2013年夏季南极南设得兰群岛周边海域透光层水团结构

南设得兰群岛位于德雷克海峡南侧, 南经布兰斯菲尔德海峡与南极半岛相望。该区域一直是南大洋海洋学研究的热点区域, 近些年已成为南极磷虾渔业的重要作业区。透光层作为海洋生物活动最为集中的区域, 也是海洋中生产力最为丰富的区域。了解透光层水团的特性及变化, 一方面可为南极半岛海洋学研究提供基础信息, 同时也可为南极磷虾等中上层海洋生物的分布及其致因提供科学支撑。通过分析2013年1月至3月南设得兰群岛周边海域5个断面的透光层温、盐数据, 本研究梳理了该区域的水团属性和分布。结果显示, 南设得兰群岛北侧较深水区水团垂向结构明显, 由上至下依次为南极夏季表层水、冬季水和绕极深层水。位于南设得兰群岛南侧的布兰斯菲尔德海峡内, 威德尔海过渡水特征几乎占据了整个布兰斯菲尔德海峡。但布兰斯菲尔德海峡西南侧水团结构较为复杂, 包括了威德尔海过渡水、别林斯高晋海过渡水和德雷克海峡水等。阐明南设得兰群岛周边复杂的水团结构对于进一步开展南大洋生物-物理相互作用研究具有重要的科学意义。     

Interannual variability in water masses in the Greenland Sea and adjacent areas

Oceanographic data covering the period 1950–1998 are used to determine interannual variations in the convection intensity and water mass structure in the Greenland Sea and adjacent areas. Extremely cold winters throughout 1965–1970 assisted intensification of the water vertical exchange in the Greenland and Norwegian seas. As a result, cold and fresh Greenland Sea Deep Water (GSDW) production was extremely high in the central Greenland Sea while in the southern Norwegian Sea warm and salty water spread downwards. The recent rapid warming in the Greenland Sea Gyre interior from 1980 originates, we argue, from an increase in the Atlantic Water (AW) temperature due to the advection of warm waters into the region with the Return Atlantic Current. The negative water temperature and salinity trends in the upper 300 m layer of the Atlantic Water in the Norwegian Sea prevailed during 1950–1990, whereas during 1980–1990 the water temperature trends are indicative of warming of that layer. Observation series obtained onboard the Ocean Weather Ship Mike confirmed the existence of layers with advectiondriven high oxygen concentrations in intermediate and deep layers. The depth of oxygen maxima and the values of oceanographic parameters at this horizon can be regarded as indicators of the convection intensity in the Arctic domain. A simultaneous rise in NAO index and GSDW temperature points to a link between atmospheric and thermohaline circulation. Weakening in water exchange with the North Atlantic could be the reason for the Polar Water recirculation increase within the Nordic seas.     

白令海和楚科奇海水文特征和水团结构的初步分析

根据我国首次北极科学考察所获 CTD资料 ,分析了白令海和楚科奇海的水文特征和水团结构。研究表明 :(1 )该两海域温、盐度的分布有着明显的区域性差异。楚科奇海的温、盐度普遍低于白令海。 (2 )夏季 ,白令海大部分水域温度垂直分布的突出特点是 :在 2 0 m和 2 5 0 m间存在温度低于 3°C的中层冷水。 (3 )在楚科奇海北纬 70°以北海域 ,不论是水温或盐度皆明显减小 ,从而在此区域形成强的温、盐度锋带。 (4)在白令海存在三种水团 ,而楚科奇海的水团则大致分为两类     

Contribution of waters of Atlantic and Pacific origin in the Northeast Water Polynya

Measurements of nitrate and phosphate taken in the Northeast Water Polynya (NEWP) during the summer of 1993 have been used to identify the contribution of waters of Atlantic and Pacific origin in the polynya. Since waters from the northern Pacific exhibit a deficit in nitrate relative to phosphate due to denitrification in low oxygen waters, the relationship between nitrate and phosphate can be used to distinguish between oceanic waters of Pacific and Atlantic origin. The Pacific Water enters the Arctic Ocean through Bering Strait and flows along the northern coasts of Alaska and Canada. Some of this water exits through Fram Strait and may therefore enter the polynya which is situated above the continental shelf off the north-eastern coast of Greenland. Compared to data from the Greenland Sea, which only show a N–P relationship of typical Atlantic Water, the data from the Northeast Water Polynya show that the upper waters of the polynya bear a clear signal of waters of Pacific origin. In the surface mixed layer an average of about 90% is found to have Pacific N–P characteristics. Below the surface mixed layer the amount of Pacific derived water decreases through the halocline and from about 150 m to the bottom only typical Atlantic Water is found.     

2011/2012年夏季南极半岛北端周边海域的水团与水交换

通过分析中国第28次南极考察队于2011年12月至2012年1月在南极半岛北端周边海域获得的5条断面CTD观测温盐剖面数据, 进一步认识了该海域的水团组成和水交换情况。观测区域南部的鲍威尔海盆及周边深海区, 可以观测到保持了较显著高温核心的威德尔深层水、密度大于28.27 kg·m^-3的威德尔海深层水以及温度低于－0.7 ℃的威德尔海底层水。周边陆坡上的威德尔海深层水则表现出因与周围水体发生混合而核心性质减弱的特征。在菲利普海岭、埃斯佩里兹海槽等复杂地形处, 观测到的对应于威德尔海深层水深度的混合与热盐入侵过程更为显著。威德尔海深层水能够到达南设得兰群岛以北的象岛东北面海域, 但是高盐核心加深至1 500 db, 并上覆温度基本不变但盐度随深度显著增大的较暖水体, 表明威德尔海深层水经历了不同的路径和变性过程。布兰斯菲尔德海峡中没有绕极深层水大规模侵入的迹象, 但是乔治王岛周边陆架上可能存在涡旋等中尺度过程, 会影响德雷克海峡与布兰斯菲尔德海峡之间的水交换。     

The θ-S relations in the northern seas: Implications for the deep circulation

The θ-S relations for the cold, saline deep and bottom waters in the Greenland and Norwegian Seas and the Polar Ocean are displayed and discussed. The differences in θ-S curves are explained by a mixing of the deep water masses and by the injection of waters from above consisting of cold dense water formed by cooling and ice formation at the sea surface and entrained warm water from the intermediate layers. Estimates of the strength of the deep water circulation are based upon the changes in θ-S curves and on some assumptions about the transformations of the Bering Strait inflow in the Chukchi Sea and on the Alaskan shelf.     

白令海峡海域夏季温、盐分布及变化

根据 2 0 0 3年中国第二次北极科学考察资料 ,并结合历史现场调查资料和同期的海冰分布 ,分析了白令海峡及其周围海域的水体结构及变化情况 ,得到如下结论 :( 1 ) 2 0 0 3年夏季白令海峡区域层结构季节内变化显著 ,东西部呈两层结构 ,而中部上下水体均匀一致 ,( 2 )白令海峡邻近海域温盐结构是东部高温低盐 ,西部低温高盐 ,西部存在明显上升流特征 ;( 3)白令海峡的水交换以北太平洋水通过白令海峡进入北冰洋为主 ,而温度、盐度的分布也与北向的输运是匹配的。     

Contribution of a pathway through the Arctic Ocean to the recent reduction in the ice cover

The sea ice cover in the Arctic Ocean has been reducing and hit the low record in the summer of 2007.The anomaly was extremely large in the Pacific sector. The sea level height in the Bering Sea vs.the Greenland Sea has been analyzed and compared with the current meter data through the Bering Strait.A recent peak existed as a consequence of atmospheric circulation and is considered to contribute to inflow of the Pacific Water into the Arctic Basin.The timing of the Pacific Water inflow matched with the sea ice reduction in the Pacific sector and suggests a significant increase in heat flux.This component should be included in the model prediction for answering the question when the Arctic sea ice becomes a seasonal ice cover.     

夏季北冰洋楚科奇海微微型、微型浮游植物和细菌的丰度分布特征及其与水团的关系

本文利用2008年我国第三次北极科学考察的机会,分析了夏季楚科奇海微微型、微型浮游植物和细菌丰度的分布特征,并探讨了它们与楚科奇海水团之间的关系。结果表明：与北冰洋的其它海域相比,楚科奇海的微型浮游植物丰度相对较高（0.03~10.23×103 cells/mL）,微微型浮游植物则大致相同（0.01~2.21×103 cells/mL）,而浮游细菌丰度明显较高（0.21~9.61×106 cells/mL）。白令海陆架水与海冰融化混合水和阿纳德尔水浮游植物群落结构不同,夏季随着太平洋水入流水对楚科奇海的日益影响,其水体本身的群落结构可能被外来群落替代。     

Late winter distribution and abundance of sea-associated birds in south-western Greenland, the Davis Strait and southern Baffin Bay

Sea-associated birds were recorded during systematic aerial surveys of marine mammals in south-western Greenland, the Davis Strait and southern Baffin Bay in March 1981, 1982, 1991, 1993 and in April 1990. Most surveys included the northern part of the south-west Greenland Open Water Area, which in most years lies between 62° and 67°N. but none of the area south of 63°N was surveyed. The bird data are generally semi-quantitative and provide information on distribution and relative abundance in different areas during different years, under different ice conditions.
In all years, regardless of ice conditons, large concentrations of king eiders Somateria spectabilis were found in water <50m deep on the shallow banks off south-west Greenland, especially on the northern portion of the Store Hellefiskebanke. We estimate that in 1981 and 1982 about 270000 king eiders overwintered on the banks off south-west Greenland.
Compared to king eiders, flocks of common eiders Somateria mollissima were considerably more dispersed. They were found mainly close to shore off south-west Greenland, where they were distributed along rocky coastlines.
A few thousands of large guillemots Uria spp. were recorded in the study area in March 1981, 1982, 1991 and 1993, but large numbers (>65000 birds) were recorded north of the south-west Greenland Open Water Area in April 1990. indicating that northward spring migration was underway at this time.     

An ice drift series from the Fram Strait January-March 1992 based on ERS-1 SAR data

A time series of ERS-1 SAR images is used to estimate ice drift in the Fram Strait January-March 1992 (the ERS-1 mission first ice phase). The images all cover the same area. The sampling interval is three days. The paper shows examples of estimation of ice drift and divergence from this image time series. Divergence is an important quantity in order to estimate ice production and hence mixing of the ocean water masses.
A reference configuration of ice points is defined for each image. These ice points are identified in the successive image giving a set of point pairs. These point pairs are input for statistical analysis.
Upward looking sonars (ULS) and current meters are moored below the scene. A combination of the SAR derived dynamics and the ULS derived ice thickness series will give opportunities to estimate ice mass flux into the Greenland Sea, and to improve ice classification algorithms.     

北极环极边界流研究及其主要科学问题

北极环极边界流是新近揭示的重要海洋现象 ,是对北冰洋海洋环流长期研究结果综合得到的概念。在本文中 ,详细介绍了北极环极边界流的主要结构和水团特征 ,论述了研究北极环极边界流的意义和前景 ,深入探讨了北极环极边界流面对的科学问题 ,指出了解决这些问题的关键科研工作。文章指出 ,从整体上研究北极环极边界流是非常重要的 ,需要全面考察北冰洋的质量和能量平衡、深层水通风过程以及水体的混合过程。在进一步的研究工作中需要更多的有针对性的现场观测、开展多学科协作研究。数值模拟仍然是北极环极边界流的重要研究手段 ,需要改善数值模式 ,提高数值模拟的质量。     

ERA40中北半球高纬地区冬季气候变化和冰-气相互作用特征分析

利用欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)再分析资料(ERA40)分析了最近几十年冬季北半球高纬地区的气候变化和冰-气相互作用特征。在全球增暖背景下,冬季北半球高纬地区增温幅度更大,但温度变化明显具有区域性特点。20世纪70年代末期开始,格陵兰海、巴伦支海及欧亚大陆大部分区域和北美大陆部分区域在增暖,而拉布拉多海、格陵兰和白令海峡区域却变冷。与此对应,中央北极区及气候冰岛低压中心海平面气压在降低,而再往南区域海平面气压在升高。从20世纪70年代开始,格陵兰海和巴伦支海给大气的感热通量和潜热通量增多,这说明由于气温增加,使得海冰密集度减小,海冰对海气感热通量和潜热通量交换的隔离层作用减小,通量交换大大增加。而在挪威海非海冰区,由于气温增加,海气温差减小,海洋给大气的感热通量和潜热通量减少。在拉布拉多海,由于气温降低,海气温差增大,使得海洋给大气的感热通量和潜热通量增加,有利于拉布拉多海海冰的增多。海平面气压、海冰密集度及表面感热通量和潜热通量之和对大气表面温度 EOF 展开第一模时间系数的线性回归结果均与各自的EOF 展开第一模空间分布特征接近。     

A diagnostic study of the Arctic Ocean winter density-driven circulation in 1973–79

Diagnostic computations of density-driven circulation for seven winters from 1973 through 1979 were carried out. The only forcing was provided by observed temperature and salinity data collected during onsite Russian winter surveys in 1973–79. Computed circulations from 1973 through 1978 were close to the mean circulation obtained earlier by averaging observed 1973–79 temperature and salinity (Polyakov & Timokhov 1994). The computed 1979 density-driven circulation flowed counter-clockwise to the north of the Laptev Sea. This circulation pattern was caused by an anomalous salinity distribution associated with changes in the atmospheric circulation regime in 1979. Prevailing offshore winds blew fresh water from the Laptev and East Siberian shelves toward Fram Strait. Fresh water was exchanged for saltier intermediate water that upwelled to the surface along the slope. The observed surface salinity anomalies at the continental slope of the Laptev Sea in 1979 increased by several salinity units. One may speculate that the same process may have caused the observed salinification of the Eurasian Basin in the 1990s.     

HOLOCENE CLIMATE VARIABILITY IN THE DENMARK STRAIT REGION - A LAND-SEA CORRELATION OF NEW AND EXISTING CLIMATE PROXY RECORDS

ABSTRACT. Two well dated Holocene sediment records bordering the Denmark Strait region have been used to reconstruct past climate variability. The content of biogenic silica, classic and organic material and moss in a lacustrine record from Lake N14 has been used to infer past variability in precipitation and temperature in southern Greenland. Sedimentologic and petrologic composition of sand in a shelf sediment record from the Djúpáll trough is used to infer past variability in the northwestern storm activity on northwestern Iceland, which probably also affected the inflow of polar waters from the East Greenland Current. Our evaluation of these records with a number of previous studies from the region documents Holocene climatic optimum conditions peaking between 8000 and 6500 calendar years before present (cal yr BP). Mid-Holocene climate deterioration set in around 5000 cal yr BP followed by a further marked setback around 3500 cal yr BP. A stacking of climate variability on a centennial timescale from previous studies in the area shows a fairly good correspondence to the timing of marked cold and warm events as evidenced from the Lake N14 and the Djúpáll trough records. Cooler periods are explained as the response to marked incursions of ice-laden polar water from the Arctic Ocean to the Denmark Strait region. Cool northerly and northwesterly winds along the East Greenland coast in relation to frequent strong atmospheric low pressure in the Barents Sea, coupled with strong high pressure over Greenland, would have favoured southward export of polar waters. A comparison with the proxy records of nuclide production (¹⁴C and ¹⁰Be) suggests that solar activity may have had some influence on the atmospheric pressure distribution in the Denmark Strait region.     

Winter climate change and sea ice-atmosphere interaction at high northern latitudes in ERA40 dataset

Based on the reanalysis dataset ERA40 of European Center of Medium Range Weather Forcast (ECMWF), winter climate change and characteristics of sea ice-atmosphere interaction at high northern latitudes for recent several tens of years are analyzed. Superposed upon the background of global warming, the amplitude of temperature increase in winter at high northern latitudes is bigger and it exhibits different features in different regions. From the end of 1970 s, the Greenland Sea, the Barents Sea and most part of Euro-Asian continent and North American continent are getting warmer, whereas the Labrador Sea, the Greenland and the area around the Bering Strait are getting colder. Meanwhile, the sea level pressure in the central part of the northern polar region and the place where the climatic Icelandic low exist decreases, but in places farther southward it increases. Since the 1970 s, the sensible heat flux and latent heat flux sent to the atmosphere from the Greenland Sea and the Barents Sea has increased, this is mainly due to the reduction of sea ice concentration and the weakening of insulator and shield effect of the solid ice accordingly caused by the increase of air temperature. In sea ice free area of the Norwegian Sea, the sensible heat flux and latent heat flux sent to the atmosphere has reduced due to decrease of temperature and humidity differences between the air and the sea surface caused by increase of air temperature and humidity. In the Labrador Sea, due to decrease of air temperature and humidity and increase of temperature and humidity differences between the air and the sea surface accordingly, the sea gives more sensible heat flux and latent heat flux to the air. This will lead to the growth of sea ice extent there. The features of linear regression of sea level pressure, sea ice concentration and sum of sensible heat flux and latent heat flux toward time series of the leading mode of EOF expansion of surface air temperature are close to those of their own EOF expansion for the leading mode, respectively. This shows that these variables share similar features of variation with time linearly.     

Interannual variability of dense shelf water salinities in the north-western Barents Sea

The maximum dense shelf water salinity formed during winter in the Svalbard Bank area of the north-western Barents Sea is reconstructed for the period 1952–2000 by analysing the transformation of summer remnants. The variability of 34.7 - 35.4, waters being at the freezing point, is mainly generated by interannual variations in the near surface salinity. On interannual time scales the latter is strongly linked to the sea ice import. In contrast, no correlation of the salinity of the Atlantic Water (AW) throughflow to the Arctic Ocean with the ice import is found. Salinities of both the dense shelf water site in the north-west Barents Sea and the north-eastward AW throughflow show a long term decrease, which can partly be explained by a less saline inflow of AW from the Norwegian Sea. The unusually low dense water salinities in the north-west Barents Sea during the 1990s appear to have a different origin, consistent with a response to oceanic heat advection and decreasing sea ice extent.     

Penetration of ultraviolet B, blue and quanta irradiance into Svalbard waters

Observations from August 1991 and 1993 of downward UV-B, blue and quanta irradiances, and of colour indices and Secchi disc depths in the Greenland Sea and the northern part of the Barents Sea, are presented. The UV-B irradiance (306 nm) is on average reduced to 10% of its surface value at 5 metres depth, and to 1% at 10 m. Blue irradiance (465 nm) is reduced to 10% at 21 m, and to 1% at 41 m. The integrated quanta irradiance obtains the same reductions at 16 m and 35 m, respectively. These penetration depths correspond to Ocean Water Type III in Jerlov's classification. They are about twice the values of May-June 1973 observed by Aas & Berge, but they are half the values observed in September 1979 by Højerslev. This variability may partly be seasonal, caused by the hydrological and light-climate cycles. The UV-B transparency of the Svalbard waters seems to be influenced by yellow substance from different freshwater run-offs, and there is probably no single relation between salinity and yellow substance content in this region. Statistical relations between the quanta irradiance and the colour index, the Secchi disc depth and the blue irradiance differ from one region to another, and from year to year.     

白令海夏季水文结构年际变化特征研究

基于2008、2010、2012和2014年我国北极科学考察期间在白令海获取的水文观测数据,结合历史共享资料,通过对白令海水团、上层海洋热含量、净热通量变化、风场及海平面气压分布情况等的分析,探讨了白令海水文结构的年际变化特征及其原因。研究发现,白令海夏季的水团包括白令海上层水团(BUW)、中层水团(BIW)、深层水团(BDW)和白令海陆架水团(BSW)。白令海温盐分布差异最大、年际变化最剧烈的情况主要集中在上层水团。对比4年水团分布情况,最明显的变化是2012年7月调查区上层海水温度偏低,2014年7月上层海水温度偏高。这种异常变化在热含量方面表现为:2012年7月调查区各个测站上的热含量异常低,而2014年7月测站上的热含量都高于平均水平。着重研究了2014年7月海温偏高的原因,认为是由于陆架和海盆区分别有两种不同的形成机制造成:陆架区累积净热通量偏高,海水吸收热量升温;海盆区在异常强大而持久的海面气压(SLP)高压系统下,海面负的风应力旋度得到加强,从而引起持续的暖平流输送及强烈的Ekman抽吸作用,最终导致了上层海水偏暖。