发育砂质白云岩坪、白云岩坪等,部分地区可见潮道;台内点滩亚相以砂屑白云岩最为常见,沉积厚度不大;潟湖亚相以白云质潟湖沉积和白云质灰质潟湖沉积为主,分布面积大;滩间海亚相沉积物以深灰色块状石灰岩为主,局部夹白云质豹斑灰岩。纵向上,大部分地区龙王庙组沉积由2次海退旋回构成,潟湖主要发育在单个沉积旋回的中下部;台内点滩主要发育在沉积旋回的中、上部,单个滩体厚度较薄;混积潮坪发育在旋回顶部,即旋回末期。平面上,由于受古陆影响,研究区自西向东具有物源供应减少、沉积水体逐渐变深,以及沉积相从潮坪—局限台地—开阔台地过渡的特征,台内点滩主要围绕局限潟湖分布。结合不同沉积相带储层物性的分析,认为台内点滩的颗粒白云岩储集性能最好,晶粒白云岩次之,膏盐岩最差。龙王庙组储层发育的最有利沉积环境为台内点滩。     

贵州凯里黄飘地区下奥陶统红花园组碳酸盐岩微相及沉积环境

通过对贵州省凯里黄飘地区红花园组进行地层剖面实测和岩矿样品镜下观察鉴定与分析,共识别出6种碳酸盐岩微相,即:MF-1包壳生物碎屑亮晶灰岩; MF-2生物碎屑泥晶灰岩; MF-3鲕粒亮晶灰岩; MF-4具窗格孔泥晶灰岩; MF-5叠层灰岩; MF-6集合颗粒亮晶灰岩。通过与Flügel(2010)的镶边碳酸盐岩台地标准微相类型进行对比,认为黄飘地区红花园组碳酸盐岩形成于台地边缘滩与滩后(局限台地与开阔台地)沉积相带。综合分析表明黄飘地区下奥陶统红花园组经历了3期相对连续完整的次级海进-海退旋回。     

桂西北安然地区晚二叠世乐平统碳酸盐岩微相特征及古地理意义

通过野外剖面测制、室内岩石薄片观察、古生物鉴定,运用沉积学、矿物岩石学、层序地层学、构造地质学等的方法原理,对黔桂之交天生桥镇-安然地区晚二叠世乐平统吴家坪-长兴期碳酸盐岩微相特征进行分析鉴定,试图阐述沉积演化及古地理意义。分析表明,研究区未见长兴组及大隆组,合山组与吴家坪组均为孤立碳酸盐岩台地,且属同时异相关系。合山组发育局限台地、开阔台地、受簸选台地边缘砂、生物建造等4种沉积亚相,发育MF1-生屑粉微晶灰岩、生屑泥微晶含泥质灰岩,MF2-含泥质砂岩夹含粉砂质泥岩或煤层,MF3-泥晶介壳屑蜓屑灰岩或泥晶生屑灰岩,MF4-泥、微晶或亮晶生屑藻砂屑灰岩,MF5-生屑藻粘结灰岩等5种沉积微相;吴家坪组发育受簸选台地边缘砂、生物建造及前缘斜坡等3种沉积亚相,发育MFⅠ-泥微晶藻砂屑生屑灰岩、海绵礁生物灰岩,MFⅡ-亮晶藻砾屑生屑灰岩,MFⅢ-复成分灰岩角砾岩或礁前角砾岩等3种沉积微相。二叠世乐平统吴家坪-长兴期经历了4期相对连续完整的次级海进-海退旋回,总体为海退进积层序的古地理特征,并形成相应的沉积矿产资源。     

京西下苇甸地区寒武系岩石特征及沉积环境研究

北京西山下苇甸地区寒武系为典型的华北型地层,常见的岩石类型为亮晶鲕粒灰岩、亮晶内碎屑灰岩、泥晶鲕粒灰岩、泥晶内碎屑灰岩、泥晶-微晶灰岩、晶粒灰岩、白云岩、粉砂岩及钙质泥岩。该区碳酸盐岩中的颗粒主要为鲕粒、内碎屑及生物碎屑,所见生物碎屑以三叶虫、介形虫、海百合茎等为主。昌平组以角砾灰岩、核形石灰岩、豹皮灰岩以及白云岩为主,形成于潮坪-潟湖环境;馒头组和毛庄组以紫红色泥岩为主,沉积于萨勃哈及潮坪环境;徐庄组和张夏组以厚-巨厚层状鲕粒灰岩夹条带状灰岩及粉砂岩为主,沉积于高能浅滩环境;崮山组以泥质条带灰岩夹鲕粒灰岩为主,沉积于滩外中缓坡环境;长山组和凤山组以泥质条带灰岩和砾屑灰岩为主,形成于中缓坡-外缓坡环境。总体上,下苇甸剖面碳酸盐岩发育匀斜缓坡沉积模式。研究区在寒武纪经历了昌平组沉积期到长山组沉积期的逐渐海侵过程及凤山组沉积期的逐渐海退过程。伴随着海平面的升降,该剖面形成了整体处于二级海侵背景下的11个三级海侵-海退旋回序列。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.